vce chemistry written examination – data book · pdf filesi prefixes 5 6. acid-base...

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CHEMISTRYWritten examination

DATA BOOK

© VICTORIAN CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY 2017

February 2017

Victorian Certificate of Education Year

CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 2

Table of contents Page

1. Periodic table of the elements 3

2. Electrochemical series 4

3. Chemical relationships 5

4. Physical constants and standard values 5

5. SIprefixes 5

6. Acid-base indicators 6

7. Sample representations of organic molecules 6

8. Formulas of some fatty acids 7

9. Structural formulas of some important biomolecules 7–8

10. Heats of combustion of common fuels 9

11. Typical heats of combustion of common blended fuels 9

12. Energy content of foods 9

13. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption 10

14. 13C NMR data 10

15. 1H NMR data 11–12

16. 2-aminoacids(α-aminoacids) 13–14

3 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

TURN OVER

1. P

erio

dic t

able

of t

he el

emen

ts

1 H

1.0

hydr

ogen

2 He

4.0

heliu

m

3 Li

6.9

lithi

um

4 Be

9.0

bery

llium

5 B

10.8

bo

ron

6 C

12.0

ca

rbon

7 N

14.0

ni

troge

n

8 O

16.0

oxygen

9 F 19.0

fluorine

10

Ne

20.2

ne

on

11

Na

23.0

so

dium

12

Mg

24.3

m

agne

sium

13

Al

27.0

al

umin

ium

14

Si

28.1

si

licon

15

P 31.0

ph

osph

orus

16

S 32.1

su

lfur

17

Cl

35.5

ch

lorin

e

18

Ar

39.9

ar

gon

19

K

39.1

po

tass

ium

20

Ca

40.1

ca

lciu

m

21

Sc

45.0

sc

andi

um

22

Ti

47.9

tit

aniu

m

23

V

50.9

va

nadi

um

24

Cr

52.0

ch

rom

ium

25

Mn

54.9

m

anga

nese

26

Fe

55.8

iro

n

27

Co

58.9

co

balt

28

Ni

58.7

ni

ckel

29

Cu

63.5

co

pper

30

Zn

65.4

zi

nc

31

Ga

69.7

ga

llium

32

Ge

72.6

ge

rman

ium

33

As

74.9

ar

seni

c

34

Se

79.0

se

leni

um

35

Br

79.9

br

omin

e

36

Kr

83.8

kr

ypto

n

37

Rb

85.5

ru

bidi

um

38

Sr

87.6

st

ront

ium

39

Y

88.9

yt

trium

40

Zr

91.2

zi

rcon

ium

41

Nb

92.9

ni

obiu

m

42

Mo

96.0

m

olyb

denu

m

43

Tc

(98)

te

chne

tium

44

Ru

101.

1 ru

then

ium

45

Rh

102.

9 rh

odiu

m

46

Pd

106.

4 pa

lladi

um

47

Ag

107.

9 si

lver

48

Cd

112.

4 ca

dmiu

m

49

In

114.

8 in

dium

50

Sn

118.

7 tin

51

Sb

121.

8 an

timon

y

52

Te

127.

6 te

lluriu

m

53

I 12

6.9

iodi

ne

54

Xe

131.

3 xenon

55

Cs

132.

9 ca

esiu

m

56

Ba

137.

3 ba

rium

57–7

1 la

ntha

noid

s

72

Hf

178.

5 ha

fniu

m

73

Ta

180.

9 ta

ntal

um

74

W

183.

8 tu

ngst

en

75

Re

186.

2 rh

eniu

m

76

Os

190.

2 os

miu

m

77

Ir

192.

2 iri

dium

78

Pt

195.

1 pl

atin

um

79

Au

197.

0 go

ld

80

Hg

200.

6 m

ercu

ry

81

Tl

204.

4 th

alliu

m

82

Pb

207.

2 le

ad

83

Bi

209.

0 bi

smut

h

84

Po

(210)

polo

nium

85

At

(210)

asta

tine

86

Rn

(222)

rado

n

87

Fr

(223)

fran

cium

88

Ra

(226)

radi

um

89–1

03

actin

oids

104

Rf

(261)

ruth

erfo

rdiu

m

105

Db

(262)

dubn

ium

106

Sg

(266)

seab

orgi

um

107

Bh

(264)

bohr

ium

108

Hs

(267)

hass

ium

109

Mt

(268)

mei

tner

ium

110

Ds

(271)

darm

stad

tium

111

Rg

(272)

roen

tgen

ium

112

Cn

(285)

cope

rnic

ium

113

Nh

(280)

niho

nium

114

Fl

(289)

flerovium

115

Mc

(289)

mos

covi

um

116

Lv

(292)

liver

mor

ium

117

Ts

(294)

tenn

essi

ne

118

Og

(294)

ogan

esso

n

57

La

138.

9 la

ntha

num

58

Ce

140.

1 ce

rium

59

Pr

140.

9 pr

aseo

dym

ium

60

Nd

144.

2 ne

odym

ium

61

Pm

(145)

prom

ethi

um

62

Sm

150.

4 sa

mar

ium

63

Eu

152.

0 eu

ropi

um

64

Gd

157.

3 ga

dolin

ium

65

Tb

158.

9 te

rbiu

m

66

Dy

162.

5 dy

spro

sium

67

Ho

164.

9 ho

lmiu

m

68

Er

167.

3 er

bium

69

Tm

16

8.9

thul

ium

70

Yb

173.

1 yt

terb

ium

71

Lu

175.

0 lu

tetiu

m

89

Ac

(227)

actin

ium

90

Th

232.

0 th

oriu

m

91

Pa

231.

0 pr

otac

tiniu

m

92

U

238.

0 ur

aniu

m

93

Np

(237)

nept

uniu

m

94

Pu

(244)

plut

oniu

m

95

Am

(243)

amer

iciu

m

96

Cm

(247)

curiu

m

97

Bk

(247)

berk

eliu

m

98

Cf

(251)

calif

orni

um

99

Es

(252)

eins

tein

ium

100

Fm

(257)

ferm

ium

101

Md

(258)

men

dele

vium

102

No

(259)

nobe

lium

103

Lr

(262)

law

renc

ium

The

valu

e in

bra

cket

s ind

icat

es th

e m

ass n

umbe

r of t

he lo

nges

t-liv

ed is

otop

e.

79

Au

197.

0 go

ld

atom

ic n

umbe

r

rela

tive

atom

ic m

ass

sym

bol o

f ele

men

t

nam

e of

ele

men

t


2. Electrochemical series

Reaction Standard electrode potential (E0) in volts at 25 °C

F2(g)+2e– ⇌ 2F–(aq) +2.87

H2O2(aq)+2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.77

Au+(aq)+e– ⇌ Au(s) +1.68

Cl2(g)+2e– ⇌ 2Cl–(aq) +1.36

O2(g)+4H+(aq)+4e– ⇌ 2H2O(1) +1.23

Br2(l)+2e– ⇌ 2Br–(aq) +1.09

Ag+(aq)+e– ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80

Fe3+(aq)+e– ⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77

O2(g)+2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68

I2(s)+2e– ⇌ 2I–(aq) +0.54

O2(g)+2H2O(l)+4e– ⇌ 4OH–(aq) +0.40

Cu2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34

Sn4+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15

S(s)+2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ H2S(g) +0.14

2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ H2(g) 0.00

Pb2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Pb(s) –0.13

Sn2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Sn(s) –0.14

Ni2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Ni(s) –0.25

Co2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Co(s) –0.28

Cd2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Cd(s) –0.40

Fe2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Fe(s) –0.44

Zn2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Zn(s) –0.76

2H2O(l)+2e– ⇌ H2(g)+2OH–(aq) –0.83

Mn2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Mn(s) –1.18

Al3+(aq)+3e– ⇌ Al(s) –1.66

Mg2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Mg(s) –2.37

Na+(aq)+e– ⇌ Na(s) –2.71

Ca2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Ca(s) –2.87

K+(aq)+e– ⇌ K(s) –2.93

Li+(aq)+e– ⇌ Li(s) –3.04


TURN OVER

3. Chemical relationships

Name Formula

calculating the number of moles n mM

n cV n VVm

= = =; ;

universal gas equation pV = nRT

calibrationfactor(CF)forbombcalorimetry CF = VItT∆

enthalpy ∆H = mc∆T

electric charge Q = It

number of moles of electrons n e QF

( )− =

4. Physical constants and standard values

Name Symbol Value

Avogadro constant NA or L 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

chargeononeelectron(elementarycharge) e –1.60 × 10–19 C

Faraday constant F 96 500 C mol–1

molar gas constant R 8.31 J mol–1 K–1

molar volume of an ideal gas at SLC Vm 24.8 L mol–1 at 100 kPa at 25.0 °C

specificheatcapacityofwater c 4.18 J g–1 K–1 at 25.0 °C

5. SI prefixes

SI prefix Scientific notation Multiplying factor

giga(G) 109 1 000 000 000

mega(M) 106 1 000 000

kilo(k) 103 1000

deci(d) 10–1 0.1

centi(c) 10–2 0.01

milli(m) 10–3 0.001

micro (μ) 10–6 0.000001

nano(n) 10–9 0.000000001

pico(p) 10–12 0.000000000001


6. Acid-base indicators

Name pH range Colour change from lower pH to higher pH in range

thymol blue 1.2–2.8 red → yellow

methyl orange 3.1– 4.4 red → yellow

bromophenol blue 3.0– 4.6 yellow → blue

methyl red 4.2– 6.3 red → yellow

bromothymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow → blue

phenol red 6.8–8.4 yellow → red

phenolphthalein 8.3–10.0 colourless → red

7. Sample representations of organic molecules

molecular formula C4H8O2 or C3H7COOH

semi-structural formula CH3CH2CH2COOH

structural formula

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

HO

O

H

skeletal structure O

OH


TURN OVER

8. Formulas of some fatty acids

Name Semi-structural formula Molecular formula

lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH C11H23COOH

myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH C13H27COOH

palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH C15H31COOH

palmitoleic CH3(CH2)4CH2CH=CHCH2 (CH2)5CH2COOH C15H29COOH

stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH C17H35COOH

oleic CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH C17H33COOH

linoleic CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH C17H31COOH

linolenic CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH C17H29COOH

arachidic CH3(CH2)17CH2COOH C19H39COOH

arachidonic CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3CH=CH(CH2)3COOH C19H31COOH

9. Structural formulas of some important biomolecules

vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

O

OH

O

HO

CH

OH

CH2

HO

C

C

C

H

H

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H

glycerol

sucroseOH

OH

OH

OHHO

O O

O

HH

H

H HH

H H

CH2OH

CH2OH


CH2OHCH2OHCH2OH

OHO

O O

O O

OHOH OH OH

OH

OH OH

300–600

amylose (starch)

vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

HO

CH2

CH

CH CHCH3

CH2

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2

O

O–O

O

O

N+H3N

aspartame

H

vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

HO

CH2

CH

CH CHCH3

CH2

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3HC

CC

HH

OOH

CH2OH CH2OH

H

HOH

OHH

fructoseα-glucose

CH2OHO

OHOH

HOH H

H H

HHO

amylopectin (starch)

CH2OHCH2CH2OH

OHO

O O OO

O

O

O

O

OH OH OH

OH OH

CH2OH

OHO

OH

cellulose

CH2OH

OH

OHCH2OH

OHO O

OH

O OO


TURN OVER

10. Heats of combustion of common fuelsThe heats of combustion in the following table occur at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa.

Fuel Formula Heat of combustion (MJ kg–1)

Molar heat of combustion (kJ mol–1)

hydrogen H2 141 286

methane CH4 55.6 889

ethane C2H6 51.9 1560

propane C3H8 50.5 2220

butane C4H10 49.7 2880

octane C8H18 47.9 5460

ethyne(acetylene) C2H2 49.9 1300

methanol CH3OH 22.7 726

ethanol C2H5OH 29.6 1360

11. Typical heats of combustion of common blended fuelsThe heats of combustion in the following table occur at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. These are typical values and will vary depending on the source of the fuel.

Fuel Heat of combustion (MJ kg–1)

kerosene 46.2

diesel 45.0

natural gas 54.0

12. Energy content of foods

Food Energy content (kJ g–1)

fats and oils 37

protein 17

carbohydrate 16


13. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption

Bond Wave number (cm–1)

Bond Wave number (cm–1)

C–Cl(chloroalkanes) 600–800 C=O(ketones) 1680–1850

C–O(alcohols,esters,ethers) 1050–1410 C=O(esters) 1720–1840

C=C(alkenes) 1620–1680 C–H(alkanes,alkenes,arenes) 2850–3090

C=O(amides) 1630–1680 O–H(acids) 2500–3500

C=O(aldehydes) 1660–1745 O–H(alcohols) 3000–3600

C=O(acids) 1680–1740 N–H(aminesandamides) 3300–3500

14. 13C NMR dataTypical 13C shift values relative to TMS = 0These can differ slightly in different solvents.

Type of carbon Chemical shift (ppm)

R–CH3 8–25

R–CH2–R 20– 45

R3–CH 40–60

R4–C 36– 45

R–CH2–X 15–80

R3C–NH2, R3C–NR 35–70

R–CH2–OH 50–90

RC CR 75–95

R2C=CR2 110–150

RCOOH 160–185

OR

ROC

165–175

OR

HC

190–200

R2C=O 205–220


TURN OVER

15. 1H NMR dataTypical proton shift values relative to TMS = 0These can differ slightly in different solvents. Where more than one proton environment is shown in the formula, the shift refers to the ones in bold letters.

Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)

R–CH3 0.9–1.0

R–CH2–R 1.3–1.4

RCH=CH–CH3 1.6–1.9

R3–CH 1.5

or CH3

ORC

OCH3

NHR

CO

2.0

CH3R

C

O

2.1–2.7

R–CH2–X(X=F,Cl,BrorI) 3.0– 4.5

R–CH2–OH, R2–CH–OH 3.3– 4.5

R

NHCH2R

CO

3.2

R—O—CH3 or R—O—CH2R 3.3–3.7

O C

O

CH32.3

R

OCH2R

CO

3.7– 4.8

R–O–H 1–6(variesconsiderablyunderdifferentconditions)

R–NH2 1–5

RHC CHR 4.5–7.0

OH 4.0–12.0


Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)

H 6.9–9.0

R

NHCH2R

CO

8.1

R

H

CO

9.4 –10.0

RH

CO

O9.0–13.0


TURN OVER

16. 2-amino acids (α-amino acids)

Name Symbol Structure

alanine Ala

H2N CH COOH

CH3

arginine Arg

H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 CH2 NH

NH

C NH2

asparagine Asn

H2N CH COOH

CH2

O

C NH2

aspartic acid Asp

H2N CH COOH

CH2 COOH

cysteine Cys

H2N CH COOH

CH2 SH

glutamine Gln

H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2

O

C NH2

glutamic acid Glu

H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 COOH

glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH

histidine His

H2N CH COOH

CH2 NH

N

isoleucine Ile

H2N CH COOH

CH3 CH CH2 CH3


END OF DATA BOOK

Name Symbol Structure

leucine Leu

H2N CH COOH

CH2

CH3 CH CH3

lysine Lys

H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

methionine Met

H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

phenylalanine Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

proline ProHN

COOH

serine Ser

H2N CH COOH

CH2 OH

threonine Thr

H2N CH COOH

CH3 CH OH

tryptophan Trp

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

HN

tyrosine Tyr OH

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

valine Val

H2N CH COOH

CH3 CH CH3

vce chemistry written examination – data book · pdf filesi prefixes 5 6. acid-base...

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