VEGETABLE PRIORITY SPECIES, CURRENT PRACTICES AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

By Gerhard Manurung, James Roshetko, Nuri Nurlaila and Novi Astutiningsih

Rank perennial and annual vegetable species on specific criteria (important characteristics and adoptions improvement)

Determine management of species (how the trees compatible with the vegetables? – shade versus open ground)

Value the products of selected the species to the household and market demand

Objectives

Methods

Field Observation in 3 villages (Parakan Muncang, Sukaluyu and Hambaro) in Nanggung Subdistrict

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool (Franzel et al, 1996)

Each FGD consists of 6-8 farmers (at least 30% women) with 2 replications in each village

Findings

There are 28 vegetable priority species (annual and perennial)

Priority vegetable species:- potential to improve farmers income (by their important characteristics),- having varieties with high price,- fulfill market and household demand, and- farmers possess basic cultivating knowledge-skills

Four of vegetable species are spices species: ginger, curcuma, galangal, and lemongrass

Parkia, gnetum, jackfruit, and jering are the tree vegetable species

Priority rank

Vegetable species

1 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller), long-bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), bawang daun (Allium fistulosum L), kucai (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel )

2 Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.), jengkol (Archidendron jiringa Nielsen), caisim (Brassica rapa L.), chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), talas (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), corn (Zea mays L.), kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), serai (Cymbopogon sp.)

3 Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), spinach (Amaranthus sp. L.), katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merrill), melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.), kunyit (Curcuma domestica Valeton), lengkuas (Languas galanga Stuntz), kacang kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), labu siam (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz), kacang tanah (Arachis hypogea (L.) Merr.), pare (Momordica charabtia L.), oyong (Luffa sp. P. Miller)

Important characteristic of veg. species

Level of genetic variability

Germplasm availability

Knowledge base

Speed of reproduction

Potential for improvement

Important Characteristic of Vegetable Species

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Level ofgenetic

variability

Germplasmavailability

Know ledgebase

Speed ofreproduction

Potential forimprovement

Important characteristics

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Bunga Mekar

Lestari

Sugih Tani

RW 02 & 06

Bakti Tani

RW 03

Potential adoptions improvement of vegetable species

Ease of establishment Short time to maturity Pest/disease/weed resistance Adaptability across region Compatibility with crops Coppicing/pruning ability Commercial potential Production of planting material Use in different niches on farm

Potential Adoptions Improvement of Vegetables Species

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Eas

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Pes

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Ada

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Com

patib

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Cop

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Com

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Potential adoptions improvement

Wei

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Bunga Mekar

Lestari

Sugih Tani

RW 02 & 06

Bakti Tani

RW 03

Transplant wildlings

Retain or protect wildlings

Plant high quality seeds

Plant high quality seedlings

Farmers’ efforts on the availability of planting material

Farmer's Efforts on Availability of Planting Material

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Transplantw ildlings

Retain / protectw ildlings

Plant highquality seeds

Plant highquality

seedlings

Activities

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f sp

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Bunga Mekar (13 species)

Lestari (14 species)

Bakti Tani (10 species)

RW 03 (10 species)

Sugih Tani (18 species)

RW 02 & 07 (17 species)

Main source of planting materials

Seed products (market)

Neighbors’ garden (selected)

Agriculture extension officer

Nursery practices

Owns’ garden (selected)

Main Source of Planting Materials

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Seedproducts(market)

Neighbor'sgarden

(selected)

Agriculturalextension

off icer

Nurserypractices

Ow n'sgarden

(selected)

Sources of planting material

Nu

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s Bunga Mekar (13 species)

Lestari (14 species)

Bakti Tani (10 species)

RW 03 (10 species)

Sugih Tani (18 species)

RW 02 & 07 (17 species)

Current management practices

Two types of growing system:

Two annual vegetables were planted in the same area and same time, exp: long-bean and kidney-bean.Limited accessibility and information

Four annual vegetables were planted in the same area with different planting time (seasonal – regularly following cycle), exp: long-bean – cucumber – kidney-bean – maize.Market demand and soil conservation

Pest-disease situation

Main 10 pests that attack vegetable priority species: lundi, grasshopper, red ant, black ant, catterpillar, wereng, bug flea, termites, walang sangit, and snail

To control the pest that attacks root system, farmers use pesticide called “furadan”

To control the pest that attacks shoot system, farmers use sprayed pesticide called “ripcord”

Farmers limited access on knowledge and skills for pesticide doses and time applications

Problems in Vegetable Agroforestry System (VAF)

High competition for water and nutrition between annual crops and trees decrease annual crops production

Tree canopy shading reduce light intensity for annual crops

Trees can be a host for several vegetables’ pests and diseases

Rainfall that collected by tree canopy can fall and damage annual crops

Light intensity levels under tree canopy

High light intensity level: sengon tree (Paraserienthes falcataria), petai tree (Parkia speciosa), and suren tree (Toona sureni)

Medium light intensity level: african wood tree (Maesopsis eminii), suren tree, durian tree (Durio zibethinus), jengkol tree (Pithecellobium jiringa)

Low light intensity level: duku tree (Lansium domesticum), durian tree, mangga tree (Mangifera indica), mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana), jengkol tree, bamboos, mahoni tree (Swietenia macrophylla), rambutan tree (Nephelium lappaceum), kweni tree (Mangifera odorata)

Grow and production performances of annual vegetable under tree canopy

Long-bean, kidney-bean, chinese mustard, onion-leaf, cucumber, tomato, maize, spinach, soybeans, eggplant, and kangkong have low until to very low grow and production under the 3 tree light levels

Chilli, katuk, bitter gourd, oyong, and lemongrass have medium grow and production under the 3 tree light levels

The grow and production levels of alpine galangal, kucai, ginger, and turmeric will decrease in a row with decreasing of tree light levels.

5%-20% of products were used to fulfill the subsistance need (medium to low qualities)

80%-90% of products were sold to market (good to medium qualities)

≤5% of products were used as the germplasm source (good quality)

Harvesting, selecting, washing or packing are the handling practices of products

Vegetable product and handling

Production dan marketing situations

Marketing of products are carried out in 2 ways (wholesale and retail) Retail: if the production scale is small and only

sold to market in the surrounding area (nearby shop/neighbors)

Wholesale: if the production scale is large; the sale is done either directly by the farmers (in traditional markets) or through a local collector (tengkulak)

The sale destination depends on the distance of the villages to the market

Leuwiliang, Nanggung, Jasinga, and Bogor markets are the common sale destination

The difference in sale destinations indirectly affects the price of vegetable products for every farmer group

There are three price tendencies according to the time of season (beginning, middle, and end), which are : increasing (for farmer groups in Parakan

Muncang) stable (for farmer groups in Hambaro) decreasing (for farmer groups in Sukaluyu)

Thank you