variability in inter language
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Variability in Interlanguage
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Interlanguage Variability
• Interlanguage co-varies with linguistic context.
• Interlanguage variation is an indication of learners’ stage of acquisition.
• Learners style shift in the L2 in the same way their style shift in the L1.
• Interlanguage co-varies with the task that learners are performing.
• There are multiple factors that influence interlanguage variation.
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Interlanguage Variability
SystematicVariability
Non-Systematic Variability
Individual Variability
Contextual Variability
Linguistic Context
Situational Context
Free Variability
Performance Variability
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Systematic Variability
• Derived from heterogeneous competence model.
• In general it is relatively easy to handle since it can be predicted and accounted for.
• Show the direction of learner language development.
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Status of Language Use• Viewed differently by linguists.• Approached in two categories:
1) Heterogeneous Competence Model~ variability is classified as systematic.~ emphasize on communication.~ sees stylistic variability as the integral part of competence.~ seeks to characterize the user’s underlying knowledge.
2) Homogenous Competence Model~ variability is considered as non-systematic.~ emphasize on performance.~ ignores stylistic variability.
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Individual variability
• User’s knowledge of how to use the language appropriately
• Makes up of integral part of the user’s communicative competence
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The Study of Language Use
Labov (1970) lists five axioms:1) Style shifting: All speakers possess several styles that then adapted to fit the social context.
2) Attention: “Styles can be ranged along a single dimension, measured by the amount of attention paid to speech”.
3) The Vernacular: The style which minimum attention is paid to monitoring speech.
4) Formality: It is not possible to tap vernacular style of the user by systematic observation of how he performs in a formal context.
5) Good Data: The only way to obtain good data on the speech of a language user is through systematic observation.
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Observer’s Paradox
VS.
Formality: It is not possible to tap vernacular style
of the user by systematic observation of
how he performs in a formal context.
Good Data: The only way to obtain good data on the
speech of a language
user is through systematic observation.
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Labov (1970)
“Good data require systematic observation, but this prevents access to user’s vernacular style, which, because it is the most systematic style, is the principal goal of linguistic enquiry”
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Contextual Variability
SituationalContext
Linguistic Context
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Situational Context
• similar to the stylistic variability observed in native-speaker usage.
• emphasized that language behaviour is predictable and style-shifting occurred systematically.
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Example 1
Labov (1970)
~ conducted a study of speech pattern of New Yorkers.
~ the data was collected and classified in 5 categories:
1) casual speech
2) careful speech
3) reading
4) word lists
5) minimal pairs
~ These styles were spread along a continuum according to the amount of attention paid by the speakers to their own speech
~ He studied the frequency of socially marked sound as they occurred in each speech style.
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~ The study found out that, / Θ / a prestige sound in New York English occurred more compared to the non-prestige sound such as /t/.
~ From this study, it proved that language behaviour was predictable and style-shifting took place systematically.
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Example 2
• Occurrence of /z/ in the speech of ten Japanese students.
• The study was carried out in 9 months time in 3 different occasions.
• Activities:
1) Free speaking
2) Reading dialogues aloud
3) Reading word lists aloud
• Result revealed that the correct target language variant was most frequently occurred in (3), least frequently in (1) and (2) in between.
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Why the correct target language variant occurred in (3) reading the word lists aloud???
• The students were able to audio-monitor their speech and due to that, they were able to use the target language variants closest to it.
• As agreed by Schmidt & Beebe:
“ When a learner is able to attend closely to his speech, he may produce a higher incidence of target language forms”
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Tarone (1983)
• Represents the effects of situational context as a continuum of interlanguage styles.
• Consists of six or more styles.
• Level of styles:1) Vernacular style – unattended speech data
2) Style 2 – attended speech data
3) Style 3
4) Style 4 various elicitation tasks
5) Style n
6) Careful Style – grammatical judgement
•
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The Interlanguage Continuum
CarefulStyle
Style 2
Style3
Style4
Stylen
Vernacular Style
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Linguistic Context
• Occurs when two different linguistic context cause different forms.
• Even though in TL require the same form.
• Example:
1) Mr. Smith lives in Gloucester.
(correct example of the third person singular -s)
BUT….
fail to do so when the linguistic context consist of a subordinate clause such as:
2) Mr. Smith who live in Gloucester married my sister.
• The variability may not involve a correct target language form at all. It may consists of the use of two (or more) deviant forms.