veer narmad south gujarat university, surat. m.sc. (information technology) programme

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Veer Narmad South Gujarat University,

Surat.

M.Sc. (Information Technology)Programme

Seminar Report

7

th

Semester

M.Sc. (Information Technology)

5 Year Integrated Course

Year 2008 2009

BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY

Guided By : Parul Madam Submitted By : Freny SinghviExam No. : 74

Semester : 7th


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Veer Narmad South Gujarat University,Surat.

M.Sc. (Information Technology)

Programme

Certificate

This is to certify that Ms. Freny Singhvi Exam Seat Number000074 has

satisfactorily given his/her seminar entitled Biometric Technology as a

partial fulfilment of the requirements for 7th Semester - M.Sc.

(Information Technology) [5 Year Integrated course], during the

academic Year 2008-2009.

Date : 7/12/09 Prof. S.V. PatelI/C Director

Place : Surat M.Sc. (I.T.) Programme.

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VN South Gujarat University, Surat

INDEX

Sr.no TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. What is biometrics? 3

2. Why are biometric systems used? 4

3. Why are biometric systems secured? 5

4. Advantages of biometrics 6

5. Identification/ verification 7

6. Typology of biometrics 8

7. How biometric systems work? 98. Various biometric systems 11

9. Fingerprint recognition 12

10. Iris scanning 21

11. Retinal scanning 25

12. Hand geometry 28

13. Face recognition 33

14. Voice recognition 36

15. Signature recognition 4016. Multimodal biometrics 41

17. Applications of biometrics 43

18. Attacks and issues 44

19. Conclusion 45

20. References 46

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What is BIOMETRICS?

BIOMETRICS refers to the automatic identification of a

person based on his physiological / behavioral

characteristics .

Biometrics is the study of methods for uniquely recognizing

humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or

behavioral traits.

BIOS = LIFE METRICS = MEASURE

In technical terms, Biometrics is the automated technique of

measuring the physical characteristics or personal trait of an

individual and comparing that characteristic or trait to a

database for purpose of recognizing that individual.

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Why are biometric systems used?

Currently, the prevailing techniques of user authenticationare linked to passwords, user IDs, identification cards and

PINs (personal identification numbers).

These techniques suffer from several limitations: Passwords

and PINs can be guessed, stolen or illicitly acquired by covert

observation.

In addition, there is no way to positively link the usage of thesystem or service to the actual user. A password can be

shared, and there is no way for the system to know who the

actual user is. A credit card transaction can only validate the

credit card number and the PIN, not if the transaction is

conducted by the rightful owner of the credit card.

This is where biometrics systems provide a more accurate

and reliable user authentication methods.

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Why are biometric systems secure?

Unique: The various biometrics systems have been

developed around unique characteristics of individuals. The

probability of 2 people sharing the same biometric data is

virtually nil.

Cannot be shared: Because a biometric property is an

intrinsic property of an individual, it is extremely difficult to

duplicate or share (you cannot give a copy of your face or

your hand to someone!).

Cannot be copied: Biometric characteristics are nearly

impossible to forge or spoof, especially with new

technologies ensuring that the biometric being identified is

from a live person.

Cannot be lost: A biometric property of an individual can be

lost only in case of serious accident.

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Advantages of biometrics over existing

techniques:

Uniqueness.

No need to remember passwords or carry tokens.

Biometrics cannot be stolen, lost or forgotten.

More secure than a long password.

Solves repudiation problem.

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Biometrics are used for:

IDENTIFICATION

VERIFICATION (AUTHENTICATION)

Identification is determining who a person is. It involves

trying to find a match for a person's biometric data in a

database containing records of people and that characteristic.

This method requires time and a large amount of processing

power, especially if the database is very large.

Verification is determining if a person is who they say theyare. It involves comparing a user's biometric data to the

previously recorded data for that person to ensure that this is

the same person. This method requires less processing power

and time, and is used for access control (to buildings or data).

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Typology of Biometrics

There are two types of biometrics :-

PHYSICAL BIOMETRICS

BEHAVIORAL BIOMETRICS

Physical biometrics

A physiological characteristic is a relatively stable physical

feature such as finger print, hand silhouette , iris

pattern or facial features. These factors are basically

unalterable with out trauma to the individual.

The degree of intrapersonal variation is smaller in

physical characteristics than in a behavioral one.

Behavioral Biometrics

A behavioral tract, on the other hand, has some

physiological basis, but also reflects persons physiological

makeup. The most common trait used in identification is a

persons signature. Other behaviours used include a

persons keyboard typing and speech patterns.

The degree of intrapersonal variation is larger in

behavioral characteristics than in a physical one.

Hence, as most of behavioural characteristics change over

time, many biometrics machines do not rely on behaviour.

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How biometric systems work?

Biometric devices normally consist of 3 elements:

a scanner / reader : that captures the user's biometrics

characteristics .

a piece of software : that converts this data into digital form

and compares it with data previously recorded

a database : which stores the biometric data .

The Biometric Process

The biometric process comprises 4 main steps:

sample capture

feature extraction

template comparison and

matching.

At enrollment, a persons biometric information is captured

by the scanner.

The software then translates this information with an

algorithm , into a code that the database stores.

When the person needs to be identified, the system will take

the information about the person again, translates this new

information with the algorithm , and then compares the new

code with the ones in the database to discover a match and

hence, identification

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Block diagram of biometric process.

Types of biometric systems:

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The main physical biometric technologies include:

Fingerprint Recognition

Iris Scanning

Retinal Scanning

Hand Geometry

Face Recognition

The main behavioral biometric technologies include:

Voice Recognition (analyzing a speaker's vocal behavior)

Signature Recognition (analyzing the way you sign).

Keystroke Recognition (measuring the time spacing of

typed words).

Other biometric techniques, still in exploratory stages would

include DNA biometrics, ear shape, fingernails, odor.

Fingerprint Recognition

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Principles of fingerprint biometrics

Fingerprints are usually considered to be unique, with no two

fingers having the exact same dermal ridge characteristics.

A fingerprint is made of a number of ridges and valleys on

the surface of the finger.

Ridges are the upper skin layer segments of the finger and

valleys are the lower segments.

The ridges form so-called minutia points: ridge endings

(where a ridge end) and ridge bifurcations (where a ridgesplits in two).

The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the

pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae

points.

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There are five basic fingerprint patterns:

arch

tented arch,

left loop

right loop and

whorl.

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How the fingerprint biometrics work?

The fingerprint recognition system uses a compact

terminal that incorporates light and CCD image sensors

to take high-resolution picture of a fingerprint .

To enrol a user is assigned a personal identification number

and then puts a single finger on the glass or Plexiglas

plate for scanning by a CCD image sensor.

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Step 1:Finger is scanned and viewed by the Systemsaccess unit at the point of entry.


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Step 2:

In applications for children (under the age of 18) the image is

standardized and resized before processing.

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Step 3:

System develops a grid of intersection points (minutia points) from

the swirls and arcs of the scanned finger.

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Step 4:

The image is discarded from the record and is no longer available

to the system or any operator.

Only a Template remains that indicates the intersection points.

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Step 5:

In fact, all that the system stores and recognizes for each individual

is a set of numbers that can only be interpreted as a template.

The system only remembers and processes numbers for eachindividual, just like a social security number.

The advantages with a biometric approach is that the number

cannot be duplicated, lost or stolen, and uniqueness is defined

by the individual.

At the matching stage, the fingerprint image is processed to

extract its minutia points, which are then compared with theregistered template.

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Advantages:

The fingerprints do not change over time.

Easy to use.

Small size.

Low power

Non intrusive

Disadvantages:

Finger imaging includes the need for physical contact withthe optical scanner.

The possibility of poor quality images due to residue on the

finger such as dirt and body oils.

Scars.

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Iris Scanning

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Principles of Iris Biometrics

The iris is the elastic, pigmented, connective tissue that

controls the pupil.

The iris is formed in early life in a process called

morphogenesis.

Once fully formed, the texture is stable throughout life.

It is the only internal human organ visible from the outside

and is protected by the cornea.

The iris of the eye has a unique pattern, from eye to eye and

person to person.

How iris biometrics works?

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To prevent an image / photo of the iris from being used

instead of a real "live" eye, iris scanning systems will vary

the light and check that the pupil dilates or contracts.

Advantages Highly accurate: There is no known case of a false

acceptance for iris recognition .

Not intrusive and hygienic - no physical contact required .

Disadvantages: The user must hold still while the scan is taking place .

Relatively high expense of the system as compared to other

biometric technologies.

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Retinal Scanning

Principles of retinal biometrics

The blood vessels on the retina, at the back of the eye have a

unique pattern, from eye to eye and person to person.

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How retinal biometrics work?

Retina scans require that the person removes the glasses,

places his eye close to the scanner, stare at a specific point,

and remain still, and focus on a specified location for

approximately 10 to 15 seconds while the scan is completed.

A retinal scan involves the use of a low-intensity coherent

light source, which is projected onto the retina.

This light illuminates the blood vessels which are then

photographed and analysed.

Light is projected on retina

A coupler is used to read the blood vessel patterns and

represents it in less than 35 bytes of information.

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This information is stored as small data templates which

provides quick identity confirmations, and handles well the

job of recognizing individuals in a database at the time

of matching.

Advantages Low occurrence of false negatives

Highly reliable because no two people have the same retinal

pattern

Speedy results: Identity of the subject is verified very

quickly.

Disadvantages Measurement accuracy can be affected by diseases such as

cataracts and glaucoma.

High equipment costs.

Poor lighting can affect results.

Enrollment and scanning are intrusive and slow

Hand Geometry

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Principles of hand biometrics

An individual's hand does not significantly change after a

certain age.

Unlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique. Individual

hand features are not descriptive enough for identification.

However, hand biometric recognition systems are accurate

for verification purposes when combining various individual

features and measurements of fingers and hands.

How hand biometrics work?

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The user places the palm of his or her hand on the reader's

surface and aligns his or her hand with the guidance pegs

which indicate the proper location of the fingers .

Looking down upon the hand is a charge-coupled device

(CCD) digital camera, which with the help of mirrorcaptures the side and top view of the hand simultaneously

The digital image is analysed by software running on a

built in HD 64180 microprocessor to extract identifying

characteristics from the hand image .

The system then measures and analyzes the overall structure,

shape and proportions of the hand like- Length , width and thickness of hand, fingers and joints.

characteristics of the skin surface such as creases and ridges.

Thus the system stores the hand geometry template in the

database.

At the time of matching, the device checks its database forverification of the user.

To prevent a mold or a cast of the hand from being used,

some hand biometric systems will require the user to move

their fingers.

Also, hand thermography can be used to record the heat of

the hand, or skin conductivity can be measured.

Measurements of hand are taken.

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Hand is alligned on the readers surface by guidance pins.

Advantages

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Easy to use .

Non intrusive .

Small amount of data required to uniquely identify a user, so

a large number of templates can be easily stored in a

standalone device .

Disadvantages

Lack of accuracy .

Fairly expensive .

Injuries to hands are fairly common and would prevent thehand biometric system from working properly .

Face recognition

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Face biometrics principles

The dimensions, proportions and physical attributes of a person's

face are unique.

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How face biometrics work?

At enrolment, several pictures are taken of the user's face,

with slightly different angles and facial expressions, to allow

for more accurate matching.

Biometric facial recognition systems will measure and

analyze the overall structure, shape and proportions of the

face:

Distance between the eyes, nose, mouth, and jaw edges

upper outlines of the eye sockets

the sides of the mouth

the location of the nose and eyes

the area surrounding the cheekbones.

The system then stores the template containing the facial

geometry.

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For verification and identification, the user stands in front of

the camera for a few seconds, and the scan is compared with

the template previously recorded.

To prevent an image / photo of the face or a mask from beingused, face biometric systems will require the user to smile,

blink, or nod their head. Also, facial thermography can be

used to record the heat of the face (which won't be affected

by a mask).

The main facial recognition methods are:

feature analysis

neural network, eigenfaces

automatic face processing.

Advantages:Not intrusive .

No physical contact with system: can be done from a

distance.

Disadvantages: User perceptions / civil liberty: Most people are not

comfortable with having their picture taken.

It is easy to change the proportion of one's face by wearing a

mask, a nose extension, etc.

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Voice Recognition

Principles of voice biometrics

Our voices are unique to each person (including twins), and

cannot be exactly replicated

How voice biometrics work?

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Speech includes two components:

a physiological component (the voice tract)

and a behavioural component (the accent).

It is almost impossible to imitate anyone's voice perfectly.

Voice recognition systems can discriminate between two

very similar voices, including twins.

A cold does not affect the vocal tract, so there will be no

adverse affect on accuracy levels.

Only extreme vocal conditions such as laryngitis will prevent

the user from using the system.

The performance of voice recognition systems may vary

depending on the quality of the audio signal.

At enrollment , the person is asked to speak a stated upon

phrase.

Voice recognition can utilize various audio capture device(microphones, telephones and PC microphones).

Voice recognition involves taking the acoustic signal of

persons voice and converting it into a unique digital code

which can be the stored in a template.

For future recognition, the exact same phrase is spoken andthe signal is analysed by the voice recognition system.

To prevents the risk of unauthorised access via tape

recordings, the user is asked to repeat random phrases.

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VOICE PRINT

COMPARISION OF TWO VOICE SIGNALS

Advantages

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Ability to use existing telephones .

Can be automated, and coupled with speech recognition

systems .

Disadvantages

High false non-matching rates .

Phrases can be misspoken.

Background noises can interfere with the system.

Peoples voices can change (for e.g.: when they are sick or in

extreme emotional states).

Signature Recognition

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How signature biometrics work? Biometric signature recognition systems will measure and

analyze the physical activity of signing, such as

the stroke order

the pressure applied the pen/stylus speed

direction in signature

the points at which the pen is lifted from the paper.

These behavioral patterns are captured through a specially

designed pen and compared with a template of process

patterns.

Some systems may also compare visual images of signatures.

Advantages It is extremely difficult to mimic the behavior of signing .

Low False Acceptance Rates (FAR).

Disadvantages People may not always sign in a consistent manner.

Problems of long-term reliability.

Lack of accuracy.

Multimodal Biometrics

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Multimodal biometrics use a combination of different

biometric recognition technologies

In order for the biometrics to be ultra-secure and to provide

more-than-average accuracy, more than one form ofbiometric identification is required.

Hence the need arises for the use of multimodal biometrics

which uses a combination of different biometric recognition

technologies.

Multimodal biometric technology uses more then one

biometric identifier to compare the identity of the person.

Therefore in the case of a system using say three

technologies i.e. face mimic and voice. If one of the

technologies is unable to identify, the system can still use the

other two to accurately identify against.

Multimodal technologies have been in use commercially

since 1998.

Some of the commonly used multimodal biometric

technologies are:

Multimodal system Integrating Faces and Fingerprints

for Personal Identification

A Multimodal Biometric System Using Fingerprint, Face

and Speech.

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Multimodal system including face recognition, fingerprint

recognition and speech recognition.

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Applications of biometric technology:

Banking/Financial services such as ATMs, payment

terminals, cashless payment , automated cheque cashing etc.

Computer & IT Security such as Internet transactions, PC

login etc.

Healthcare such as privacy concern, patient information

control, drugcontrol etc.

Immigration such as border control, frequent travelers,

asylum seekers etc.

Law and Order such as public ID card, voting, gun control,

prison etc.

Gatekeeper/Door Access Control such as secure installations,

military, hotel, building management etc.

Telecommunication such as telephony, mobile phone,

subscription fraud, call center, games etc.

Time and Attendance such as school and company

attendance

Welfare, including health care services and benefit payments

Consumer Products such as automated service machines,

PDA etc.

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Attacks and issues:

There are seven main areas where attacks may occur in a biometric

system:

Presenting fake biometrics or a copy at the sensor, for

instance a fake finger or a face mask. It is also possible to try and

resubmitting previously stored digitized biometrics signals such

as a copy of a fingerprint image or a voice recording.

Producing feature sets preselected by the intruder by

overriding the feature extraction process.

Tampering with the biometric feature representation: The

features extracted from the input signal are replaced with a

fraudulent feature set.

Attacking the channel between the stored templates and the

matcher: The stored templates are sent to the matcher through a

communication channel. The data traveling through this channel

could be intercepted and modified - There is a real danger if the

biometric feature set is transmitted over the Internet.

Corrupting the matcher: The matcher is attacked and

corrupted so that it produces pre-selected match scores.

Tampering with stored templates, either locally or remotely.

Overriding the match result.

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Conclusion

A range of biometric systems are in developments or on

the market because no one system meets all needs. The trade off

in developing these systems involve component cost, reliability,

discomfort in using a device, the amount of data needed and

other factors. But the application of advanced digital techniques

has made the job possible. Further experiments are going all

over the world. In India also there is a great progress in this

field. So we can expect that in the near future itself, the

biometric systems will become the main part in identification

purposes.

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References

www.Biometricnewsportal.com

Google search

Biometric image description technology - David Zang.

Biometric consortium examples of biometrics.

veer narmad south gujarat university, surat. m.sc. (information technology) programme

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