varietal spectrum of citrus

VARIETAL SPECTRUM OF

CITRUS

BY

ALTAF-UR-REHMAN KHAN (Director)

CITRUS RESEARCH INSTITUTE,

SARGODHA

Citrus Research Institute’s Publication Varietal Spectrum of Citrus Work on varietal evaluation / description was done by the scientists of Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieved system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, scanning or otherwise without either the prior written permission. In case of breach / violation of above said instructions action will be taken up accordingly.

Citrus fruits of the country have assumed ever increasing significance both area and

production wise. These Fruits are grown on an area of 199.9 thousands hectares with the

production of 2132.20 thousand tons (Pakistan Agri. Statistics 2008-09), However, the disturbing

phenomenon of citrus fruits is the one varietal dominance i.e. Kinnow mandarin, which has

created a condition of monoculture. It is an established reality that one varietal reliance is always

fraught with the serious repercussions. The prominent among these are gradual susceptibility to

diseases, pests, physiological disorders, degradation in quality characters and tendency of fruit

crops to enter in all declining syndrome. Moreover, monoculture is economically less benefit

multiplier and market restrictive. Realizing the very narrow base of diversification of citrus

sector; Citrus research institute, Sargodha managed to import the bud wood of various important

citrus groups i.e. Sweet oranges Mandarins, Tangerines, Tangelos, Grape fruits, Lemons, Limes

and rootstocks. Worth of all such varieties has been tested under local agro Climatology and

varieties of proven performance recommended for commercial cultivation. It has also been noted

with concern that Citrus growers awareness about these high merit varieties has been observed

very poor. This concern has prompted the institute to develop a Citrus varietal compendium for

its wide circulation. Scientists of Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha toiled hard to complete the

evaluation in a concise form which is worth appreciation. It is hoped that the effort will go a long

introducing new varieties of commercial significance to widen the much needed goal of

diversification. The information produced in this document of varietal description will best serve

the academia, Citrus growers and industry persons in a broad way and the country will come out

of the problems of mono culture a dire need of the day.

(DR. NOOR-UL-ISLAM)

Director General Agri. (Research)

Ayub Agricultural Research Institute,

Faisalabad

PREFACE i

I first of all express my thanks from the deepest profile of my heart to Dr. Noor-ul-

Islam, Director General Agri. (Research), Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad,

who encouraged me to compile this much needed information on varietal range of Citrus. My

special thanks and gratitude are extended to the young scientists of this Institute particularly

Mr. Muhammad Afzal Javad, Horticulturist, Mr. Ghulam Mustafa, Mr. Ahmad Raza, Mr.

Abdul Aziz, Assistant Horticulturist Mr. M. Raza Salik Assistant Horticulturist and Mr. Akbar

Hayat Saggu Assistant Research Officer in varietal characterization. I can not afford to ignore

the services of Mr. Abdul Rehman, Assistant Plant Pathologist and Mr. Muhammad Azhar,

Assistant Professor, Agriculture College, Sargodha in taking photographs of a wide range of

Citrus fruit varieties. Accurate computerization for rendering this effort to its ultimate

composition by Mr. Abdul Waheed Bukhari, Stenographer is highly commendable. In the end

it pertains to mention that there is always room for improvement in view of un intended errors

and omissions. Hence, suggestions from the readers will be highly appreciated for its

improvement.

(ALTAF-UR-REHMAN KHAN)

Director,

Citrus Research Institute,

Sargodha

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

Dedication

I dedicate this effort to the entire Citrus growing community and all other

persons having crazy souls and patriotic thoughts for the uplift of citriculture as a whole.

(DR. NOOR-UL-ISLAM)

Director General Agri. (Research)

Ayub Agricultural Research Institute,

Faisalabad

iii

Index

S . No. Title Page No.

1 Preface i

2 Acknowledgements ii

3 Dedication Iii

4 Methodology Involved in Varietal Analysis 1

5 Citrus Groups 2

6 Oranges 3

7 Common Oranges 4

8 Musambi 5

9 Succari 6

10 Valencia Late 7

11 Pine Apple 8

12 Olinda Valencia 9

13 Hamlin 10

14 Jaffa 11

15 Parson Brown 12

16 Casa Grande 13


17 Navel Oranges 14

18 Lane Late 15

19 Nave late 16

20 Cara Cara 17

21 At Wood Early 18

22 Spring Navel 19

23 Navelina 20

24 Fisher 21

25 Washington Navel 22

26 Pigmented Oranges 23

27 Blood Red 24

28 Moro Blood 25

29 Sanguinello 26

30 Rhode Red Valencia 27

31 Seedless Oranges 28

32 Salustiana 29


33 Tarocco 30

34 Marrs Early 31

35 Mandarins 32

36 Kinnow 33

37 Low Seeded Kinnow 34

38 Feutrell’s Early 35

39 Nagpuri Sangtara (Ponkan) 36

40 Honey Mandarin 37

41 Kaula Sangtara 38

42 Tangerines 39

43 Fremont 40

44 Clementina 41

45 Dancy 42

46 Fair Child 43

47 Amber Sweet 44

48 Robinson 45


49 Tangelos 46

50 Minneola 47

51 Pearl 48

52 Orlando 49

53 Grape Fruits 50

54 Shamber 51

55 Rio Red 52

56 Star Ruby 53

57 Flame 54

58 Marsh Seedless 55

59 Red Blush

56

60 Citrus Rootstocks 57

61 Rough Lemon 58

62 C-35 59

63 Gal Gal 60

64 Lemons 61


65 Eureka lemon 62

66 Femminello Lemon 63

67 Lisbon Lemon 64

68 Limes 65

69 Kaghzi Lime 66

70 Tahiti Lime 67

71 Kumquats (Fortunella species) 68

72 Meiwa/Round Kumquat 69

73 Naghmi/Oval Kumquat 70

74 Available Citrus Rootstocks 71

75 Latest Varieties of Citrus 72

76 List Of Exotic Citrus Varieties 73

77 Owari Satsuma 74

78 Honey 75

79 Henderson 76

80 Key 77

Methodology involved in Varietal Analysis

Weight of Fruit A sample of 10 fruit from each side of the tree were taken up comprised of different sizes and weighed on the electric balance. Before weighing

the weight balance was brought to zero reading. The fruits were weighed in grams.

Peel Thickness Peel thickness was measured by vernier caliper and expressed in mm involving the peel of fruit samples.

Peel Percentage Peel percentage of the varieties were calculated by the simple mathematical formula that is i.e. Weight of peel x 100

Weight of fruit already calculated

Juice Percentage For calculating juice percentage, the juice was extracted from the fruit sample excluding the entire rind. Fine plastic strainer was employed to

strain the juice through a fine sieve and the juice was placed into the container.. The juice was weighed and recorded in grams and the juice

percentage was calculated according to simple formula i.e. Net weight of the juice x 100

Weight of the fruit

Determination of T.S.S/Brix The TSS was calculated by the digital refractrometer having automatic temperature compensation. Before using refractrometer it was cleaned

with the distil water and allowed to dry up before testing the samples. A few drops of juice onto the stage of refractrometer were dropped and

T.S.S/brix reading was taken. Between the samples it was ensured that after taking the reading the refractrometer baseline is maintained to zero.

Note : There is no measureable difference between TSS and Brix hence both are synonymous to each other .1o brix mean s 1% TSS and 10% TSS

means 10o brix.

Determination of Acidity For calculating acidity juice was taken by using pipette. 5ml juice was taken from conical flask and the pipette was cleaned up immediately. A

digital Burette was used and 50 ml of 0.1 NaOH was put into the Burette. Then slowly added the N/10 NaOH solution drop by drop to the flask

and swirled until the color goes to a persistent pink at least for 30 seconds at pH 8.2. Recorded the amount of N/10 NaOH used in ml. 1%

phenolphthalein used as indicator. Titration made against a dominant acid. In Citrus ,citric acid is dominant acid.

Formula of Citric acid is as under

C6H8O7 = 192 Valence No= 3 =192/3 =64

Titration was made N/10 NaOH used x 0.0064/5 x 100 ( N/10 NaOH used x 0.128).

References Citrus Maturity Testing

Sandra Hardy Industry Leader ,Citrus Industry & Investment , Gosford primary industries Institute.

Graeme Sanderson

Research Horticulturist, Industry & Investment, Dareton.

1

• The edible citrus fruits of principal commercial importance fall into seven, reasonably-well-defined horticultural groups:

Oranges

Mandarins

Tangerines

Tangelos

Grapefruits

Citrus Rootstocks

Lemons

Limes

Minor ones (Kumquats)

CITRUS GROUPS 2

ORANGES

3

COMMON ORANGES

4

Musambi

Origin • Originated in Mozambique, highly popular in

central India and Pakistan

Tree Characters • Vigorous and productive

• Upright and large

• Round in shape

Fruit Characters • medium-large, slightly oblate to globose or broadly

obovoid;

• Areolar ring regularly shallow;

• Color light yellow to pale orange at maturity.

• Rind medium-thick;

• Surface moderately to roughly pebbled, striped

with narrow, longitudinal grooves and ridges.

• Flesh color straw-yellow; somewhat firm, juicy;

• Flavor insipid because of very low acidity.

• Early in maturity.

Seediness • 9 - 20

Adaptability:

Well adapted in all citrus growing areas of the

province.

Av. Weight (gm) 175

Av. Size of fruit (cm)

length

Breadth

8.06

7.03

Av. juice % 43.5

Av. Peel (%) 35.56

Av. Peel thickness (mm) 3.85

Av. TSS (%) 10

Av. Acidity (%) 0.40

Acid ratio 25

Av. Seediness 9-20

Av. Yield/Tree

(No. of fruits)

300-350

Maturity period November

5

Succari

Origin Origin is not known, popular variety in Egypt

Tree Characters • Vigorous and very productive

• Somewhat upright, medium to large

Fruit Characters • Small to medium in size

• Round in shape and smooth

• Usually well colored and with thin rind

• Flesh is orange colored, very juicy and

tender

• Early- mid season variety

Seediness • 20-25/fruit

Adaptability:

Well adapted in the areas of Southern and central

Punjab. Equally good in northern districts of the

province.

Av. Weight(gm) 151.2


length

Breadth

8.35

7.25

Av. Juice (%) 40.4

Av. Peel % 38.65


Av. TSS (%) 11.8


Acid ratio 42.14

Av. Seediness 20-25

Av. Yield/Tree(No. of fruits) 400-500

Maturity period Nov-Dec

6

Valencia Late

Av. Weight of fruit (gm) 188.00

Av . Size of fruit (cm)

length

Breadth

7.97

6.99

Av . Peel thickness (mm) 3.95

Av. juice % 48.86

Av. Peel % 43.09

Av. Number of seeds/fruit 4

Av. T.S.S. % 10.3

Av. Acidity% 0.90

Av. T.S.S. / acid ratio 11.44

Av. Yield/tree

(No. of fruits) 500 – 600

Maturity period Feb. – March

Origin •It is a United State origin variety identified by English

nursery man Thomas Rivers in 1865

Tree Characters •Tree vigrous upright and large

•Alternate bearing tendency

•Very wide range of adaptation

Fruit Characters •Fruit medium –large, oblong to spherical

•Well colored at maturity but re-greening under certain

conditions.

•Rind medium thick tough and smooth surface

•Juice abundant, good flavored but some what acidic.

•Fruit holds well on the tree with little deterioration in quality

well past maturity

•Latest maturing of all commercial citrus cultivars.

Seediness •1 – 4

Adaptability •Well adapted in wide range of agro ecological conditions

sub-tropical and high heat index areas.

7

Pine Apple

Origin • This variety originated as a chance seedling on the place

of J.B.

Owens at sparr in 1860 in Florida.

Tree Characters • Moderately vigorous, medium-large, thornless, and highly

productive.

• More sensitive to frost than other orange cultivars.

• It is thornless.

Fruit Characters • Medium-sized, spherical to slightly obovate; basal area

sometimes depressed and radially furrowed.

• Well-colored (one of the best in Florida).

• Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted and slightly

pebbled.

• Flesh color light orange; tender, juicy, richly flavoured.

• Maturity season is Dec-Jan.

• Excellent for processing.

• TSS is good.

Seediness • 10-25

Adaptability • Well adapted to subtropical climate.

Av. Weight (gm) 202


length

Breadth

6.94

7.48

Av. Juice (%) 42.62

Av. Peel % 32.10


Av. TSS (%) 10

Av. Acidity (%) 0.6

Acid ratio 16.67

Av. Seediness 19

Av. Yield/Tree

(No. of fruits)

500-600

Maturity period Dec-Jan

8

Olinda Valencia



length

Breadth

6.92

7.18


Av. juice % 49.84

Av. Peel % 28.69


Av. T.S.S. % 7.95

Av. Acidity% 0.64

T.S.S./Acid ratio 12.42

Av. Yield / tree

(No. of fruits)

450 - 550

Maturity period Feb.- March

Origin •Chance seedling of the Valencia identified by H.J.

Webber and L.D. Batchelor in 1939 in California

Tree Characters • Tree is large, vigorous and thorny.

• It has columnar shape.

• It is polyembryonic.

Fruit Characters • Fruit is medium flat shaped .

• Very juicy.

• It has sweet flavor

Seediness • 0 – 3

Adaptability • Well adapted to sub tropical climate

9

Hamlin



length

Breadth

7.75

8.13


Av. juice % 39.72

Av. Peel % 41.73


Av. T.S.S. % 6.2

Av. Acidity% 0.37

T.S.S./ Acid ratio 16.76

Av. Yield /tree

(No . of fruits)

500-550


Origin

• Chance seedling near Glenwood by A.G.Hamlin in

1879 in Florida.

Tree Characters

•Tree are cold tolerant.

•Medium large and moderately vigorous.

•It is productive in nature.

Fruit Characters

•Fruits are smaller in size.

•Fruit are globule to slightly oblate

•The peel is smooth and thin.

•Fruit is seedless.

•Flavor sweet

Seediness

•0-4

Adaptability

•Well adapted to cooler regions also as being cold

tolerant .

10

Jaffa

Origin (Egypt) •It is a clone of the Palestine beledi seedling group

identified by H.S.Sanford in 1883 in Florida.

Tree Characters •Vigorous, upright and medium-large.

• Foliage dense and cold-tolerant.

•Moderately productive, but with alternate bearing

tendency.

•It is susceptible to Alternaria blossom and

pathological infections.

Fruit Characters •Medium-sized, globose to slightly ellipsoid

•Basal end commonly collared with radial furrows

•Rind medium-thick, finely pitted, and moderately

pebbled.

•Easy to peel.

•Flesh color light orange; medium-tender, juicy

•Segments (9-12)

•Fruit develop insipid taste after maturity so Jaffa

could not gain commercial significance.

Seediness 10-12

Adoptability Fairly tolerant in Sub tropical climates.

Av . Weight( gm) 186


length

Breadth

5.63

7.20

Av. Juice (%) 49.05

Av. Peel % 30.90

Av . Peel thickness (mm)

4.57

Av. TSS (%) 10


Acid ratio 18.5

Av. Seediness 10-12

Av. Yield/Tree 650

Maturity period February

11

Parson Brown

Origin •It was originated as a chance seedling identified by Rev. N.L.

Brown in 1856 in Florida

Tree Characters • Vigorous, large, and productive.

Fruit Characters •Medium-large, globose.

•Base with short, radial furrows.

•Moderately seedy.

•Well-colored under favorable conditions.

•Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted and moderately

pebbled.

• Flesh color dull orange , firm, juicy and well-flavored.

• Maturity period November to early December.

Seediness 3-6

Adaptability •Variety has exhibited good degree of success in adaptation

under the agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha.

Av . Weight( gm) 219.3


length

Breadth

7.71

8.42

Av. Juice (%) 36.00

Av. Peel % 32.00

Av . Peel thickness (mm)

5.00

Av. TSS (%) 10


T.S.S./ Acid ratio 22.22

Av. Seediness 3-6

Av. Yield/Tree 500-600


12

Casa Grande

Origin • The variety originated as a dooryard chance seedling

in Arizona, attracted attention in 1925 and firstly

Propagated by C . J .Wood in 1930.

Tree Characters • Vigorous, upright, somewhat thorny,

• Yields heavily

• An early ripening and highly productive Arizona

variety.

Fruit Characters • Medium-small and moderately seedy

• Rind medium and surface smooth

• Flesh orange, juicy and well flavoured


Adaptability • It has wide adaptability tropical and sub-tropical

areas.

Av. Weight( gm) 250.00


length

Breadth

5.61

7.01

Av. Juice % 40-45

Av. Peel % 30.89

Av. Peel thickness(mm) 4.68

Av. TSS% 10.2

Av. Acidity% 0.47

Acid ratio 21.70

Av. Seediness 6-10


Maturity period Dec. January

13

NAVEL ORANGES

14

LaneLate

Origin

• It is presumed to be a tree mutation found in 1952 in

Australia.

Tree Characters

• Tree is of medium size with spreading habit and open

canopy.

• Fruit is born in clusters and remains on the tree after

longer period of maturity i.e. Dec-May.

Fruit Characters

• Medium to large.

• Nice orange color.

• Remain firm on the tree well into Feb. and April

with out application of Gibberellins or 2,4,D.

Seediness

• 6 – 10

Adaptability

• Lane Late is at early stage of Experimentation.

Av. Weight( gm) 231


length

Breadth

7.47

8.44

Av. Juice % 35.12

Av. Peel % 30.89

Av. Peel thickness(mm) 5.42

Av. TSS% 10.2

Av. Acidity% 0.47

Acid ratio 21.70

Av. Seediness 6-10



15

Origin • It is a Spanish variety originated as a limb sport

in a Washington navel orchard and released in

1957.

Tree Characters • somewhat more vigorous and productive.

Fruit Characters • Similar to Washington but somewhat paler in

color.

• Navel less prominent and more commonly

closed.

• Rind thinner and more leathery.

• Flesh less firm and juicy.

• Flavor less sprightly.

• Matures two to three weeks later than

Washington navel.

• Maturity period end Dec- Jan.


Adaptability • Well adapted in sub-tropical climate

Navelate

Av. Weight( gm) 209


length

Breadth

6.47

7.44

Av. Juice % 33.50

Av. Peel % 30.89

Av. Peel thickness(mm)

5.42

Av. TSS% 7.30

Av. Acidity% 0.53

Acid ratio 13.77

Av. Seediness 6-10



16

Cara Cara

Origin • Discovered in Venezuela as a limb sport of Washington naval in

1976.

Tree Characters • Vigorous in growth • Large and spreading

Fruit Characters • Good sized fruit. • Small navel. • Red Flesh. • Good flavor. • Flesh color deep red • Rind medium-thick, soft in texture, moderately adherent but

peels fairly well; • surface slightly rough and bumpy • color deep orange at maturity. • Flesh color deep orange; tender and juicy; flavor rich, sprightly,

and distinctive (tart until very mature). • Seeds polyembryonic, numerous and cotyledons pale greenish- yellow. • Very late in season of maturity (slightly ahead of King).


Adaptability • Well adapted in central southern Punjab

Av. Fruit weight (gm) 201

Av. Fruit size .(cm) 6.39/6.12

Av. Peel Thickness .(mm) 4.74

Av. Peel% 32.90

Av. Rag % 24.71

Av. Juice % 41.37

Av. T.S.S.% 11.85

Av. Acidity.% 0.59

Av. Acid ratio. 20.08

Av. Segments. 10

Av. Seediness. 2-4

Maturity Period Dec.

Av. Yield/tree (no. of fruits)

300 - 650

Granulation. End Dec.

17

At Wood Early


Av . Size of fruit (cm)

length

Breadth

7.08

7.33


Av. juice % 48.49

Av. Peel % 28.29


Av. T.S.S. % 11.2

Av. Acidity% 0.70


Av. Yield/ tree(no. of fruits) 350-450

Maturity period Nov. Dec.

Origin

Originated as a limb sport of Washington navel in California in 1935.

Tree Characters

Tree is large and vigrous

It is globular structure

It is excellent quality orange

It is a early variety

Fruit Characters

Fruit large, spherical to obovoid or ellipsoid

Navel medium to large

Deep orange color

Rind medium thick , surface course

Flesh color deep

Fruit is juicy and flavor rich

Early in maturity

Seediness

10-18

Adaptability

Well adapted in sub tropical climatic conditions.

18

Spring Navel



length

Breadth

8.09

7.68


Av. juice % 33.02

Av. Peel % 33.92

Av. Number of

seeds/fruit

25

Av . T.S.S. % 7.6

Av. Acidity% 0.53


Av. Yield /Tree (no. of

fruits )

400-450

Maturity Period Dec.-April

Origin

• Originate from Washington navel

Tree Characters

• Tree is upright growing with medium height.

Fruit Characters

• Fruit is large

• Red orange in color

• Sweet flavor.

• Good sugar acid ratio

• Harvesting season is late.

Seediness

• 18-25

Adaptability

• Well adapted in North to Central Punjab as high heat

tolerant.

19

Navlina

Origin • It is originated as a limb sport of

Washington Navel in California in1910.

Tree Characters • lacking in vigor, semi-dwarf and small

• Small dark green leaves

• Productive.

• Trees are small to medium in size with

dark green foliage.

Fruit Characters • Medium to medium-large, spherical to

obovoid.

• Basal end commonly strongly furrowed.

• Color reddish-orange at maturity.

• Rind medium-thin and smooth.

• Flesh color deep; texture medium; juicy.

• Flavor sweet

• Very early in maturity.

• It is completely seedless variety.


Adaptability • This variety is well adopted in cooler

areas.



length

Breadth

7.44

7.81


Av. juice % 45.52

Av. Peel % 31.15

Av. Number of seeds/fruit 0 – 2

Av . T.S.S. % 7.72

Av. Acidity% 0.42



fruits )

300 – 350

Maturity Period Nov. – Dec.

20

Fisher



length

Breadth

7.22

7.70


Av. juice % 35.21

Av. Peel % 28.27

Av. Number of

seeds/fruit

7

Av. T.S.S. % 12.5

Av. Acidity% 0.6

Acid ratio 20.83

Av. Yield/tree (no. of

fruits)

300 – 400

Maturity Period Dec. _ Jan.

Origin • Originated from old bud line of Washington

navel in California

Tree Characters

• Tree vigrous and large

Fruit Characters

• Fruit large , sphyrical to obovoid

• Navel medium to large

• Rind medium thick

• Surface of rind is course

• Flesh color deep

• Moderately juicy

• Flavor rich

Seediness

• 5 – 7

Adaptability

• Well adapted in sub-tropical and Cooler areas

21

Washington Navel

Origin • Its origin is unknown but it was probably a limb sport found in a tree of Saleta variety near Bahia, Brazil in 1810-1820

Tree Characters • Round-topped,

• Somewhat drooping

• Medium in size and vigor

• Sensitive to heat and aridity during bloom and

fruit setting

Fruit Characters • Large, spherical to obovoid

• Navel medium to large


• Surface coarsely pitted and moderately pebbled

• Moderately juices

• Flavor rich


Adaptability • Well adapted North - central Punjab



length

Breadth

11.43

9.26


Av. juice % 25

Av. Peel % 40


Av. T.S.S. % 6.14

Av. Acidity% 0.34

Acid ratio 18.06


fruits)

250 – 300

Maturity Period Nov. – Dec.

22

PIGMENTED ORANGES

23

Blood Red

Origin • Origin is unknown but believed to be of

Mediterranean Basin

Tree Characters

• Vigorous and medium in size

• Spreading and productive in habit.

Fruit Characters

• Fruit sub-globose, round or obovoid

• light blood orange of very good flavor.

• Blood red produced better pigmentation where night

temperature drops to freezing point.


• Juice is good.

• Surface is almost smooth.

Seediness 10-16

Adaptability • Widely grown in NWFP. Now Khayber Pakhtoon

Khowah.

• Best in the sub-mountaine districts, where the fruit

attains good color and excellent flavor.



length

Breadth

6.64

6.96


Av. juice % 46.84

Av. Peel % 31.70


Av. T.S.S. % 10

Av. Acidity% 0.6

Acid ratio 16.67


fruits)

450 – 550

Maturity Period Jan. – Feb.

24

Moro Blood

Origin • It is of sicilion origin and thought to have been

developed as a limb sport from the sanguinello

Moscato variety

Tree Characters

• Medium vigor and size

• Spreading and round-topped

Fruit Characters

• Medium to medium-large

• Sub-globose, round or obovoid

• Rind medium-thick, moderately adherent

and somewhat pebbled

• Flesh deeply pigmented (almost violet-red); juicy

• Deep red coloration, almost purple-red

• Very productive, early maturity

• Distinctive aroma, exotic berry-like flavor

• Very productive fruit generally in clusters (3-4)


Adaptability

• Well adapted in cooler climatic conditions



length

Breadth

7.18

7.45


Av. juice % 46.84

Av. Peel % 30.26


Av. T.S.S. % 10.4

Av. Acidity% 0.6

Acid ratio 17.33


fruits)

400 – 450

Maturity Period Early Jan.

25

Sanguinello



length

Breadth

7.03

6.47

Av. Peel thickness

(mm)

5.39

Av. juice % 37.14

Av. Peel % 41.90

Av. Number of

seeds/fruit

4

Av. T.S.S. % 7.22

Av. Acidity% 0.69

Acid ratio 10.46


fruit)

350 – 450

Maturity period Dec. – Jan.

Origin

• Unknown origin of Italian variety.

Tree Characters

• Tree of medium size and vigorous.

• It is productive.

Fruit Characters

• Fruit size is medium, obovoid to oblong.

• Rind color orange at maturity.

• Flesh deeply red pigmented at maturity.

• It is juicy

• Mid season in maturity.

Seediness

• 1 – 4

Adaptability • Well adopted in North – central Punjab

26

Rhode Red Valencia

Origin • It is a selection found near Sebring, Florida

and was named after its discover the late Paul Rhode

Tree Characters

• Large canopy. • Excellent crop

Fruit Characters

• Medium to large in size. • Oblong to spherical, • Late maturity. • Flavor good. • Juice dark orange color • Suitability to give colour to the other

oranges produce fruit juice colouration on account of Vitamin A precursor

cryptoxynthene. Seediness • 4 – 6

Adaptability • Well adapted to high heat index areas

Av. Weight (gm) 185.72

Av. Fruit size .(cm) 6.06/6.25

Av. Peel Thickness.(mm) 4.02

Av. Peel% 28.00

Av. Juice% 44.89

Av. T.S.S.% 11.79

Av. Acidity.% 0.99


Av. Segments. 13-14

Av. Seeds/fruit. 4-6

Av. Yield /tree (no. of fruits)

400 - 450

Maturity Period. Jan.- Feb.

Granulation. Nil

27

SEEDLESS ORANGES

28

Origin • It is originated as a limb sport on a Comuna tree

introduce by Don Salustiano Pallas in 1950.

• It is a second most important variety of Spain.

Tree Characters

• Vigorous, somewhat upright

• Medium-large, and productive

Fruit Characters

• Medium-large, sub globose to spherical

• Basal cavity shallow with faint radial furrows; apex

depressed

• Unusually well-colored at maturity

• Rind medium-thick and surface moderately

pebbled.

• Flesh melting, juicy; flavor rich and sweet.

• Fruit said to hold especially well on tree without

much loss of quality.


Adaptability • Adaptable to a wide range of agro-climatic

conditions i.e North to Southern Punjab.

Salustiana



Length

Breadth

6.73

7.17

Av. Juice (%) 46.19

Av. Peel % 40.36


Av. TSS (%) 10.4


Acid ratio 20.39

Av. Seeds/fruit 0-2


Maturity period November

29

Tarocco

Origin • Popular variety in Italy

Tree Characters

• Moderately vigorous

• Medium in size and irregular in form

• Foliage rather open, consisting of highly variable leaves

mainly oval-elliptical and sharp-pointed.

• Sensitive to wind and neglect

• Moderately productive.

Fruit characters • Medium large to large, globose to obovoide

• Flesh firm and juicy


• Flavor rich

Seediness • 0-2

Adaptability • Adapted in north and cooler climatic conditions of

Punjab



length

Breadth

7.37

7.50

Av. Peel % 36.51

Av. juice % 47.72

Av. Peel % 36.51

Av. Number of

seeds/fruit

0 – 2

Av. T.S.S. % 9.65

Av. Acidity% 0.46

Acid ratio 20.98


fruit)

450 – 550

Maturity period Nov. – Dec.

30

Marrs Early

Origin • It is a limbs sport in a group of navel orange trees in 1927

on the Place of O.F. Marrs , Donna in Texas.

Tree Characters • Moderately vigorous, precocious, and prolific.

• Marked tendency to bear fruit in clusters.

• It early and heavy bearing with good fruit size.

Fruit Characters • Medium-large, round to slightly oblate; moderately seedy

(depending

on pollination).

• Well-colored under favorable conditions.

• Rind medium-thick, and surface smooth and finely

pitted.

• Flesh well-colored; juicy, lacking in acid and flavor

sweet.

• Holds well on tree with little loss in quality.

• Earliest in legal maturity because of low acidity and

retains better juice

contents and quality characters well past maturity.

• Lacking in acid with sweet flavor.

Seediness

• 2 - 3

Adoptability:

• This variety has shown very good performance in both

northern and central parts of the Punjab.



length

Breadth

6.92

7.26

Av. Juice (%) 40.00

Av. Peel % 30.00

Av. Peel thickness

(mm)

5.23

Av. TSS (%) 10.3


Acid ratio 22.39

Av. Seeds /fruit 2-3 seeds

Av. Yield/Tree (no. of fruits)

350-400

Maturity period End Oct. - Nov.

31

MANDARINS

32

Kinnow

Origin • Man made cross of King and Willow leaf

(Mediterranean) mandarin in 1915 by H. B.

Frost (1935).

Tree Characters • Vigorous and large,

• Tall and columnar, with numerous long, slender,

ascending, and virtually thorn less branchless;

• Dense foliage consists of medium-large, broadly

lanceolate leaves.

• Strong tendency to alternate bearing with large crop

of smaller fruits followed by very small crop of

larger fruits.

• Potentially tolerant to high temperature.

Fruit Characters • Medium in size and moderate to slightly oblate .

• Rind is thin and easily peel able.

• Surface is smooth.

• Fruit color yellowish orange at maturity.

• Flesh deep yellowish orange.

Seediness • 18 - 28

Adoptability:

• Well adapted in a wide range of agro – climatology.



length

Breadth

6.25

7.94


Av. Juice % 50.0

Av. Peel % 31.73

Av. TSS% 12.5

Av. Acidity% 0.69

Acid ratio 18.12

Av. Seeds/fruit 18-28


Maturity period Jan.-Feb.

33

Low Seeded Kinnow



length

Breadth

5.87

7.32


Av. Juice % 46.00

Av. Peel % 34.82


Av. T.S.S. % 10.98

Av. Acidity% 0.64

Acid ratio 17.16

Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) 1000 –

1400

Maturity period Jan. – Feb.

Origin • Natural mutation identified by the scientists of

Citrus Research Institute Sargodha in 2006.

Tree Characters

• Tree is vigorous, large and dense

foliage.

• Alternate bearing is present.

• Seeds are polyembryonic.

Fruit Characters

• Fruit is medium in size, moderate to slightly

oblate.

• Rind is thin but peel able.

• Fruit surface is very smooth.

• Fruit color is yellowish-orange at maturity.

• Flesh is deep yellowish-orange.

• Number of seeds / fruit are 2-6.

Seediness

• 2 – 6

Adaptability

• Well adapted in a wide range of agro – climatology.

34

Origin • Origin is unknown and variety of New

South Wales

• Possibly it is a natural tangor of

Mediterranean orange or willow leaf

mandarin.

Tree Characters

• Tree is of medium vigor, spreading and

round-topped, dense, symmetrical, and

productive.

• Consistent bearer with less tendency to

alternate bearing.

Fruit characters • Medium to small medium, sub globose to

broadly obovate

• Rind medium thick and easily peel able at

maturity

• Colour orange to reddish orange

• Flesh orange colour and juicy

• Flavour good and early in maturity


Adaptability • Well adapted in sub-tropical climate

Feutrell’s Early



length

Breadth

5.87

6.32


Av. Juice % 47.4

Av. Peel % 32.28


Av. T.S.S. % 10.0

Av. Acidity% 0.62

Acid ratio 16.13

Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) 500 – 750

Maturity period Nov. –

Dec.

35

Nagpuri Sangtra (Ponkan)

Origin • Originated in India

Tree Characters

• vigorous, spineless with compact foliage

•Leaves narrowly lanceolate .

Fruit Characters

• Globose

• Fruit size large.

•Pale orange yellow but not uniform

•Rind thin ,loosely adherent,

•Juice abundant ,saffron colored, well blended with

excellent flavor.

Seediness •5-7

Adaptability • Low heat tolerant. After the advent of Kinnow

this mandarin received vanishing effect.



length

Breadth

4.71

6.32


Av. Juice % 30.32

Av. Peel % 31.99

Av. Number of seeds/fruit 5-7

Av. T.S.S. % 11.50

Av. Acidity% 0.50

Acid ratio 23.00

Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) 300-350


36

Honey Mandarin

Origin • Sister Hybrid of the Encore kinnow and wicking

crossed by H. B. Frost in1943 in California.

Tree Characters

• vigorous and consistent bearer.

• Perform best in warmer areas.

Fruit Characters

• Small-sized, oblate;

• Rind faintly pebbled; seeds numerous.

• Light yellowish-orange color at maturity.

• Flavor rich and sweet.

Seediness • 8-12

Adaptability • Adapted in wide range of Agro-ecological i-e

North-Central and South Punjab.



length

Breadth

4.85

5.32


Av. Juice % 42.00

Av. Peel % 31.99


Av. T.S.S. % 10.0

Av. Acidity% 0.50

Acid ratio 20.00


Maturity period Oct.-Nov.

37

Kaula Sangtara

Origin • Kuala is of Indian origin.

• Tree Characters • Tree vigorous

• Spreading , dense and large

Fruit Characters

• Fruit of medium size and good flavored.

• Highly colored

• Strongly oblate

• Short-necked and Epically depressed


Adaptability • Adapted to sub-tropical and Mediterranean

climatic conditions.



length

Breadth

4.41

6.12


Av. Juice % 33.32

Av. Peel % 33.59


Av. T.S.S. % 9.50

Av. Acidity% 0.45

Acid ratio 21.11



38

TANGERINS

39

Origin This variety originated from a cross of Clementine x

Ponkan by P.C.Reece at Orlando Florida and

released in 1964.

Tree Characters

• Moderately vigorous, upright-growing,

• Nearly thornless, precocious, and productive.

Fruit Characters

• Medium in size, oblate in form;

• Rind medium-thick and of moderate adherence

(easily peelable)

• Surface smooth; color bright reddish-orange.

• Flesh color deep orange; tender and juicy;

• Flavor rich and sprightly.

• Seeds moderately numerous, small to medium, and

about half of them monoembryonic.

• Early ripening (between Clementine and Dancy),

But fruit retains quality exceptionally well past

commercial and physiological maturity

•Seediness • 7-10

Adaptability • Poor adaptability in warm areas due to sparse

foliage. However in mixed plantation produce good

results

Fremont



length

Breadth

4.38

3.78


Av. Juice % 40.20

Av. Peel % 31.99


Av. T.S.S. % 11.2

Av. Acidity% 1.13

Acid ratio 9.91


Maturity period Dec-Jan.

40

Clementina

Origin Origin is Cuba. It is cross between Clementine x Hamlin

Tree Characters

• Vigorous in growth

• Erect growth of branches, but very flexible

Fruit Characters • Fruit are globoid in shape

• Rind thin, flexible, easy to peel and deep orange to almost red at maturity

• Segments (9-12)

• Seeds (1-15)

• Juice abundant, orange color, well flavored with good TSS

• Early maturing variety

Seediness • 7-15

Adoptability • Well adapted in cooler climatic conditions.

Av. Weight. (gm) 139.85

Av. Fruit size. (cm) 4.25/4.30

Av. Peel Thickness. (mm)

3.50

Av. Peel %. 28.00

Av. Juice %. 45.35

Av. T.S.S. (%) 11.45

Av. Acidity% 0.83


Av. Segments. 9-12

Av. Seediness. 7-15

Maturity period. End Oct . Early Dec.

Granulation.

41

Dancy

Origin It is originated from seedling of Morange (Tangerine ) in 1867 in the grove

of G.C. Dancy at Orange Mills , Florida .

Tree Characters •It is vigorous , large and are freeze hardy.

• Upright spreading, foliage moderately dense.

•Moderately cold resistant.

•It has alternate bearing tendency.

•It has high rate of nacelles embryony.

•It is thornless.

Fruit Characters •Fruit is of medium size, oblate to broadly, obovoid or pyriform.

•Rind is thin, leathery and tough, lose and easily removed

•Rind surface smooth and Glossy, color deep orange-red to

seacrlet at maturity

•Fruit hold poorly on the tree.

•Flesh is deep orange colored .

•Fruit color is deep orange red to scarlet at maturity .

•Segments about twelve easily separable

•Seediness •5-10

•Adaptability •Well adapted to warm climates and semi cooler areas.



length

Breadth

7.39

7.54


Av. Juice % 40.20

Av. Peel % 31.99


Av. T.S.S. % 7.2

Av. Acidity% 0.33

Acid ratio 21.82

Av. Yield/ tree (no. of fruit) 400 -450

Maturity period Dec-Jan.

42

FairChild

• Origin •Originated as a cross between Clementine and Orlando Tangelo

by J . R. Furr at California and released in 1964 .

•Tree Characters • Vigorous, broad-spreading with dense foliage,

• Nearly thorn less and productive.

• This variety successfully flourishes in warm areas.

Fruit Characters •Medium in size

•Rind medium-thin, moderately adherent but easily peelable;

•Surface texture smooth; color deep orange.

•Flesh orange-colored; firm but tender and juicy; flavor rich

• and sweet.

•Seeds numerous, small, and polyembryonic.

•Early in maturity.

Seediness •8 -10

Adaptability

•Well adapted to warm climatic conditions.



length

Breadth

5.39

6.54


Av. Juice % 40.20

Av. Peel % 31.99


Av. T.S.S. % 11.00

Av. Acidity% 0.97

Acid ratio 11.34


Maturity period Nov .-

Dec.

43

Amber Sweet

Origin • Trigenic hybrid of Clementine x Orlando tangelo and

mid sweet Orange. A unique composition of 3/8 tangerine, 1/8 Grape Fruit and ½ Orange. It denotes to dark colored mandarins

Tree Characters • Vigorous, upright, Dense canopy • Cold resistant

Fruit Characters • Juice dark orange excellent flavor. • Rind is smooth and easily peel able. • Segments (10-12). • Fruit is seedless. • Early season maturity

Seediness • 0 -3

Adaptability • Adapted in semi warm areas.

Av, weight (gm) 206.85

Av. Fruit size (cm) 6.45/6.43

Av. Peel Thickness. (mm) 4.28

Av. Peel % 29.20

Av. Juice % 39.36

Av. T.S.S.% 10.74

Av. Acidity.% 0.98


Av. Segments. 10-12

Av. Seeds / fruit 0-3

Maturity period. End Oct.

Granulation. Dec.

44

Robinson

Origin • Crossed between Clementine x Orlando by

Gardner and Bellowsin at Orlando Florida in 1942 and released in 1959.

Tree Characters • Upright – spreading, vigorous • Foliage dense • Leaves crenate margined on the upper half • Cold resistant • Regular bearer Fruit Characters • Medium – large, oblate, base evenly rounded • Rind thin, tough, leathering, easily peelable • Surface smooth and glossy • Fruit color deep yellowish orange at maturity • Segments (12-14) with large and hollow axis • Flesh color deep orange • Juicy with sweet flavor • Fruit quality excellent Seediness • 2 – 5 Adaptability • Adapted in semi warm climatic conditions.



Av. Peel Thickness. (mm) 4.72

Av. Peel % 23.83

Av. Juice % 41.21

Av. T.S.S. (%) 10.81

Av. Acidity.% 0.75


Av. Segments. 13-14

Av. Seeds /fruit 2-5

Maturity period. Nov.

Granulation. End Nov.

45

TANGELOS

46

Minneola

Origin • Hybrid of Duncan grape fruit x Dancy Tangerine

in Florida and released in 1931.

Tree Characters • Sometimes called a "Honeybell" Tangelo.

• Tree is vigorous and productive with large pointed

leaves.

• Less cold tolerant.

Fruit Characters • Medium to very large, round to somewhat bell shaped.

• Deep orange to red-orange color with smooth to pebbly

peel.

• Few seeds in this tangerine-grapefruit hybrid.

• Segments 10-12.

• Medium late in maturity.

• Harvesting season is from January to March.

Seediness • 8 -10

Adaptability • Well adapted to semi cool to warm climatic conditions.

Av. Weight of fruit (gm) 216


length

Breadth

8.52

7.54


Av. Juice % 54.20

Av. Peel % 38.99


Av. T.S.S. % 7.6

Av. Acidity% 0.68

Acid ratio 11.18


Maturity period Jan.- Mar.

47

Pearl

Origin •It is a cross between Imperial grapefruit ×Willow Leaf by

H.B. Frost in 1940 in California.

•Tree Characters •Vigorous, spreading, drooping

•Somewhat alternate bearing

•Fruit Characters • Medium-small and slightly oblate

•Color yellow

• Rind comparatively smooth, thin and tightly adherent

• Flesh tender, juicy and flavor pleasantly sweet.

•Medium-early in maturity and loses quality if left on tree

past maturity.

Seediness •10 -15

Adaptability •Fairly adapted to warm climatic conditions.



length

Breadth

6.36

7.42


Av. Juice % 40.00

Av. Peel % 38.99


Av. T.S.S. % 10.00

Av. Acidity% 0.90

Acid ratio 11.11


Maturity period Nov.- Dec.

48

Origin • Duncan Grape Fruit x Dancy Tangerine by Swingle and

released in 1931

Tree Characters • Vigorous, highly freeze hardy, large tree

• Regular and good production

Fruit Characters • Medium large.

• Broadly oblate to subglobose, with out neck and seedy.

• Rind orange colored, slightly pebbled and Fairly

adherent.

• Segments 12-14 with small and hollow axis.

• Flesh orange colored, tender very juicy with mildly

sweet flavor.

• Best in production in warm areas


Adaptability • Well adapted to sub tropical climatic conditions.

Orlando



length

Breadth

6.56

7.48


Av. Juice % 48.00

Av. Peel % 38.99


Av. T.S.S. % 10.00

Av. Acidity% 0.92

Acid ratio 10.87


Maturity period Dec.–Mar.

49

GRAPEFRUITS 50

Shamber

Origin

•Originated as limbs sport of Marsh in an orchard of the Chace

brothers in 1936 in California and identified by Alec Barnes.

• Tree Characters •Vigorous and one of the largest citrus trees, requiring more space

than any other.

•Tolerant to both heat and cold

•Twigs glabrous

•Leaves glabrous

• Petioles broadly winged

• Wings rarely overlapping blade

Fruit Characters •Medium to large , oblate, round, or obovate

•Rind thin to medium-thick

•Axis solid or semi-hollow

• Flesh tender and melting

•Flavor distinctive

•Polyembryonic

• Fruits commonly borne in clusters

Seediness 2-3

Adaptability Well adapted to sub tropical regions.



length

Breadth

9.65

9.53


Av. Juice % 49.00

Av. Peel % 46.99


Av. T.S.S. % 9.7

Av. Acidity% 1.38

Acid ratio 7.03


Maturity period Dec. –Jan.

51

Rio Red



length

Breadth

9.63

9.42


Av. juice % 42.70

Av. Peel % 44.81


Av. T.S.S. % 5.5

Av. Acidity% 0.99

TSS/Acid ratio 5.56

Av. Yield /tree (no. of

fruits)

350-400

Maturity Period Dec. –Jan.

Origin

•Developed from radiation induced and natural mutation

in a seedling of Ruby Red in 1984 by Henzs in Texas

Tree Characters

•It is tolerant to phytophthora and herbicides

•Tree is vigrous and open growth

Fruit Characters

•Peel color is deep red

• Flesh color is red

•Color of the segments is less intense in the centre of each

segment

•If harvesting late then fruit drop occurred.

Seediness

•0-3

Adaptability

•Well adapted to subtropical regions.

52

Star Ruby



length

Breadth

9.56

8.76


Av. juice % 42.52

Av. Peel % 44.44


Av . T.S.S. % 6.0

Av. Acidity% 0.87

TSS/Acid ratio 6.90

Av . Yield /Tree (no. of

fruits)

350-400

Maturity Period Dec. – Jan.

Origin

•Originated irradiated seeds of Hudson by henzs in 1970

Tree Characters

•Tree is quite susceptible to phytophthora foot rot and commonly

used herbicides

•Red color is found in the barks of the young branches.

•It is sensitive to cold ,sun , herbicides and root rot.

•It produce fruit inside the tree canopy where fruit damage due to

wind is minimum.

Fruit Characters

•Round to globose and large.

•It has deepest red peel, flesh and juice color.

•Flesh flavor is good.

Seediness

•0-3

Adaptability

•Well adapted to semi warm climatic conditions.

53

Flame

Origin

• Originated from seeds of Henderson released by USDA in 1987

• Tree characters

• Vigorous and large.

• Wings are present and thick.

Fruit Characters

• Peel color deeper red

• Flesh color deep red with good flavor

Seediness

• 0-3

Adaptability

• Adapted to semi warm climatic conditions.



Av. Peel Thickness.(mm) 7.51

Av. Peel % 28.60

Av. Juice % 48.72

Av. T.S.S. (%) 09.52

Av. Acidity.% 1.12


Av. Segments. 13

Av. Seediness. 0-3

Av. Yield /tree (no. of fruits) 300-400

Maturity Period. Dec.

Granulation. Nil.

54

Marsh Seedless



length

Breadth

9.15

9.92


Av. juice % 46.79

Av. Peel % 24.28


Av. T.S.S. % 9.3

Av. Acidity% 0.97

TSS/Acid ratio 9.59


fruits)

350-450


Origin

•Originated as chance seedling in 1860 in Lake Land ,

Florida.

•Tree Characters

•Tree vigorous, spreading large, and productive.

•Suited for hot, humid and low-lying areas.

•Fruit Characters

•Medium is size, oblate to sphyrical .

•Fruit color pale to light yellow at maturity.

•Rind medium thin, tough, smooth and even.

•Flesh buff color and very juicy.

•Flavor is good

•Seediness

•0-1

Adaptability

•Well adapted to semi warm climatic conditions.

55

Red Blush



length

Breadth

7.21

8.46


Av. juice % 51.46

Av. Peel % 29.64


Av. T.S.S. % 7.1

Av. Acidity% 1.15

TSS/Acid ratio 6.17


fruit)

450-500


Origin

•Originated as a limb sport of Thomson in 1929 in Texas by A.E .

Henninger of Mc. Allen.

•Tree Characters

•Tree is vigorous spreading large and productive.

•Pale to light yellow at maturity.

•Rind medium thin, tough and smooth surface.

•Flesh light pink

•Low seeds/fruit

•Fruit Characters

•Medium large and globose to obovate

•Deep pigmentation in the flesh.

•Crimson blush on the rind.

•Rind medium thick.

•Flesh color tender and juicy.

Seediness

•0-3

Adaptability

•Adapted to sub tropical conditions.

56

CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS 57

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Rough Lemon 58

Origin • Nativity Sub continent.

Tree Characters • Also called Jamberi, Jatti Khatti,

• Vigorous and large, upright-spreading, with numerous small thorns.

• Leaves medium-small, blunt-pointed and light green.

• Flowers small and mandarin-like, purple-tinged and produced more

or less throughout year but mainly in spring and late summer.

• New shoot growth faintly purple-tinted.

• Sensitivity to cold about like that of true lemons.

Fruit Characters • Medium in size.

• Variable form but usually oblate to elliptic-oblong; commonly with

irregularly furrowed neck.

• Usually with broad apical nipple surrounded by a deep irregular

areola furrow.

• Rind medium-thick; surface typically deeply pitted, and rough or

bumpy, sometimes ribbed; easily separable

• Color lemon-yellow to brownish-orange.

• Segments about 10; axis large and hollow.

• Flesh color light yellow to pale orange

• Medium juicy

• Flavor moderately acid.

Seediness • 20-25

Adaptability • Well adapted in sub tropical regions.



length

Breadth

4.97

4.48


Av. juice % 25.66

Av. Peel % 40.64


Av. T.S.S. % 6.00

Av. Acidity% 3.83

TSS/Acid ratio 1.57


fruit)

250-300

Maturity Period Aug. – Sep.


http://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.saalfelds.freeserve.co.uk/CutRoughLem4.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.saalfelds.freeserve.co.uk/propagation.htm&usg=__lEFgKwUNz433e3UvFidVlzpBxNI=&h=142&w=134&sz=6&hl=en&start=6&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=5Mx8SOkgRjk2nM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drough%2Blemon%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26tbs%3Disch:1

C-35



length

Breadth

5.11

5.99


Av. juice % 43.17

Av. Peel % 43.80


Av. T.S.S. % 11.0

Av. Acidity% 4.46



fruit)

150-200


Origin

•Hybrids of Ruby orange X Trifoliate orange at

University of California, Riverside in 1987.

•Tree Characters

• Excellent resistance to Phythophthora, tristeza and

citrus nematode.

•Tree size reduced to 25% with this root stock

•Yield is excellent

Seediness

•2-4

Adaptability

•Well adapted in sub tropical regions.

59

Gal Gal

Origin • Unknown origin also known as the hill lemon or Kumaon lemon

Tree Characters • Vigorous, upright or spreading but irregular and open, with

stout branches,

• Numerous thick spines;

• Leaves large and dull-green, resembling the sweet lime in

form and tendency to rolling or cupping.

• Flowers large, purple-tinged, and produced in spring

only. New shoot growth purple-tinted.

Fruit Characters • Medium-large to large, oblong to ellipsoid; low, sometimes

furrowed collar or neck

• Rind medium-thick; surface usually smooth but sometimes

moderately rough

• Color pale to golden yellow.

• Axis large and hollow.

• Flesh color pale yellow; coarse in texture, moderately juicy;

flavor very sour and with trace of bitterness.

• Seeds numerous and large.

• Segments 9-15.

• Fruit very juicy and acidic.

Seediness • 30-45

Adaptability • Well adapted to sub tropical regions.



length

Breadth

15.13

10.50


Av. juice % 23.53

Av. Peel % 39.53


Av. T.S.S. % 6.9

Av. Acidity% 5.17

TSS/Acid ratio 1.33


fruit)

25-35


60

LEMONS 61

Eureka Lemon

Origin •It is Californian origin.

•The Frost Nuceller Eureka is the only known Nuceller

Eureka bred by H.B.Frost in California

•Tree Characters •Medium in vigor and size

•Spreading and open in growth habit, virtually

• thorn less.

• Sparsely foliated (in comparison with Lisbon and

• others).

• Strongly ever bearing and produces fruit at the

• ends of long branches

• More sensitive to cold, insect infestation, and

• neglect; shorter-lived.

•Fruit Characters •Medium-small, elliptical to oblong, with short neck or low

collar at base; Long apical mammilla or nipple; Frequently

surrounded with areolar furrow. Seeds few to none. Color

yellow at maturity. Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted

with sunken oil glands, Axis small and usually solid. Flesh

color greenish-yellow; fine-grained, tender, juicy; flavor

highly acid. Crop well distributed throughout year, but

mainly in late winter, spring, and early summer.

Seediness •6-8

Adaptability •Well adapted to sub tropical conditions.



length

Breadth

8.77

6.48


Av. juice % 35.66

Av. Peel % 35.64


Av. T.S.S. % 5.18

Av. Acidity% 4.5

TSS/Acid ratio 1.15


fruit)

250-300


62

Femminello

Origin

•Origin is unknown •It is an Italian variety

Tree Characters •less vigorous and smaller than Castagnaro but

earlier and more regular in bearing.

•It is susceptible to the mal secco disease.

Fruit Characters • Fruit medium size , elliptical to oblong

•Rind smooth and thick.

•Flesh juicy and highly acidic.

•The oil somewhat more aromatic and hence

preferred

•Fruit color yellow at maturity.

•Fruit is seedy.

Seediness 15-18

Adaptability Well adapted to warm and humid climatic

conditions.



length

Breadth

8.77

7.48


Av. juice % 49.66

Av. Peel % 29.64

Av.Number of seeds/fruit 15-18

Av. T.S.S. % 6.3

Av. Acidity% 3.46

TSS/Acid ratio 1.99


fruit)

250-350


63

Lisbon Lemon

Origin •Lisbon is of Portuguese origin and selection of Gallego

seedling clonal group.

Tree Characters •Vigorous, upright-spreading, large, thorny,

•Densely foliated, and productive.

•Most resistant to adverse conditions such as frost, heat,

• wind, and neglect.

Fruit Characters •Medium in size, elliptical to oblong;

•Prominent nipple surrounded by an irregular areolar

furrow, commonly deeper on one side.

•Seed content variable, but usually few to none.

• Color yellow at maturity.

•Rind medium-thick.

•Surface finely pitted, faintly rugose, inconspicuously

ribbed if at all tightly adherent.

•Flesh color pale greenish-yellow; fine-grained, tender,

juicy; flavor very acid.

•Crop comes mainly in winter and early spring.

•It is a cold tolerant variety Seediness •6-10

Adaptability •Well adapted to humid climatic conditions.



length

Breadth

8.31

6.90


Av. juice % 35.86

Av. Peel % 45.64


Av. T.S.S. % 5.85

Av. Acidity% 4.72

TSS/Acid ratio 1.24


fruit)

280-340

Maturity Period Jan. – Feb

64

LIMES 65

Kaghzi Lime

Origin • Indian Lime x kumquat

• Crossed by Swingle in 1909 in California

and released in 1913.

• Tree character • Medium small in size and dense.

• It is round in shape.

Fruit Characters

• Fruit is round to oblong in shape,

• The rind thin, smooth and yellow;

• The apex round and slightly nippled;

• The pulp is light greenish-yellow, juicy

and very acidic.

• Seediness • 3-5

• Adaptability • Well adapted to sub tropical regions.



length

Breadth

2.83

3.14


Av. juice % 45.91

Av. Peel % 29.86


Av. T.S.S. % 7.4

Av. Acidity% 5.44

TSS/Acid ratio 1.36


fruit)

300-450

Maturity Period Dec.-Jan.

66

Tahiti Lime

Origin Hybrid of lime x lemon or Citron

Originated primarily in Florida and brazil

Tree Characters • Large ,nearly thornless, darker green leaves,

More sensitive than the lemon

Tristeza and cold Tolerance.

Fruit Characters • Small , greenish yellow or pale yellow in color

• Rind is very thin

• Susceptible to citrus scab disease

• Almost completely seedless

• Segments 10

• Fruit very juicy, acidic with true lime flavor

•It is highly mono embryonic.

Seediness •5-9

Adaptability •Adapted to sub tropical regions.



length

Breadth

5.13

5.50


Av. juice % 43.53

Av. Peel % 39.53


Av. T.S.S. % 7.5

Av. Acidity% 5.17

TSS/Acid ratio 1.45


fruit)

400-500


67

KUMQUATS (FORTUNELLA SPECIES)

68

Meiwa/ Round Kumquat

Origin • Natural hybrid between the oval and round

kumquats by Swingle in 1935 Native of China,

symbol of prosperity and good luck.

Tree Characters • Plant is very cold hardy.

• Very ornamental with small foliage.

• Needs lots of heat to produce very fragrant

blossoms

• in summer.

• Produces best in hotter locations

Fruit Characters • Small orange fruit

• Fruit is more round than Naghmi, with a bit

more

sweetness.

• Store well on trees for months without loss of

flavor.

• Fruit is seedless

Seediness • 4-6

Adaptability • Adapted to sub tropical regions.



length

Breadth

2.43

2.50


Av. juice % 18.85

Av. Peel % 39.53


Av. T.S.S. % 9

Av. Acidity% 3.5

TSS/Acid ratio 2.57


fruit)

450-600

Maturity Period Jan.-Feb.

69

Naghmi/Oval kumquat

Origin • It is a Japanese variety

Tree Characters

Vigorous and prolific.

Comparatively large leaf and tree than Meiwa

kumquat.

• Fruit Characters

• Olive size and shape

• Oblong , obvate or oval form of fruit

• Deep color and pronounced flavor of both fruit

and rind.

• Bright orange fruit.

• Naghmi flowers best in areas with warm

summers.

• Late winter or early spring ripening fruit.

Seediness • 10-12

Adaptability • Adapted to sub tropical regions.



length

Breadth

3.75

2.52


Av. juice % 23.53

Av. Peel % 39.53


Av. T.S.S. % 7.5

Av. Acidity% 2.0

TSS/Acid ratio 3.75


fruit)

450-600

Maturity Period Jan.-Feb.

70

Available Citrus Rootstock

1- Rough Lemon 2- C-35

3- Kharna Khatta 4- Jullundri Khatta

5- Jamberi Celon 6- Gal Gal

7- Gada Dehi 8- Sour Orange

9- Cleoptra 10- Carrizo citrange

11- Troyer 12- Citrumello

13- Volker marina 14- Rubidox trifoliate

15- Rangpur lime 16- Mithi

17- Sanket sanki khatti 18- Flying dragon

71


MINISTRYOFFOOD & AGRICULTURE

ESTABLISHMENTOFFACILITATIONUNITFOR

PARTICIPATORYVEGETABLESEEDAND

NURSERYPRODUCTION PROGRAMME

ISLAMABAD

72

Sr. No. Name

1- Thornless Maxican lime

2- Persian Lime SPB-7

3- Willow leaf Mandarin

4- Honey Mandarin

5- Pixie Mandarin

6- Star Ruby (Grape Fruit)

7- Ponkan Mandarin

8- Oroblanco (Hybrid Grape Fruit)

9- Wilking Mandarin

10- Henderson Ruby (Grape Fruit)

11- Owari ( Frot # 1) Mandarin-Satsuma

12- Kinnow Mandarin

13- Chandler Pummelo

14- Cara Cara (Navel orange)

15- Micro Citrus Australasica

16- Seedless Kishu Mandarin

17- Ponderosa (Lemon Hybrid)

18 Cocktail (Pummello hybrid)

19- Clementina Marisol (Mandarin-Clementine)

List Of Exotic Citrus Varieties 73

Owari Satsuma

Origin Japan

Tree Characters Vigorous in growth

Very productive and early in

maturity

Fruit Characters Medium to large size

smooth skinned

flavour delicate

taste sweet and less acidic

No puffiness

Seedless variety

74

Honey

Origin USA

Sister Hybrid of king and

Willow leaf

Tree Characters Vigorous, spreading with

dense canopy

Fruit Characters Medium in size well flavoured thick

peel with oily smell seedy variety

suitable for home gardening

75

Henderson

Origin TEXAS USA

Tree Characters Vigorous and spreading in

habit consistent barer

Fruit Characters Fruit is Medium in size

rind is very think

densely pigmentant at

maturity well

Rich in juiyness

Retation of fruit color is

very good for longer

period

76

KEY

Navel Oranges Navel present in the oranges

Pigmented oranges Colored flesh

Seedless Fruits with few seeds

Low seeded Fruits with less than 10 seeds

Tangerines Cross between Oranges and mandarins

Tangelos Cross between Mandarins and Grapefruits

T.S.S. Total soluble solids (85% sugar i.e sucrose, fructose and

glucose)

Acidity % Volume used of N/10 Na OH x 0.0064 x 100

Volume used of juice

(Dominant character is Citric Acid )

Juice % Net Weight of juice x 100

Total weight of fruit

Alternate bearing Habit of plant bearing heavy fruit crop in one year called On

year and low crop in the proceeding year called off year.

Granulation Juice vesicles in the fruit become dry and hard.

Re greening After maturity fruit color change into green color.

Chance seedling Germination of certain seedlings with different characteristics

due to sudden genetic changes.

Limb sport Natural mutation in a limb of a tree.

Polyembryony More than one embryo in a seed.

Monoembryony One embryo in a seed.

77

varietal spectrum of citrus

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