vectors and scalers - mr.niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...vectors and...

14
Vectors and Scalars Physics is interested in expressing the real world in mathematical terms. The first step in this process is to understand the difference between a scalar and a vector. These two categories can be distinguished from one another by their distinct definitions: Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone. Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.

Upload: others

Post on 17-Jul-2020

8 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsPhysics is interested in expressing the real world in mathematical terms. The first step in this process is to understand the difference between a scalar and a vector. These two categories can be distinguished from one another by their distinct definitions:

Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.

Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.

Page 2: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsScalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.

Example: TemperatureNote: Temperature has no direction. It is not 57oC up, or 25oF to the left!

Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.

Example DisplacementNote: In order to give directions to your house, you must tell people to travel 20 miles north. Without the specification of “north”, the directions are useless.

Page 3: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsSome measurements have both a scalar and a vector quantity. Physicists distinguish them by using a very specific vocabulary:

Distance             = scalar ‐>  5 meters

Displacement   = vector ‐> 5 meters left

Speed     = scalar ‐> 25 km/hr

Velocity = vector ‐> 25 km/hr north

Page 4: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsDid you get it?

Try the following examples; are the measurements a vector or scalar?

a.5 m 

b.30 m/sec, East 

c.5 km, 

d.North 

e.20 degrees Celsius 

f.256 bytes  

g.4000 Calories

Page 5: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalersAll the math you have done in the past has been scalar math. You only added the numbers and never worried about the direction. We do not have that luxury in physics.

Many important measurements in physics are vectors quantities: Force, Momentum, Velocity, Acceleration, Torque. 

These values must be added using vector mathematics!

Page 6: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsA physics teacher walks:

4 meters East, 

2 meters South, 

4 meters West, 

and finally 2 meters North.

Even though the physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters, her displacement is 0 meters. During the course of her motion, she has "covered 12 meters of ground" (distance = 12 m). Yet when she is finished walking, she is not "out of place" ‐ i.e., there is no displacement for her motion (displacement = 0 m). 

Start

Page 7: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsA skier travels left and right from points A to B to C to D.

What is her distance covered, and what is her displacement?

The skier covers a distance of(180 m + 140 m + 100 m) = 420 m

and has a displacement of:140 m, rightward. The red arrow is the vector drawing representation of her displacement.

Page 8: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and Scalars

A Consistent

Sign Convention

+UP

NORTH

-DOWNSOUTH

+RIGHTEAST

-LEFTWEST

+ROTATION

-ROTATION

Page 9: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsThe preceding examples were easy because the vectors all stayed in the xy axis or canceled, but what do we do when we need to add vectors that do not stay in a line. The answer is we need trigonometry!

The sine function (sin), defined as the ratio of the side opposite the angle to the hypotenuse.

The cosine function (cos), defined as the ratio of the adjacent leg to the hypotenuse.

The tangent function (tan), defined as the ratio of the opposite leg to the adjacent leg.

Many people find it easy to remember what sides of the right triangle are equal to sine, cosine, or tangent, by memorizing the word SOH‐CAH‐TOA

α

ac

b

Sin α =                         =opposite  hypotenuse

a  c

Cos α =                         =adjacent  hypotenuse

b  c

Tan α =                         =opposite  adjacent

a  b

Page 10: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsTwo forces act upon a object:

The first force (F1) is 30.0 newtons at 45.0o.

The second force (F2) is 50.0 newtons at 300o.

Find the resultant force mathematically and using graphing.

F1 is 30 N

F1 is 50 N

45o300o

Page 11: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsTwo forces act upon a object:

The first force (F1) is 30.0 newtons at 45.0o.

The second force (F2) is 50.0 newtons at 300o.

Find the resultant force mathematically and using graphing.

The resultant vector measures about 52 N at an estimated direction of about 335o

Page 12: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsTwo forces act upon a object:

The first force (F1) is 30.0 newtons at 45.0o.

The second force (F2) is 50.0 newtons at 300o.

Find the resultant force mathematically and using graphing.

30 

50

45o

60oSolving with trig:Step 1: Break each vector into its x and y coordinates using trig functions.

a = 30.0*Sin 45.0o

= 30.0 * 0.707        = 25.5 N

b = 30.0*Cos 45.0o

= 30.0 * 0.707        = 25.5 N

a = 50.0*Sin 60.0o

= 50.0 * 0.866        = 43.3 N

b = 50.0*Cos 60.0o

= 50.0 * 0.500       = 25.0 N

a

b

Page 13: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsTwo forces act upon a object:

The first force (F1) is 30.0 newtons at 45.0o.

The second force (F2) is 50.0 newtons at 300o.

Find the resultant force mathematically and using graphing.

30 

45o

60oSolving with trig:Step 1: Break each vector into its x and y coordinates using trig functions.

Step 2: Add x vectors to get a resultant Rx vector.Add y vectors to get a resultant Ry vector.

Rx = 25.5N + 25.0N  = 50.5 NRy = 25.5N ‐ 43.3N  = ‐17.8 N

a = 30.0*Sin 45.0o

= 30.0 * 0.707        = 25.5 N

b = 30.0*Cos 45.0o

= 30.0 * 0.707        = 25.5 N

a = 50.0*Sin 60.0o

= 50.0 * 0.866        = 43.3 N

b = 50.0*Cos 60.0o

= 50.0 * 0.500       = 25.0 N

a

b

50

Page 14: Vectors and Scalers - Mr.Niehausniehaussct.weebly.com/uploads/6/6/3/7/6637628/vectors...Vectors and Scalars A physics teacher walks: 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and

Vectors and ScalarsTwo forces act upon a object:

The first force (F1) is 30.0 newtons at 45.0o.

The second force (F2) is 50.0 newtons at 300o.

Find the resultant force mathematically and using graphing.

Solving with trig:Step 1: Break each vector into its x and y coordinates using trig functions.

Step 2: Add x vectors to get a resultant Rx vector.Add y vectors to get a resultant Ry vector.

Rx = 25.5N + 25.0N  = 50.5 NRy = 25.5N ‐ 43.3N  = ‐17.8 N

Rx = 50.5

Ry = ‐17.8

R =    50.52 + (‐17.8)2 

= 53.5 Newtons

α = InvTan (17.8/50.5)

α

Step 3: Use reverse trig to get the resultant vector