vce health and human development 2014 semi … 1-2/seminotesunit2studenttopic1... · vce health and...

VCE HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2014

Semi-notes

Unit 2: Individual human development and health issues

Name: _______________________________________________

Prenatal health & development

Child health & development

Adult health & development

HHD Unit 2 Semi-notes 2014

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Unit Guidelines

VCE Health and Human Development Unit 2 2014

SATISFACTORY COMPLETION OF LEARNING OUTCOMES The award of satisfactory completion of this unit is based on the decision that the student has demonstrated achievement of the following learning outcomes: Outcome 1 Describe and explain factors that affect the health and individual human development during the prenatal stage. Outcome 2 Describe and explain the factors that affect the health and individual human development of Australia’s children.

Outcome 3 Describe and explain the factors that affect the health and individual human development of Australia’s adults.

To satisfactorily meet the above outcomes, the following Graded Assessment Tasks must be completed to a satisfactory standard. Students must attend 50 hours of class time and complete 2-3 hours of homework per week in this unit. Subject teachers are also responsible for setting homework requirements in response to these guidelines.

ASSESSMENT TASKS: Assessed A+ to UG, N/A

NA means not assessed or handed in after the deadline or can’t be authenticated.

1. SAC 1 Written Responses - Test Week 6 Week ending 1st August 2. SAC 2 Case Study Research assignment Week 12 Week ending 12th September 3. SAC 3 Written responses – Test Week 18 Week ending 7th November 4. End of unit examination – time will be determined by your school

NON SATISFACTORY COMPLETION OF ASSESSMENT TASKS

If an assessment task does not reach a satisfactory standard (D grade or above) to meet a learning outcome, staff will refer to student performance in Learning Activities completed. If a student has not completed a sufficient number of Learning Activities to a satisfactory standard, a Supplementary Task may be administered to allow a student the opportunity to demonstrate meeting an outcome. Failure to complete a Supplementary Task set by the classroom teacher may result in an N being recorded for the Outcome and therefore an N for the Unit.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Students will undertake Learning Activities throughout the Semester based on the key skills and key knowledge from the Health & Human Development Study Design.

Students are expected to complete any preparatory or skill based tasks set by their teacher to assist students to satisfactorily complete all learning outcomes or VET units of competence.


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Student Requirements VCE 2014

AUTHENTICATION 1. Students must only submit work for coursework SACs/ SATs and Assessment Tasks that is clearly their own

work and completed in the current year. All references and additional assistance must be appropriately acknowledged. Failure to authenticate student work can result in an ‘N’ for the unit.

2. Students must not submit the same piece of work for completion of more than one Outcome; SAC/SAT or Assessment Task.

3. Authentication breaches will be reported to the VCE Programs Manager and appropriate sanctions applied according to Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) regulations.

PARENT COMMUNICATION Parents/guardian will be informed regularly of student progress via Progress Reports.

Area of Study 1: Prenatal health and individual human development

In this area of study you will develop an understanding of the health and individual human development of Australia’s unborn children. You will study the physical changes that occur from conception to birth. You will investigate how determinants, including physical environment, biological, behavioural and social influence prenatal health and individual human development.

Outcome 1 Lessons Pages Development from conception to birth 07 – 22 Health status of pregnant women and their unborn babies 23 – 30 Determinants of prenatal development and individual human development - teratogens 33 – 47 Programs to promote the health and development of pregnant women and their unborn babies

48 - 53

Area of Study 2: Child health and individual development

The focus of this area of study is the development of your understanding of the health and individual human development of Australia’s children. You will study the period from birth to approximately twelve years. You will explore the physical, social, emotional and intellectual changes that occur from birth to late childhood. You will investigate how the determinants influence child health and development

Outcome 2 Lessons Pages

Development from birth to late childhood Health status of Australia’s children Determinants of health and development for Australia’s children Programs to promote the health and development of Australia’s children


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Outcome 3: Adult health and individual development

The focus of this study is the development of the health and individual human development of Australia’s adults, including older adults. You will explore the physical, social, emotional and intellectual changes that occur during adulthood. You will describe the health status of Australia’s adults, including the various determinants that have an impact on health and individual human development.

Outcome 3 Lessons Pages Stages and development of adulthood Health status of Australia’s adults Determinants of adult health and development Programs to promote the health and development of adults

Health and Human Development Key terminology

Analyse Examine in detail by breaking the concept down into its parts and provide the meaning to

Compare Look at similarities and differences between two or more things

Describe State the main characteristics or features – what is it like

Discuss Look at both sides or the advantages and disadvantages

Evaluate Make judgments about the usefulness of something based on the facts

Explain Give a clear and detailed overview or meaning of something

Identify/list Recognize and name Justify Explain or give reasons why a particular

choice is made Outline Provide a summary of the important features

of something Recommend Suggest what to do in a particular situation

and explain why State Provide a brief answer Suggest Provide some possibilities for something


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Unit 2 Health and Human Development Key Terms

Health

Individual human development Conception

Fertilisation

Sperm Ovum

Zygote

Blastocyst Morula

Germinal stage

Embryo stage Foetal stage

Placenta

Apgar test Neonate

Surfactant

Meconium Maternal health

Maternal morbidity

Maternal mortality Pre-eclampsia

Prenatal health

Perinatal mortality Determinants (of health and development)

Teratogen

Prader-willi syndrome FAS

Antenatal care

Health promotion program


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Outcome 1: Prenatal health and development

Overview: In this area of study students develop an understanding of the health and individual human development of Australia’s unborn children. Students study the physical changes that occur from conception to birth. You will investigate how determinants influence prenatal health and individual human development. Some health issues will be studied as well as analysing strategies and programs to promote the health and individual human development of mothers and their unborn children.

Outcome: On completion of this topic you will be able to describe and explain factors that affect the health and individual during the prenatal stage.

Lessons:

• Lesson 1- Development from conception to birth

• Lesson 2 – Health status of pregnant women and their unborn babies

• Lesson 3 - Determinants of prenatal development and individual human development – teratogens

• Lesson 4 - Programs to promote the health and development of pregnant women and their unborn babies

Learning Activities: these are submitted to demonstrate your understanding of the course content. Learning Activity 1: Presentation (such as a clamation) on fertilization Learning Activity 2: Parental Income Case Study Learning Activity 3: Health promotion program task


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How the baby grows

3 weeks Once in the uterus the fertilised egg called a

blastocyst, finds a place to implant by burrowing beneath the uterine surface.

The yolk sac produces blood cells during the early weeks of life. The embryo is only 4 mm

long, but its backbone, spinal column and nervous systems are forming. Kidneys, liver

and intestines are also taking shape.

4 weeks

Here, the embryo produces hormones to stop the mother’s menstrual cycle. The

embryo is filled with fluid and is dividing rapidly. Eventually it splits into two. The

part attached to the uterine wall becomes the placenta, which will nourish the growing baby. The other part develops into the baba

itself.

5 weeks

The embryo is the size of a raisin. The heart begins beating. The neural tube divides into three parts, ready to develop into a complex

brain. The placenta begins functioning. By seven weeks the facial features are

visible, including a mouth and tongue. Eyes have developed a retina and lens. The muscle system is developed, enabling

movement.

8 weeks

The fetus is 1.2 cm long and the liver takes over the production of blood cells from the yolk sac.

The amniotic sac. Filled with fluid protects the fetus, inside the fetus swims about, using its lengthened arms and legs.

10 weeks

The growing fetus is well proportioned. Every organ is present. The heart is almost completely developed and beats sturdily.

The stomach produces digestive juices and the liver makes blood cells. The kidneys also begin to function. Thumb sucking often

begins at this stage.

. 12 weeks

Vocal cords are complete and the fetus can and sometimes does cry. The brain is fully formed and the baby can feel pain. Eyelids cover the eyes, which remain shut until the seventh month. The fetus can urinate. At this point it begins to form complex facial expressions and can even

smile.

Ref: BabyCenter - http://www.babycenter.com/ Herald Sun, ‘The Human Body – From conception to the miracle of birth LIFE BEGINS’, 2010

http://www.babycenter.com/


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. 14 weeks

The muscles further develop, lengthen and organize. The mother will soon start to feel the fetus kicking and moving within.

At 15 weeks taste buds develop and the fetus may be able to taste its mother’s meals.

22 weeks

The fetus can hear and recognise its mother’s voice. Hair and fingernails appear. Sex organs are visible with an ultrasound. By 22

weeks the fetus weighs 460g and is 28 cm long. Sweat glands develop and the external skin has changed from transparent to

opaque.

24 weeks By this stage, a fine, downy hair called lanugo covers the fetus. A waxy substance called vernix, which may still be present after birth protects

its tender skin. The fetus practices breathing by inhaling amniotic fluid into its

developing lungs.

26 weeks

The fetus can inhale and exhale. Eyes are formed. Under intensive medical care a baby born prematurely at this stage has a 50%

chance of surviving outside the womb. At 30 weeks the fetus, is usually capable of living outside the

womb.

32 weeks The fetus sleeps 90 – 95 % of the day. At 36 weeks lungs mature and the

fetus will gain about 5 cm and 1.1kg in its last weeks. The head may engage in the mother’s pelvis and the fetus may seem less active.

Full term

By 40 weeks the baby, now about 3.4 kg and 50 cm , is ready for birth. A baby born before 37 weeks is considered premature and

may need extra care in a neonatal unit.


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Overview: Development is much more long term. We start developing from the time we are conceived and we stop developing when we die. There are four types of development that are important to know. As human beings, we cannot easily separate out one type of development without looking at how it affects all other forms of development. We develop as a whole, not in separate categories.

Learning Intentions: By the end of this topic you will be able to:

• Describe the process of fertilisation • Describe the characteristics of physical development from conception to birth

Work:

• Lesson 1- Development from conception to birth - presentation in conjunction with semi-note tasks

• Video movies to watch (links on Moodle)

– Animation: Fertilisation of egg by sperm http://www.mydr.com.au/babies-pregnancy/animation-fertilisation-of-egg-by-sperm - Youtube video clip: Development of a foetus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR-Qa_LD2m4 - Clickview video: BBC August 2007 ‘Birth: Fight for life’ 49 mins - Clickview video: BBC June 2011 ‘Inside the human body – Episode 1 Creation” 43 mins

• Work tasks – movie reviews

- forum discussion on Apgar test scores http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-apgar-score_3074.bc Learning Activities: these are submitted to demonstrate your understanding of the course content. Learning Activity 1: Presentation (such as a clamation) on fertilization

Topic: Prenatal health and development

Lesson 1: Development from conception to birth

http://www.mydr.com.au/babies-pregnancy/animation-fertilisation-of-egg-by-sperm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR-Qa_LD2m4

http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-apgar-score_3074.bc


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How did this happen?? The Herald Sun, June 2011

Task 1: Fertilisation & Conception

a) Conception – beginning of a new life begins at F______________________ when a __________ from a _______________ unites with an ______________ from a __________________ to form a __________________ .

Fertilisation – actual process of sperm and egg ______________ or ________________________ .

The stages of prenatal development

Name of stage Time

1. 2. 3.

On the next page is the diagram of the Germinal stage and the process that happens for you to label in conjunction with the presentation. When you have labeled that diagram, return to this table to complete you learning of this stage. http://www.mydr.com.au/babies-pregnancy/animation-fertilisation-of-egg-by-sperm

http://www.mydr.com.au/babies-pregnancy/animation-fertilisation-of-egg-by-sperm


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Figure 1: Germinal Stage

v

H

E D

C

B

A G

F

Ute

rus

Fallo

pian

tube

Endo

met

rium


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Task 2a: Stages of prenatal development

Youtube video clip: Development of a foetus (4:31 mins) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR-Qa_LD2m4

*Zygote

* Not a stage but you need to note information about it. A zygote occurs at the fusion or union of a _________ and an ______________ and contains _______ chromosomes. _____ come from the ovum from the female and ____ from the sperm from the male. At this stage _________________________ is determined as is _________________________ and ____________________________________ .

Germinal stage Weeks 0-2

Characteristics of physical development include:

Embryonic stage

Weeks 3-10

Characteristics of physical development include:

Foetal stage

Weeks 10-40

Characteristics of physical development include: * week 10: *week 20 *week 28 *week 36

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR-Qa_LD2m4


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Task 2b: The Placenta

The placenta is a large _____ shaped organ that connects the developing ________ to the uterine wall via the _____________ cord. It provides _____________ and hormones and antibodies to the developing foetus whilst removing _____________ and allowing gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply. The placenta is made from _____________ and foetal blood tissue __________ blood systems __________ mix as they are are separated by a membrane .

The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium but it is not until weeks __________ that the development of the maternal blood supply to the palcenta is completed.

At birth, the period after the baby is born is called the third stage of labor and this is important as it is when the_________ is expelled. This takes place between 15 – 30 minutes. It is important that all the placenta is expelled as it can cause _______________ if it is not eliminated.

(Source: Wikipedia- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta )

Expelled placenta


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Task 3: Birth & Adaptations

At birth, the neonate (new born) must make adaptations (or changes) in order to survive outside the uterus:

1. Temperature Control

After birth the baby must __________________ its ________ temperature at a constant 37

degrees rather than being kept ________________ in the mother’s body. A baby finds it difficult

to _______________ its own temperature due to a large surface area to volume which increases

heat loss to the environment. The ____________ is an area where significant heat loss occurs.

The baby must be wrapped well and kept warm.

2. Respiratory functions: Breathing

Before birth oxygen comes from the _________________________. At birth the neonate must

inhale and exhale. During the last few weeks of the prenatal stage, the lungs produce

___________________________, a substance that prevents the _________________ of the

lungs in between breaths. The _______________ of the umbilical cord cuts off the oxygen supply

and the neonate must take its _________________ breath. The lungs __________________ and

any liquid in the lungs is squeezed out and absorbed into the blood stream. At first breathing may be

irregular and if necessary the baby will be given ____________ to help them.

3. Excretion

Through normal growth and metabolism, the body produces a variety of ______ products such as

carbon dioxide, urea, _____________ and salts as well as the waste products of digestion. At birth,

the _________________ organs – the kidneys, liver and bowel become functional and are able to

eliminate waste products such as urea, water and salts. The first waste excreted from the bowel is a

thick _____________ tar substance called ______________. This substance has lined the

intestine before birth. The lungs excrete _____________________________________.


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4. Circulation

Before birth, the blood does not have to pass through ______________ to pick up oxygen. The

chambers of the heart are ______________ and blood passes easily from right to left. At birth

the chamber _____________________ over and the blood flows in a circulatory pattern from the

_________ to the ________________ chamber of the heart and to body cells, returning to the

__________ side of the heart and to the lungs to be replenished with ________________.

5. Feeding (nutrition)

Once the _______________________ is cut the baby must receive ________________ from the

food through the digestive process. The baby must have developed their sucking and swallowing

reflex. ___________ is the source of food for the infant for the first 5-6 months. While formulae

milk can be used, the _______________ source of food for the baby is __________ milk.

The first substance produced by the breast is called ______________ which is a sticky, yellow fluid

rich in ______________ to protect the neonate from _________________ and prepares the

digestive system to receive and digest milk.


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Task 3:Apgar Test How well the neonate is coping with the physical changes outside of the uterus is determined by checking them against an Apgar Test.

From the website below answer the following question.

‘The baby centre’, http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-apgar-score_3074.bc accessed October 2013

1. Explain what the Apgar scores at the following times indicate;

One minute – score 7-10

One minute – score 4-6

One minute – score 3 or less

Five minutes – score 7-10

Five minutes – score 6 or less

A low Apgar score may reflect the use of sedation or pain killing medication by the mother during delivery and premature infants may score poorly due to physical immaturity.

The Apgar Test Sign 0 1 2 Activity – muscle tone Limp Some flexion of muscle Active motion Pulse – heart rate No heart beat Fewer than 100 beats/min More than 100 beats/min Grimace – reflex No response to airways

being suctioned Grimace during suctioning Grimace or pull away,

cough, sneeze during suction

Appearance – color Whole body is bluish-grey Good color with bluish-grey hands and feet

Good color - pink

Respiration - breathing No breathing Irregular breathing Strong breathing and crying

Activity: If three babies were born and they scored 3, 6 and 9 on the Apgar scale, what conclusions could you draw about their ability to adapt to life outside the uterus? Describe the adaptations that occurred for the baby to have scored 9. (*Hint: refer to the web link to help you answer this question)

http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-apgar-score_3074.bc


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Movie review: ADAPTATIONS OF THE NEONATE: Fight for Life

On Clickview, watch the movie ‘Birth - Fight for Life’. This movie shows how 4 newborns

adapt to life outside of the womb. (49 minutes long) WARNING: this documentary is not for the faint hearted! It does show 4 women giving birth

both naturally and via caesarean section. ACTIVITIES

a. Using information from the movie fill in the table below. You are to give an estimated score for each of the 5 physical signs measured in an Apgar test. Identify your estimated total Apgar score for each of the babies. Refer back to the previous work completed on the Apgar Scale.

Baby Activity -muscle tone

/2

Pulse -heart rate

/2

Grimace - reflex

/2

Appearance -color

/2

Respiration -breathing

/2

Total Apgar Score

/10 Lily (born naturally with no problems)

Gabriel (boy who inhaled the meconium)

Ana (boy with the umbilical cord wrapped around his neck)

Elijah (boy with growth on his spine)

b. Choose one of the babies and discuss how well the neonate (newborn) adapted to life outside of the womb. Justify your decision by discussing the specific adaptations a neonate (newborn) must make to survive outside the womb.

Baby Name: _______________________________

c. Briefly describe the medical interventions that were used to save the life of one of the babies.

d. Post a comment on the forum relating to the question asked on the Apgar scores you gave these babies.

Resume at slide 24Task 4: Movie review


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Watch the movie ‘Inside the human body – Episode 1 Creation’. It is a BBC documentary from June 2011 that with the help of technology takes us inside the human body during

prenatal development. (43 mins) Complete the three tasks below.

1. Recapping fertilization.

Why do millions of sperm need to be ejaculated if it takes only ONE sperm to fertilise the egg?

2. Twins

Explain how identical twins are formed?

Ronnie and Donnie are Siamese or conjoined twins. Explain how this happened.

They are joined from the chest to the groin. What determined where they are joined?

3. The last chapter shows the birth of some babies.

How are the triplets delivered? _________________________________________________

Discuss how well they adapt to the outside world? Do they need any medical intervention?

Resume at slide 25


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Task 5: Summary Quiz on Prenatal Development

THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS RELATE TO THE GERMINAL STAGE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

1. The head and neck make up half the baby’s length. T/F 2. Rapid brain development. T/F 3. Rapid cell division as zygote (fertilized ovum) moves

down fallopian tube to uterus. T/F 4. Germinal stage ends when the zygote embeds itself

into the uterine lining (endometrium) and has become implanted. T/F

5. A zygote is the name for the cell after the egg has been fertilised by sperm but before cell division has taken place. T/F

6. The germinal stage last from fertilization up until the end of week 3. T/F

THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS RELATE TO THE EMBRYONIC STAGE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

1. The head and neck make up half the baby’s length. T/F 2. All major organs are formed in the embryonic stage and they are fully mature by the

end of this stage. T/F 3. Stomach and kidneys function; lungs and organs of the digestive system form. T/F 4. The embryonic stage of development starts at implantation and ends at week 8. T/F 5. Most major internal and external organs are developed. T/F 6. The mother and embryo exchange blood at this stage. T/F 7. Most critical / sensitive period of human development. T/F


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THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS RELATE TO THE FOETAL STAGE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Limbs grow, fingers and toes appear. T/F 2. When the blastocyst has become fully implanted at 2 weeks it is referred to as a

foetus. T/F 3. Placenta is fully developed and a functioning endocrine gland at 14-16 weeks. T/F 4. Significant/rapid growth occurs. T/F 5. Fat is deposited under the skin. T/F 6. Internal sex organs form. T/F 7. The foetus measures 20cm at the beginning of this stage and

at birth it measures 50cm. T/F 8. The foetus is not very active during this stage. T/F

THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS RELATE TO THE NEONATE

1. A neonate refers to a newborn baby up to 10 days old. T/F 2. A baby finds it easy to regulate its own temperature due to a large surface area to

volume which increases heat loss to the environment. T/F

3. During the last few weeks of the prenatal stage, the lungs produce meconium, a substance that prevents the collapse of the lungs in between breaths after birth. T/F

4. Before birth, the blood does not have to pass through the lungs to pick up oxygen. T/F

5. The first waste excreted from the bowel is a thick black tar substance called surfactant. This substance has lined the intestine before birth. T/F

6. The first substance produced by the breast is called colostrum which is a sticky, yellow fluid rich in antibodies to protect the neonate from infection and prepares the digestive system to receive and digest milk. T/F

7. A neonate is assessed using the Apgar scale. A score of 3 means the new born is in good condition. T/F


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Learning Activity1: Fertilisation Presentation

Task: Produce and publish a presentation such as a ‘Claymation’ on the fertilization process in the human body to demonstrate your understanding of the reproductive organs and structures and process.

A Claymation is a series of still photos ( taken on a phone, webcam or camera ) that are then dropped into a movie making program such as ‘Windows Live Movie Maker’ to produce a short video clip. The ‘images’ are made in clay or plasticine which enables them to be manipulated easily for the next scene. For this task it is easiest to make the whole reproductive system, photograph it and then take parts away, photographing each step. When you drop the images into the software you just reverse the order. You can add labels or whatever you wish to make it your own. In producing the ‘Claymation’, don’t forget to add music and publish it as “Human fertilisation”. Your clip should be no longer than 25 – 30 seconds. Have fun!!

(P.S. View the example on the Moodle to help if need be.)

Rubric for achievement

TO ACHIEVE HIGH TO ACHIEVE SATISFACTORY TO ACHIEVE LOW Clear and concise knowledge of reproductive organs and fertilisation process. Music included and appropriate. Length is appropriate. Presentation is of a high standard.

Good knowledge of the reproductive organs and fertilisation. Music is included. Length is a little short or a little long. Presentation is of a satisfactory standard.

Basic knowledge of the reproductive organs and fertilisation. Music is not included. Length is too long or too short. Presentation is missing some components.

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