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Copyright 2013. Chungbuk National University. All rights reserved.
Variant swine H3N2 and novel reassortant
H3N1 viruses with A(H1N1)pdm09-like
segments, Republic of Korea
Part 3:
Spread of North American-like TRSw and European swine influenza viruses in Asia
?
A/Sw/Korea/PZ14/06* A/Sw/Korea/PZ11/06* Sw/Korea/PZ4/06*
A/Sw/Korea/1204/09* A/Sw/Korea/CY08/07* A/Sw/Korea/JL02/05*
A/Sw/Korea/JL04/05* A/Sw/Korea/HS2/04* A/Sw/Korea/Asan04/06* A/Sw/Korea/JL01/05*
A/Sw/Korea/S15/06* A/Sw/Korea/1130/09*
A/Sw/Minnesota/16419/01* A/Sw/Ohio/24366/07† A/Ohio/1/07† A/Ohio/2/07† A/Sw/Ohio/C62006/06†
A/Wisconsin/87/05† A/Sw/Illinois/100085A/01*
A/Sw/Indiana/9K035/99* A/Sw/Hong Kong/78/03*
A/Wisconsin/10/98† A/Sw/Hong Kong/823/06*
A/Sw/Guangxi/17/05* A/Sw/Hong Kong/1578/03*
A/Sw/Hong Kong/NS30/04* A/Sw/Hong Kong/NS623/02*
A/Sw/Hong Kong/1562/05* A/Sw/Hong Kong/915/04*
A/Sw/Nebraska/18339/01* A/Sw/Arkansas/12491/00*
A/Sw/Kansas/13481-S/00* A/Hong Kong/2369/09† A/Sw/Norway/3206/09†
A/Sw/Korea/SCJ1/09† A/Sw/Korea/CJ1/09† A/California/04/09†
A/Sw/Minnesota/34893/01* A/Iowa/CEID23/05†
A/Sw/Iowa/00239/04† A/Iowa/01/06†
A/Sw/Korea/CAN01/04† A/Sw/Korea/CAS08/05† A/Sw/Missouri/1877/01* A/Sw/Minnesota/45319/99* A/Sw/Colorado/17871/01*
A/Sw/Korea/CY02/02* A/Sw/North Carolina/46203/03†
A/Maryland/12/91† A/Sw/Ontario/53518/03†
A/Sw/Ontario/23866/04† A/Sw/Ontario/11112/04†
A/Sw/Nebraska/1/92† A/New Jersey/8/76†
A/Wisconsin/301/76† A/Sw/Minnesota/SG-00239/07*
A/Sw/Illinois/07003243/07* A/Sw/Ontario/52156/03*
A/Sw/Texas/008648/08* A/Sw/Iowa/02039/08* A/Sw/Minnesota/07002083/07†
A/Sw/Illinois/00685/05† A/Brisbane/59/07†
A/Michigan/9/07† A/Puerto Rico/8/34†
A/BrevigMission/1/18† A/South Carolina/1/18†
2
δ -H1 cluster
α-H1 cluster
β-H1 cluster
ɣ -H1 cluster
Human
Seasonal-like
Classical
Swine-like
pH1N1 2009 virus
Human infection Sw-like H1 virus
TRSw H1N2 virus in Korea
TRSw H1N1 virus in Korea
Human seasonal H1N1 virus
H1
A/Sw/Korea/1130/09
A/Sw/Korea/1204/09
Sero-group I
(US H3N2)
Sero-group II
(US H3N2)
Sero-group III
(US H3N2)
A/Memphis/98 A/Sydney/5/97
A/New York/521/98 A/Sw/Korea/PZ72-1/06
A/Wuhan/359/95 A/Sw/Korea/CY09/07 A/Sw/Korea/CY05/07 A/Sw/Korea/CY04/07
A/New York/647/95 A/New York/622/96
A/Sw/IA/533/99 A/Sw/MN/593/99 A/Sw/NE/209/98 A/Sw/IA/569/99 A/Sw/NC/16497/99
A/Sw/TX/4199-2/98 A/Sw/Korea/CAN04/05 A/Sw/Korea/CAS07/05
A/Sw/Korea/CAS09/06 A/Sw/NC/35922/98
A/Finland/339/95 A/Nagasaki/97/95
A/Sw/ON/41848/97 A/Sw/Chiai/77-10/01
A/Sw/Changhua/72-10/03
2
A/Aichi/133/05 A/Wisconsin/67/05
A/Brisbane/3/05 A/Canterbury/01/05
A/Sw/Korea/CAS05/04 A/Panama/2007/99 A/Sw/CO/23619/99
A/Tk/NC/12344/03 A/Tk/MN/674-2/03
A/Sw/MN/22057/02 A/Sw/NC/29974/03 A/Sw/Korea/JNS06/04
A/Sw/OK/18089/99 A/Sw/OK/18717/99 A/Sw/WI/14094/99 A/Sw/IL/21587/99
A/Sw/Korea/CY10/07
A/Sw/Korea/CY07/07 A/Texas/9/96 A/Paris/896/97
100
99
99
100
100
70
85
100
96
99
73
100
100
93
98
H3
A/Sw/Korea/CY05/07
A/Sw/Korea/CY07/07
Swine influenza viruses in Korea
1900 2100 2000
‘96
CSw
H1N1
Appearance of strain with changes in pre-existing ones; violet entries designate isolation of virus strains atypical in swine.
Spanish Flu
(H1N1)
‘18 ‘68
Hong Kong Flu
(H3N2)
HuSw
H3N2
2010
‘98 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04
2005
Copyright 2013. Chungbuk National University. All rights reserved.
‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13
RA
H3N1
Av
H5N2
TRSw
H3N2
RA
H1N1 Av
H11N6
H7N2
Av
H9N2
TRSw
H1N2
TRSw
H1N1
TRSw
H3N2
A(H1N1)pdm09
RA
H1N2 RA
H1N2
?
?
? ?
? ? ?
‘57
Asian Flu
(H2N2)
Epidemiologic surveillance (2011-2012)
Copyright 2013. Chungbuk National University. All rights reserved.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Isolate Subtype No. of
virus
Genotype Stock titers
(TCID50/ml) MLD50
HA NA PB2 PB1 PA NP M NS
Sw/Korea/CY02-07/12 H3N1 1 H3 pH1N1 pH1N1 TRSw pH1N1 TRSw pH1N1 TRSw 6.30E+07 > 6.0
Sw/Korea/CY02-08/12 H3N1 1 H3 pH1N1 pH1N1 TRSw pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 6.30E+07 > 6.0
Sw/Korea/CY03-12/12 H3N1 1 H3 pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 1.00E+08 > 6.0
Sw/Korea/CY03-13/12 H3N1 1 H3 pH1N1 pH1N1 TRSw pH1N1 pH1N1 pH1N1 TRSw 4.00E+07 > 6.0
Sw/Korea/CY02-10/12 H3N2 8 H3 N2 TRSw TRSw TRSw TRSw pH1N1 TRSw 2.00E+06 > 6.0
Genotypes of identified reassortant H3 swine influenza viruses.
Shaded segments indicate TRSw H3N2 virus origin. The MLD50 (expressed as log10 TCID50) was determined by
inoculating groups of 10 mice with 105 TCID50 of virus in 30 µl of sterile PBS.
H1N1p TRS H3N2 CY02-07 CY02-08 CY03-12 CY03-13 CY02-10
Vir
us
tit
ers
(lo
g1
0 T
CID
50/0
.1 m
l)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
*
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 MDCK A549 HTBE
Growth properties in cell lines
CY02-07 CY02-08 CY03-12 CY03-13 CY02-10
Virulence in mice V
iru
s t
ite
rs (
log
10
TC
ID5
0/g
)
Day post-inoculation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Su
rviv
al ra
te (
%)
Day post-inoculation
CY02-07 CY02-08 CY03-12 CY03-13 CY02-10
Experimental set-up in ferrets
Intranasal and intra-tracheal inoculation with 105.5 TCID50/ml of respective viruses.
Ferret to ferret transmission V
iru
s t
iters
(lo
g10 T
CID
50/0
.1 m
l)
Sw/Korea/CY02-07/12 (rH3N1p) Sw/Korea/CY02-08/12 (rH3N1p) Sw/Korea/CY03-12/12 (rH3N1p)
Vir
us t
iters
(lo
g10 T
CID
50/0
.1 m
l)
Sw/Korea/CY03-13/12 (rH3N1p) Sw/Korea/CY02-10/12 (rH3N2p)
Days post-infection/exposure
Days post-infection/exposure Days post-infection/exposure
Days post-infection/exposure Days post-infection/exposure
CY02-07 CY02-08 CY03-12
CY03-13 CY02-10
Vir
us
tit
ers
(lo
g10 T
CID
50/g
) Viral titers in tissues
CY02-07 CY02-08 CY03-12 CY03-13 CY02-10
Virus exposure
No. with
sneezin
g
No. with weight l
oss
(%)*
No. with fev
er
(oC)†
No. with virus detec
tion
( log10 TCID50/ml)‡
No. with serocon
version§
Sw/Korea/CY02-07/12
Inoculated 2/2 2/2 (8.5) 2/2 (2) 2/2 (6.4) 2/2 (2560)
RD contact 2/2 2/2 (5.7) 2/2 (1.2) 2/2 (5.5) 2/2 (2560)
Sw/Korea/CY02-08/12
Inoculated 2/2 2/2 (7.3 2/2 (1.6) 2/2 (5.9) 2/2 (2560)
RD contact 0/2 2/2 (1.8) 2/2 (2.2) 0/2 2/2 (320)
Sw/Korea/CY03-12/12
Inoculated 1/2 2/2 (6.2) 2/2 (1.7) 2/2 (5.4) 2/2 (1280)
RD contact 0/2 0/2 1/2(0.8) 0/2 0/2
Sw/Korea/CY03-13/12
Inoculated 2/2 2/2 (7.9) 2/2 (1.9) 2/2 (5.8) 2/2 (2560)
RD contact 2/2 2/2 2/2 (1) 1/2 (5.3) 2/2 (1920)
Sw/Korea/CY02-10/12
Inoculated 2/2 2/2 (6.8) 2/2 (1.2) 2/2 (4.2) 2/2 (640)
RD contact 2/2 2/2 (2.1) 2/2 (1) 2/2 (4.8) 2/2 (480)
Evaluation of clinical disease in experimentally inoculated ferrets.
*, mean maximum weight loss;
†, mean maximum temperature increase; ‡, mean peak titer;
§, geometric mean HI titer.
CY03-12
Viruses Subtype
Ferret antiserum
Sw/Korea/CY02
-07/12
Sw/Korea/CY02
-08/12
Sw/Korea/CY03
-12/12
Sw/Korea/CY03
-13/12
Sw/Korea/CY02
-10/12
Perth/16/0
9
California/04/2009 H1N1 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20
Sw/Korea/CY02-07/12 H3N1 2560 2560 2560 2560 640 <20
Sw/Korea/CY02-08/12 H3N1 2560 2560 2560 2560 640 <20
Sw/Korea/CY03-12/12 H3N1 2560 2560 2560 2560 640 <20
Sw/Korea/CY03-13/12 H3N1 2560 2560 2560 2560 640 <20
Sw/Korea/CY02-10/12 H3N2 640 640 640 640 1280 <20
Brisbane/10/07† H3N2 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 40
Perth/16/09† H3N2 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 1280
Sw/Korea/CAN04/05* H3N2 40 80 40 40 20 <20
Sw/Korea/CAS05/04‡ H3N2 160 160 80 80 160 <20
Sw/Korea/CY07/07§ H3N2 80 80 40 40 40 <20
Immunologic cross-reactivity
†Human seasonal H3N2 influenza A virus; *, prototype cluster I TRSw; ‡, prototype cluste II TRSw; §,
prototype cluster III TRSw.
Are reassortant H3
swine viruses still
circulating in Korea?
Copyright 2013. Chungbuk National University. All rights reserved.
CY0423-12/13(H1N2)
Surface genes: H1 Eurasian avian-like swine
N2: Korean-like swine
Internal genes: H3N2pM-like
Novel TRSW H1N2 in Korea
Title: Characterization of the novel reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus in South Korea and assessment of its transmissibility in ferrets
Table 1. Nucleotide homology (%) between a novel H1N2 SIV (A/swine/Korea/CY0423-12/2013) and reference strain obtained from GenBank using BLAST search.
SEGMENT
A(H1N1)pdm09 Eurasian H1N1 Korean-like H1N2 H3N2pM-like
California/07/09 Korea/SCJ01/09 SW/HongKong/199/09 SW/Jiangsu/40/11 SW/Korea/PZ4/06 SW/Korea/VDS2/09 SW/Korea/CY03-11/12 SW/Ohio/12TOSU293/12 SW/Korea/CY03-19/12 SW/Korea/D79/11
HA 70.9 71.1 97.3 97.2 70.8 70.9 70.3 39 38.4 38
NA 37.4 37.7 37.5 37.8 97.2 96.1 95.1 89.4 90.3 90.6
PB2 93.5 93.2 83.1 83.2 94.8 94.3 93.9 98 99.5 99.4
PB1 93.4 93.3 85.2 84.3 94.5 93.9 93.4 99.2 99.4 99.3
PA 93.4 93.4 84.2 83.7 94.6 93.3 93.2 99.1 99.4 99.4
NP 94.6 94.1 80.7 81.1 96.6 95.5 95.6 99 99.4 99.2
M 98.8 98.6 94.1 94.1 86 85.2 85.3 99.1 99.47 99.2
NS 94 93.6 78.6 78.2 96.8 96.7 95.6 99 99.4 99.3
Note: Highlighted in bold are the highest nucleotide homologies of reference strains with the corresponding gene of A/swine/Korea/CY0423-12/2013. *Abbreviations of viruses used as reference strains: California/07/2009, A/California/07/2009; Korea/SCJ01/2009, A/Korea/SCJ01/2009; SW/HongKong/199/2009, A/swine/HongKong/199/2009; SW/Jiangsu/40/2011, A/swine/Jiangsu/40/2011; SW/Korea/PZ4/06, A/swine/Korea/PZ4/06; SW/Korea/VDS2/2009, A/swine/Korea/VDS2/2009; SW/Korea/CY03-11/2012, A/swine/Korea/CY03-11/2012; SW/Ohio/12TOSU293/2012, A/swine/Ohio/12TOSU293/2012; SW/Korea/CY03-19/2012, A/swine/Korea/CY03-19/2012; and SW/Korea/KSB/2012, A/swine/Korea/KSB/2012.
Unique SIV Genetic Combination
Supported results obtained from the BLAST homology analysis
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
H1
A/swine/Korea/CY0423-39/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-25/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-2/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-6/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-37/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-12./2013 (H1N2) † A/swine/Korea/CY0423-14/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-15/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-10/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-33/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-16/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-18/2013 (H1N2)
A/swine/Shaanxi/s2/2012 (H1N1) A/swine/Jiangsu/40/2011 (H1N1) A/swine/Jiangsu/zg3/2010 (H1N1)
100
A/swine/Shandong/692/2008 (H1N1) § A/swine/Fujian/204/2007 (H1N1)
95
100
100
A/swine/Cotes d'Armor/1455/99 (H1N1)
100
A/swine/Italy/22530/2002 (H1N2)
93
A/swine/England/17788/2000 (H1N1) A/swine/England/453/2006 (H1N1)
A/swine/England/WVL14/1996 (H1N1)
95
100
100
A/swine/Netherlands/12/1985 (H1N1) A/swine/Belgium/WVL2/1983 (H1N1)
A/swine/Arnsberg/6554/1979 (H1N1)
98
A/swine/France/WVL3/1984 (H1N1)
100
96
A/mallard/Marquenterre/Z237/1983 (H1N1)
94
A/duck/Zhejiang/0224-6/2011 (H1N2)
A/duck/Shimane/188/1999 (H1N1)
100
A/mallard/Bavaria/185-8/2008 (H1N1) A/mallard/Netherlands/10-Cam/1999 (H1N1)
96
91
100
A/swine/Ontario/23866/04 (H1N1) A/swine/Wisconsin/8/1980 (H1N1)
A/swine/Indiana/00427/2004 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CAN01/2004 (H1N1) A/swine/Korea/CY02/2002 (H1N2)
99
A/swine/California/T9001707/1991 (H1N1)
100
A/swine/Korea/PZ4/2006 (H1N2)
A/swine/Korea/JL02/2005 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY03-11/2012 (H1N2) †
100
A/swine/Korea/1130/2009 (H1N2)
100
A/swine/North Carolina/8161/2002 (H1N1) A/swine/Illinois/SG1141/2003 (H1N1)
94
100
A/Australia/59/2009 (H1N1) A/Shenzhen/24/2009 (H1N1)
A/swine/Korea/SCJ01/2009 (H1N1) A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)
99
100
70
80
72
82
A/BrevigMission/1/1918 (H1N1)
100
100
0.02
A(H1N1)pdm09
North American (Classical) swine
Eurasian avian
Eurasian avian-like swine
N2
A/swine/Korea/CY0423-6/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-12/2013 (H1N2) † A/swine/Korea/CY0423-25/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-28/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-40/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-15/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-14/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-2/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-33/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-37/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-16/2013 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY0423-39/2013 (H1N2)
A/swine/Korea/4372/2009 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/4383/2009 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/4940/2010 (H1N2)
100
100 A/swine/Korea/JL02/2005 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY08/2007 (H1N2)
A/swine/Korea/PZ4/2006 (H1N2) §
89
A/swine/Korea/VDS2/2009 (H1N2)
82
92 A/swine/Korea/CY12-03/2011 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/CY03-11/2012 (H1N2) † 100
A/swine/Korea/Hongsong2/2004 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/Asan04/2006 (H1N2)
79
99 Korea/VDS1/2010 (H1N2)
90
A/Swine/Korea/CY02/02 (H1N2) A/swine/Korea/S5/2005 (H1N2)
A/swine/Minnesota/5763/2003 (H1N2)
69
A/swine/Indiana/00427/2004 (H1N2) A/swine/Ohio/891/01 (H1N2)
93
A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998 (H3N2)
100
A/swine/Korea/JNS06/2004 (H3N2) A/swine/Korea/CY10/2007 (H3N2) 72
A/swine/Hong Kong/1578/2003 (H1N2) A/swine/Hong Kong/1111/2004 (H1N2)
A/swine/Hong Kong/1110/2006 (H1N2) A/swine/Hong Kong/NS252/2009 (H1N2)
A/swine/Hong Kong/1435/2009 (H1N2)
100
100
A/swine/Korea/CY09/2007 (H3N2)
97
A/swine/Mexico/Mex50/2010 (H3N2)
84
A/swine/Korea/CAS07/2005 (H3N2) A/swine/Korea/CAS09/2006 (H3N2)
A/swine/Korea/CAS09/2006 (H3N2)
99
91 A/Buenos Aires/4559/96 (H3N2) A/South Africa/1147/96 (H3N2)
95
94 A/swine/Korea/KSB/2012 (H3N2)
A/swine/Korea/CY02-10/2012 (H3N2) A/swine/Korea/CY03-14/2012 (H3N2)
77
A/swine/Korea/D79/2011 (H3N2)_
90
A/Indiana/10/2011 (H3N2)
81
A/swine/Indiana/A00968373/2012 (H3N2) A/swine/Ohio/12TOSU293/2012 (H3N2)
A/swine/Ohio/A01349615/2013 (H3N2)
97
A/swine/Korea/PL01/2012 (H3N2)
100
100
83 A/Hiroshima/52/2005 (H3N2)
A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2) A/Minnesota/10/2010 (H3N2)
A/Maine/05/2011 (H3N2) A/West Virginia/17/2012 (H3N2) A/Pennsylvania/04/2012 (H3N2)
91
A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2) A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)
68
61
92
97
A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)
94
100
100
64
A/VictOria/75/1995 (H3N2) A/Lyon/2279/1995 (H3N2) 100
A/Hong Kong/MA/1968 (H3N2) A/Singapore/1/1957 (H2N2)
100
0.01
huH3N2
H3N2pM/H3N2v
North American swine
EA avian-like swine H1 viruses have never been reported in Korea
Carried out serological surveillance of pig sera from Chungcheong, Cheonbuk and Gyeonsang regions of South Korea
n=371 in 2012 and n=1185 in 2013 Total: 1556
Seropositivity Number (%) of sera positive
Subtotal 2012 2013
None 338 (91.1) 669 (56.5) 1007 (64.7)
A(H1N1)pdm09 24 (6.5) 126 (10.6) 150 (9.6)
Korean H1N2 5 (1.3) 47 (4) 52 (3.3)
EA avian-like swine H1 0 131 (11.1) 131 (8.4)
A(H1N1)pdm09, Korean H1N2 4 (1.1) 23 (1.9) 27 (1.7)
A(H1N1)pdm09, EA avian-like swine H1 0 157 (13.2) 157 (10.1)
Korean H1N2, EA avian-like swine H1 0 6 (0.5) 6 (0.4)
A(H1N1)pdm09, Korean H1N2, EA avian-like s
wine H1 0 26 (2.2) 26 (1.7)
Total sera positive 33 (8.9) 516 (43.5) 549 (35.3)
Total sera tested 371 1185 1556
SEROPREVALENCE
Seropositivity Number (%) of sera positive
Subtotal 2012 2013
None 141 (38) 1035 (87) 1176 (76)
H3N2pM 109 (29) 115 (10) 224 (14)
CY05/07 16 (4) 7 (1) 23 (1)
CY07/07 11 (3) 11 (1) 22 (1)
H3N2pM, CY05/07 17 (5) 0 17 (1)
H3N2pM, CY07/07 12 (3) 4 (0.3) 16 (1)
CY05/07, CY07/07 4 (1) 0 4 (0.3)
H3N2pM, CY05/07, CY07/07 61 16) 13 (1) 74 (5)
Total sera positive 230 (62) 150 (13) 380 (24)
Total sera tested 371 1185 1556
Abbreviations of H3N2 viruses tested: H3N2pM: A/swine/Korea/SwLu0306-4/2012 CY05/07: A/swine/Korea/CY05/2007 CY07/07: A/swine/Korea/CY07/2007
Cell Growth Kinetics
MDCK
NHBE
2
4
6
8CY03-11/2012
CY0423-12/2013
hours post infection (hpi)
Lo
g10 T
CID
50/m
l
**
CELL GROWTH KINETICS
Nasal turbinates
1 3 5 7 91
2
3
4
5
6
CY03-11/2012
CY0423-12/2013
day post infection (dpi)
Lo
g10 T
CID
50/m
l
Mice Lungs
1 3 5 7 91
2
3
4
5
6CY03-11/2012
CY0423-12/2013
day post infection (dpi)
Lo
g10 T
CID
50/m
l
A. CY03-11/2012 400X
B. CY423-12/2013 400X
HISTOPATHOLOGY
PATHOGENICITY AND TRANSMISSIBILITY IN FERRETS
6.0 log10TCID50/ml
Timeline of the genotype of viruses identified in surveillance program in China
Zhu et al., 2013. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
TR H1N2
2001
TR H1N1 TR H3N2 A(H1N1)
pdm09
H3N2pM
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2002
2014
TR H1N2
reassortant
Transient variants and atypical viruses
Genotypes of swine influenza viruses detected in South Korea
Avian
TR H1N2 TR H3N2
TR H1N1
A(H1N1)pdm09 H3N2pM EA avian-like swine H1
Classical Swine H1
H11N6
H7N2
H3N1
H5N2 H5N2 H1N1
H5N2 H1N2 H1N2 H1N2
H1N2 H1N2
H3N1 H3N1 H3N1 H3N1
H1N2
- Overall findings underscore the possibility that influenza
viruses in swine populations can become a threat to animal
and human health.
- Reviving concerns over the capacity of pigs to potentially
create future pandemic influenza viruses, continuous and
efficient surveillance among swine herds worldwide
remains vital and beneficial.
Concluding remarks