variations of water recycling laws, regulations, and...
TRANSCRIPT
Variations of Water Recycling Laws, Regulations, and
Guidelines
BAHMAN SHEIKHMAY 27, 2015
WATER REUSE CONFERENCEBOISE, IDAHO
Outline of Presentation
Laws, Regulations, Guidelines Water Reuse, Then and Now Scope of Water Reuse Regulation Regulated Parameters Indicators of Contamination Global Perspective Variations in Regulations in the U. S. A. Conclusions and Recommendations
Laws, Regulations, Guidelines
Laws, Regulations, Guidelines Laws
Prohibitions Mandatory Use Requirements Incentivization, Grants, Tax Breaks, Drought Relief
Regulations Prohibition Water Quality Requirements Use Area Restrictions, Signage, Training Requirements, Etc.
Guidelines US EPA Water Reuse Guidelines WHO Guidelines
Other Regulatory Regimes
Water Reuse, Then and Now
Evolution of Water Reuse:
to Direct Potable Reuseto Indirect Potable Reuse
toGroundwater Recharge
to Industrial Reuse
to Landscape Irrigation
From Agricultural Reuse
Non-Potable Uses of Recycled Water
Scope of Water Reuse Regulation
Irrigation Uses of Recycled Water
Regulated Parameters
Type of Use of Recycled WaterStringency of
RegulationAgriculture, Non‐Food Crops (fodder, fiber, seed crops) Least StringentConstruction uses (soil compaction, dust control)Environmental reuse (wetlands, streamflow augmentation)Processed Food Crops (Commercial Processing to Destroy Pathogens)Industrial Reuse (Cooling Towers)AquacultureAgricultural Irrigation of Food Crops with No Direct ContactRestricted Recreational Impoundments (Boating, Fishing)Restricted Urban Irrigation (Golf Courses, Roadway Medians)Unrestricted Urban Irrigation (Parks, Playgrounds, Residential)Unrestricted Urban Impoundments (Full‐Body Contact)Agricultural Irrigation of Food Crops Eaten Raw with Direct ContactPotable Reuse Most Stringent
Regulated Parameters
Rationale for Regulation of Water Reuse
Protection of Public Health—Primary Goal of Regulation Pathogens Chemicals
Protection of the Environment Nutrients Disinfectant Residuals Salts
Photo Credit: H.D.A. Lindquist, U.S. EPA
Indicators of Contamination
Removal of Contaminants via Measurement of Surrogates
World Health Organization
Microbial Indicators of Pathogen Kill
Treatment for removal/inactivation of Microbes
ProtozoansFiltration
BacteriaFiltration and Disinfection
VirusesCoagulation/Sedimentation,
Filtration and Disinfection
Treatment for Removal of Chemicals
Heavy MetalsRemoved in Sludges
NutrientsBiological Nutrient Removal—if NeededBeneficial for Irrigation of Food Crops—Not Necessary
for IrrigationMicrosonstituents
Reverse Osmosis—where NeededNot Necessary for Irrigation
Disinfectant, Chlorine
Chlorine gaseous chlorineHypochloriteChloraminesChlorine Dioxide
Disinfectant, UV
Ultraviolet LightCost-competitive with ChlorineSafer To Use and TransportNo Hazardous Disinfection ByproductsEffective Against Parasites Such As
Cryptosporidium, Giardia And Many Bacteria.
Chlorine for Residual
UV + Chlorine
Where UV is used for disinfection, chlorine is often added to the reclaimed water prior to its entrance to a pipeline distribution system to prevent microbial regrowth, reduce the formation of biological growths and slimes in pipelines, and to oxidize organic matter to prevent odors.
Disinfectant, O3
Powerful OxidantRemoves Organic CompoundsRemoves Color Oxidizes Potentially Toxic Chemicals To
Non-hazardous Substances.High Operation and Maintenance Costs
Disinfectant, Membranes
Remove Some Pathogens Size Exclusion
Microfiltration Effectively RemovesCryptosporidiumGiardiaMany Bacteria
Reverse Osmosis Can Remove All Pathogens From The Water, Including Viruses
Global Perspective
International Standards, Regulations
World Health Organization (WHO) USA and Individual States Europe Japan Australia South Africa Middle East/North Africa Mexico India
Disinfection for Unrestricted Irrigation (Vegetables Eaten Raw)
Country, Region Total
Coliform/100 mL
Fecal
Coliform/100 mL
Colorado, New Mexico, Texas Prohibition of UseItaly, Puglia, Emilia Romanga ≤ 2USEPA (G), Arizona, Utah, Japan, UK No DetectCalifornia, Washington ≤ 2.2Germany, Victoria, Australia (National Guidelines) ≤ 10Spain ≤ 200France, Sicily, Greece, Mexico, Mediterranean Region ≤ 1000
Disinfection for “Restricted” Irrigation (Processed Food, Orchards, Pasture)
State, Country, Region
Total Coliform/100 mL
Fecal Coliform/100 mL
Puglia (S. Italia) ≤ 10California, Italy, Emilia Romanga ≤ 23Australia ≤ 10Germany ≤ 100 ≤ 10Washington ≤ 240Florida, Utah, Texas, USEPA (G) ≤ 200Arizona, New Mexico, Australia, Victoria, Sicily, Mexico, Greece, Spain ≤ 1,000Austria ≤ 2,000Sicily ≤ 3,000Cyprus ≤ 3,000G S i ≤ 10 000
Disinfection for Irrigation of Urban Parks, Cemeteries, Playgrounds, Athletics Fields
Country, Region
Total Coliform/100 mL
Fecal Coliform/100 mL
Arizona, Florida, Utah No DetectCalifornia, Washington ≤ 2.2New Mexico ≤ 5Texas ≤ 20Greece ≤ 100Colorado (EC), ≤ 126Spain ≤ 200France ≤ 1,000
Disinfection for Potable Groundwater Recharge (Injection into the Aquifer)
Country, Region
Total Coliform/100 mL
Fecal Coliform/100 mL
USEPA Guidelines, Florida, Spain No Detect
California (+ 5-Log Virus Deactivation) ≤ 2.2
Greece ≤ 5
Germany ≤ 100 ≤ 10
Australia ≤ 10
Disinfection for Groundwater Recharge (Spreading Basins)
Country, Region
Total Coliform/100 mL
Fecal Coliform/100 mL
Florida No Detect
California (+ 5-Log Virus Deactivation) ≤ 2.2
Germany, Australia ≤ 100 ≤ 10
Spain ≤ 1,000
Israel
Disinfection of the effluent is necessary barrier for irrigation of raw-eaten vegetables
Disinfection system must include:Continuous control of total residual chlorine Recording/reporting of data Connection to effluent supply system
No Numerical Limits in Regulations
Canada, Alberta
<1,000 total coli/100 mL, and <200 fecal coli/100 mL for both unrestricted and restricted urban and agricultural irrigation
Florida—Potable Reuse
Type of Use
Fecal
Coliform TSS TOC, BOD NO3
RIBS 0 5 -- --
Injection in GW 0 5 -- --
Injection in Biscayne
0 5 3 (TOC) --
Injection to Surface Water
0 5 20 (CBOD) 10
USEPA Guidelines
Type of Use Fecal
Coliform/100 mL
Treatment
Urban, Vegetables, Ponds No detectable 2nd, F, DRestricted Irrigation Industrial, Environmental
<200 2nd, D
GW Recharge, non-potable Site Specific 2nd, site-specificGW Recharge, spreading, potable Site Specific 2nd, D, may need F
GW Recharge, Injection, Surface Water No detectable 2nd, F, D, Adv
Potable Reuse “Regs”, Guidelines
Virus Bacteria Giardia Crypto
California (from raw wastewater)
12 ‐‐ 10 10
Texas (from secondary effluent)
8 ‐‐ 6 5.5
NWRI (from raw wastewater)
12 9 ‐‐ 10
Variations in Regulations in the U. S. A.
Comparison of US States’ regulations
Global Microbial Indicator Limits for Recycled Water (Restricted Use) Microbial Criteria
10
23
100
240
3,000
10
10
200
1,000
2,000
3,000
10,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Puglia (S. Italia)
California, Italy, Emilia Romanga
Australia
Germany
Washington
Florida, Utah, Texas, USEPA (G)
Arizona, New Mexico, Australia, Victoria, Sicily,…
Austria
Sicily
Cyprus
Greece, Spain
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
U.S. MICROBIAL INDICATOR LIMITS FOR RECYCLED WATER (UNRESTRICTED USE) MICROBIAL CRITERIA
2.2
2.2
2.2
200
20
2.2
1 10 100 1,000
Arizona
California
Colorado
Florida
Hawaii
Idaho
Nevada
Texas
Utah
Washington
Non-Detect
Non-Detect
Non-Detect
Non-Detect
LEGEND:Fecal coliformTotal coliformE. Coli
Conclusions and Recommendations
CONCLUSIONS
Recommendations
Variations of Water Recycling Laws, Regulations, and
Guidelines
BAHMAN SHEIKHMAY 27, 2015
WATER REUSE CONFERENCEBOISE, IDAHO