valstybĖs atsakomybĖ investuotojams ......nacionaliniai teiss aktai sutartys (koncesijos,...

2017.08.25 WWW.GLIMSTEDT.LT VILNIUS RYGA TALINAS STOKHOLMAS /

DOC. DR. SOLVEIGA PALEVIČIENĖ, LLM

VALSTYBĖS ATSAKOMYBĖ INVESTUOTOJAMS:

INVESTICINIŲ GINČŲ AKTUALIJOS


I. Teisių apsaugos šaltiniai, investicinių ginčų pobūdis, bendros tendencijos, problemos ir

aktualijos, Lietuvos patirtis: investicinių ginčų sprendimo reforma, saulininkų bylos,

Vattenfall v. Vokietija bylos pavyzdys, Krymo, Brexit ir kt. problemos.

II. Investicijų apsaugos sutarčių tarp ES šalių (angl. Intra EU-BITs) galiojimo ir taikymo

problemos: Micula v. Rumunija pavyzdys.

III. Teisių apsaugos sąlygos: jurisdikcijos reikalavimai, investuotojo ir investicijos

sąvokos.

IV. Teisių apsaugos standartai: ekspropriacija ir teisingas bei lygiavertis režimas.

V. Investicinių ginčų nagrinėjimo ypatumai, arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimo ir vykdymo

problemos (Yukos bylos pavyzdys), kaštai.

SEMINARO PLANAS


INVESTUOTOJAI V. VALSTYBĖ


Nacionaliniai teisės aktai

Sutartys (koncesijos, partnerystės, jungtinės veiklos ir pan.)

Tarptautinės dvišalės arba daugiašalės investicijų apsaugos sutartys (BITai, ICSID

konvencija, Laisvos prekybos sutartys (FTA) ir pan.), pvz. 1965 m. ICSID konvencija

- Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and

Nationals of other States - įsteigianti International Centre for Settlement of

Investment Disputes (ICSID) (Konvencija dėl valstybių ir kitų valstybių piliečių ginčų

investicijų srityje sprendimo)

Iki šiol pasirašyta daugiau kaip 3300 sutarčių, galioja 2954 (LT - 55 sutartys).

INVESTUOTOJŲ TEISIŲ APSAUGOS ŠALTINIAI


TARPTAUTINĖS DVIŠALĖS ARBA DAUGIAŠALĖS INVESTICIJŲ APSAUGOS SUTARTYS


Priimančiosios valstybės teismai

Trečiosios valstybės teismai

Instituciniai arbitražo teismai (ICC, LCIA, Stokholmo Prekybos Rūmų Arbitražo Institutas, Singapūro tarptautinis arbitražo centras, Amerikos Arbitražo Asociacija ir t.t.)

Ad hoc arbitražas (šalių sutarimu ar UNCITRAL)

ICSID Arbitražo teismas.

INVESTUOTOJŲ GINČŲ SPRENDIMO MECHANIZMAI


Procesas paremtas tarptautine teise;

Nėra nacionalinės lex arbitri, nėra nacionalinių teismų

jurisdikcijos dėl pagalbos ar arbitražo kontrolės;

Sprendimai prilyginami nacionalinių teismų sprendimams ir

vykdomi automatiškai be atskiros pripažinimo procedūros;

Procedūra grindžiama ICSID konvencija ir arbitražo

specialiomis taisyklėmis;

ICSID taikytini papildomi viešumo ir skaidrumo reikalavimai

tiek procesui, tiek arbitrams.

ICSID SPECIFINIAI POŽYMIAI


2016 m. buvo inicijuotos 62 naujos investicinių ginčų bylos. Iš viso skaičius pasiekė 767. 2016 m. - 60 proc. ginčų išspręsta investuotojo naudai.

2016 m. bylos pradėtos prieš 41 valstybę: Kolumbija, Indija ir Ispanija buvo dažniausios atsakovės.

Birželio 30 d., 2017, ICSID užregistravo jau 619 bylas pagal ICSID konvenciją.

40 proc. naujų bylų inicijuotos prieš išsivysčiusias šalis (istorinis vidurkis yra 28 proc.). Ketvirtadalis visų naujų ginčų yra pagal ES šalių tarpusavio investicijų apsaugos sutartis (Intra – EU BITs).

2014 m. dauguma bylų buvo dėl sutarčių su valstybėmis sutraukimo ar pažeidimo ar licencijų panaikinimo. Pagrindiniai sektoriai: elektros energijos tiekimas ir gamyba; naftos, dujų gavyba, statybų ar finansinių paslaugų sritys. 2016 m. daugiausia bylų inicijuota paslaugų sektoriuje: elektros ir dujų tiekimas, statybos, telekomunikacijos, finansų, draudimo sritys ir pan.

Esminės pretenzijos dėl: investicijų ekspropriacijos (nusavinimo), teisinės reformos atsinaujinančių energijos šaltinių srityje, su apmokestinimu susijusios priemonės dėl neteisėto apmokestinimo ar lengvatų nesuteikimo, sutarčių ir koncesijų nutraukimas, neatnaunujinimas, licencijų, leidimų atšaukimas ir pan.

Ieškinių sumos svyruoja nuo 10 mln iki 16,5 bilijonų USD.

TEMOS AKTUALUMAS


UNCTAD STATISTIKA


ICSID STATISTIKA 2016 M.


ICSID STATISTIKA: GINČAI IŠSPRĘSTI TAIKAI / GALUTINIU ARBITRAŽO SPRENDIMU


ICSID STATISTIKA 2016 M.


INVESTUOTOJAS V. VALSTYBĖ – KAS LAIMI DAŽNIAU?


VALSTYBĖS – ATSAKOVĖS – 2016/2017


Problemos:

Nevienodi sprendimai, nenuspėjamumas: pvz. CME, Lauder v. Čekija bylos;

Sprendimų konfidencialumas;

Bylos prieš išsivysčiusias šalis ir milžiniški ieškininiai;

Dideli bylinėjimosi kaštai, ilgi procesai

Ribota galimybė valstybėms pareikšti priešieškinius prieš investuotojus;

Valstybės suverenių galių apribojimas ginčijant politiškai jautrius sprendimus (chilling effect);

Abejonės dėl arbitrų nepriklausomumo ir nešališkumo.

Problemų sprendimų variantai:

Sutarčių nutraukimas : Ekvadoras, Bolivija, Argentina, PAR ir pan.

Naujų BIT sudarymas be ISDS: pvz. Australija.

Apeliacinio / investicinio tribunolo kūrimas;

Laipsniškas esamos sistemos tobulinimas.

GRĖSMĖ INVESTICINIŲ GINČŲ SPRENDIMO MECHANIZMO (ISDS) IŠLIKIMUI


ICSID taisyklių pakeitimai 2006 – sprendimų viešas prieinamumas, išskyrus atvejus, kai pareiškiama prieštaravimas; iš dalies viešas nagrinėjimas, amicus curiae galimybės ir pan.

UNCITRAL Skaidrumo taisyklės investiciniuose ginčuose (Rules on Transparency in

Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration), 2014

JT Konvencija dėl skaidrumo Investiciniuose ginčuose (Convention on Transparency

in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration (Mauricijaus konvencija, 2015).

IBA Taisyklės Dėl interesų konfliktų tarptautiniame arbitraže /Guidelines on

Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration 2014, Dėl interesų konfliktų

tarptautiniame arbitraže.

REFORMOS ĮGYVENDINIMO (NE) PAKANKAMUMAS?


UNCTAD (Jungtinių tautų Prekybos ir vystymo konferencijos) pasiūlymai: alternatyvių ginčo sprendimų būdų skatinimas, tokių kaip derybos ir meditacija; esamų ginčų sprendimų mechanizmo procedūrų modifikavimas, pvz. numatant senaties terminus, suteikiant galimybę nagrinėti panašius ginčus konsoliduotai, užkertant galimybę kreiptis į arbitražą dėl mažareikšmių ar akivaizdžiai nepagrįstų ieškinių, užtikrinant arbitražo procesų viešumą ir pan.; investuotojų teisės kreiptis į arbitražą ribojimas, pvz. numatant reikalavimą pirmiausia išnaudoti visas nacionalines priemones apginti pažeistas teises ir pan.; apeliacijos mechanizmo ar pasaulinio investicinių ginčų tribunolo sukūrimas.

EU pasiūlymai: valstybių suvereni galia reguliuoti atskiras sritis viešojo intereso tikslais; detalių instrukcijų ir kriterijų arbitrams sukūrimas, paaiškinantis, kas gali būti laikoma, o kas ne netiesiogine ekspropriacija; aiškių kriterijų nustatymas, kas laikoma sąžiningo ir teisingo režimo (angl. fair and equitable treatment), kaip vieno iš plačiausiai ir mažiausiai prognozuojamo apsaugos standarto, pažeidimu; galimybės investuotojams reikšti mažaverčius ir nepagrįstus ieškinius uždraudimas; arbitražo procesų skaidrumo ir vykstančių procesų viešumo užtikrinimas, sukuriant arbitrų elgesio taisyklių kodeksą, užtikrinant jų objektyvumą ir nešališkumą; nustatant senaties terminus ieškiniams prieš valstybę pareikšti ir pan., taip pat valstybėms skirtų garantijų, leidžiančių toliau kontroliuoti investicijų nuostatų aiškinimą įtvirtinimas ir pan.

REFORMOS ĮGYVENDINIMO (NE) PAKANKAMUMAS?


Europos Komisija 2015 m. rugsėjo 16 d. patvirtinto pasiūlymą dėl naujos skaidrios investuotojų ir valstybių ginčų sprendimo sistemos, vadinamos Investicijų teismų sistema. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5651_lt.htm

Investicijų teismų sistema pakeistų investuotojų ir valstybių ginčų sprendimo mechanizmą (angl. ISDS), naudojamą visose vykstančiose ir būsimose ES derybose dėl investicijų, įskaitant ES ir JAV derybas dėl Transatlantinės prekybos ir investicijų partnerystės (TTIP).

Esminiai momentai: būtų sukurta vieša Investicijų teismų sistema, sudaryta iš pirmosios instancijos teismo ir Apeliacinio teismo;

sprendimus priimtų viešai paskirti teisėjai, kurių aukšta kvalifikacija atitiktų nuolatinių tarptautinių teismų, pvz., Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo ir PPO apeliacinio komiteto, nariams nustatytą kvalifikaciją;

naujasis Apeliacinis teismas veiktų pagal panašius principus kaip PPO apeliacinis komitetas;

būtų tiksliai apibrėžti atvejai, kai investuotojai galėtų iškelti bylą Teisme, apsiribojant, pvz., kryptinga diskriminacija dėl lyties, rasės, religijos ar pilietybės, nusavinimu be kompensacijos arba atsisakymu vykdyti teisingumą;

prekybos ir investicijų susitarimų nuostatomis būtų įtvirtinta ir užtikrinta vyriausybių teisė reguliuoti, nurodant, kad net ir investuotojų teisėtų lūkesčių pažeidimas savaime nesukelia valstybės atsakomybės ir/ar pareigos sumokėti kompensaciją.

P.S. 2016 m. vasario 29 d. Kanada pritarė peržiūrėtam Kanados ir ES Ekonominiam ir Prekybos susitarimui (Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), kuriame atsispindi naujas ES požiūris š investicinių ginčų sprendimo mechanizmą (International investment law and investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS), ES nuostatos taip pat įtrauktos ir į ES-Vietnamo Laisvos prekybos sutartį, 2015 gruodžio mėn.

SOPHIE NAPPERT. ESCAPING FROM FREEDOM? THE DILEMMA OF AN IMPROVED ISDS MECHANISM, THE 2015 EFILA INAUGURAL LECTURE

EK PASIŪLYMAS DĖL INVESTICINIŲ GINČŲ TRIBUNOLO STEIGIMO


2017 m. liepos 10 d. – JT Tarptautinės prekybos tesės komisijai (UNCITRAL)

suteiktai įgaliojimai tobulinti Investicinių ginčų teismo koncepciją.

Daugiau:

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/july/tradoc_155744.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/accessing-markets/dispute-settlement/

http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/

http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htm

TOLESNI EK ŽINGSNIAI PO VIEŠŲJŲ KONSULTACIJŲ

http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/03/23/to-be-decided/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4350_en.htm


Saulininkų bylos: Ispanija, Čekija, Italija, Rumunija ir Bulgarija.

2016 m. sausio 22 d. - pirmas Arbitražo sprendimas Charanne byloje (t.p. Isolux byla) palankus Ispanijai –

Ieškovų lūkesčiai nebuvo pagrįsti valstybės specifiniais sutartiniais įsipareigojimais investuotojų atžvilgiu; protingas investuotojas, darydamas teisinį auditą, būtų numatęs, kad ateityje palankus teisinis reguliavimas gali pasikeisti. Be to, teisinis reguliavimas iš esmės nepažeidė investuotojų teisių.

Angl. „The claimants’ expectations were not grounded in specific contracts signed with the state. A reasonable sophisticated investor doing due diligence prior to making its investment should have foreseen the possibility of future adverse regulatory change. It had not effected a substantial deprivation of the claimant’s shareholdings in their Spanish plant.“

Electrabel v. Hungary „it is well established that the host state is entitled to maintain a reasonable degree of regulatory flexibility to respond to changing circumstances in the public interest“.

Atskiroji nuomonė – „Legitimate expectations can arise even where there has been no specific commitment (for e.g. as in a contract with an investor). Thus, legitimate expectations might derive from a broader legal framework in a situation where certain incentives or benefits are offered to a specific category of persons (rather than the general population)“ – Teisėtų lūkesčiai gali kilti ne tik iš specifinių valstybės įsipareigojimų konkretaus investuotojo atžvilgiu.

Bylos prieš Rusiją (susiję su veiksmais Kryme – vien daugiau kaip penki procesai pradėti oligarcho Igor Kolomoisky iniciatyva prieš Rusiją, t.p. potencialūs investiciniai ginčai prieš ES ir kt valstybes dėl Rusijai taikomų ekonominių sankcijų) ir pasipriešinimas 2014 m. liepos 18 d. Yukos arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimui ir vykdymui.

Bylos prieš kitas ES šalis: Vokietiją, Lenkiją, Vengriją, Baltijos šalis (Latvijos banko sektoriaus bylos ir kt.).

NAUJI IŠŠŪKIAI


2017 n. Gegužės 4 d. paskelbtame sprendime ICSID byloje Eiser Infrastructure Limited and Energia Solar Luxembourg Sarl v Kingdom of Spain tribunolas nusprendė, kad Ispanija pažeidė investuotojų teises ir turės sumokėti 180 mln. EUR nuostolių ir palūkanų dėl sumažintų saulės energijos supirkimo tarifų.

FET – Teisingas ir lygiavertis režimas kaip stabilumo garantija prieš esminius teisinio reguliavimo pokyčius, kurie padaryti neįvertinus padarytų investicijų/investuotojų teisėtų lūkesčių.

Reakcija į Charanne bylą – šioje byloje valstybė tik nežymiai sumažino investicijų pelningumą– mažiau drastiški pokyčiai ir mažesnės apimties, skirtingos faktinės aplinkybės. Bulgariją

Daugiau: https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/

https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721

SAULININKŲ BYLOS - EISER INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED AND ENERGIA SOLAR LUXEMBOURG SARL V ISPANIJA BYLA

https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://efilablog.org/2017/05/19/before-the-other-shoe-drops-ii-the-first-icsid-final-award-in-the-spanish-renewable-energy-arbitration-saga-finds-for-the-investors-crossing-the-line/https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721https://www.italaw.com/cases/5721


363. “….[T]he Tribunal finds that Respondent’s obligation under the ECT to

provide fair and equitable treatment to investors protects them from a

fundamental change in the regulatory regime in a manner which does not take

into account the circumstances of the existing investment made on the basis of

the prior regime. The ECT does not prohibit Spain from making appropriate

changes in the regulatory regime of RD 661/2007….But the ECT does protect

investors against the total and unreasonable changes experienced here.”

352.“Taking into account the context, object and aim of the ECT, the Tribunal

concludes that the obligation to provide fair and equitable treatment established

by Article 10(1) necessarily implies an obligation to provide fundamental stability

in the essential characteristics of the legal regime on which investors relied in

making long-term investments. This does not mean that regulatory regimes cannot

evolve. Clearly they can….[but] they may not be so radically changed that they

deny investors who made investments on the basis of such regimes of the value of

their investment.”

EISER INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED AND ENERGIA SOLAR LUXEMBOURG SARL V ISPANIJA BYLA


387. “Claimants could not reasonably expect that there would be no change in the regime of RD 661/2007 over the course of three or four decades. As with any other regulated investment, they must have anticipated that there would be changes over time. Nonetheless, Article 10(1) of the ECT gave them the right to expect that Spain would not modify, in a drastic and abrupt manner, the regime on which their investment depended, in a manner which destoyed its value. But this was the result …..As expressed in Parkerings: ‘any businessman or investor knows that laws will evolve over time. What is prohibited, however, is for the State to act unfairly, unreasonably or inequitably in the exercise of its legislative power.’”

418. “….The derogation of RD 661/2007 by Respondent, and its decision to apply a completely new method to reduce the remuneration of Claimants’ existing plants, denied them of essentially the entire value of their investment. Doing so violated Respondent’s obligation to provide fair and equitable treatment.”

458. “The Tribunal considers that Respondent ‘crossed the line’ and violated the obligation to provide fair and equitable treatment in June 2014 when the prior regulatory regime was definitively replaced by a completely new regime….”

EISER INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED AND ENERGIA SOLAR LUXEMBOURG SARL V ISPANIJA BYLA


2017 birželio sprendimas, palankus Italijai:

“In the absence of a specific commitment, the state has no obligation to grant

subsidies such as feed-in tariffs, or to maintain them unchanged once granted. But

if they are lawfully granted, and if it becomes necessary to modify them, this

should be done in a manner which is not disproportionate to the aim of the

legislative amendment, and should have due regard to the reasonable reliance

interests of recipients who may have committed substantial resources on the basis

of the earlier regime.” (Award, para. 319(5)).

http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2017/08/18/legitimate-expectations-absence-

specific-commitments-according-findings-blusun-v-italy-inconsistency-among-

tribunals-solar-energy-cases/

BLUSUN V. ITALIJA BYLA

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Bylos susijusios su žalos atlyginimu verslininkams, pakeitus atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių naudojimo skatinimo priemones reglamentuojančius teisės aktus (pvz. LVAT 2013 m. gruodžio 23 d. nutartis administracinėje byloje Nr. A143-2834/2013; 2014 m. sausio 29 d. nutartis administracinėje byloje Nr. A143-2834/2013)

Teismai šiose bylose vieningai padarė išvadą, jog sumažinus iš saulės pagamintos pagamintos elektros energijos supirkimo tarifus, elektros energijos gamintojų, gavusių leidimą plėtoti elektros energijos gamybos iš atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių pajėgumus, teisėti lūkesčiai ir įgytos teisės gali būti ginamos nuosavybės teisės aspektu.

Kita vertus, ieškiniai atmesti, padarius išvadą, jog teisės aktų pakeitimai atitinka nuosavybės teisės ribojimo kriterijais. Teismai, sprendė, kad reguliavimas pagrįstas teisėtu tikslu – viešuoju interesu, konstitucine vertybe apsaugoti (ginti) vartotojų teises ir teisėtus interesus (Konstitucijos 46 str. 5 d.).

Be to, atsižvelgdami į ETT praktiką, teismai sprendė, jog byloje analizuojamas specifinės valstybės srities – skatinimo priemonių (tam tikros formos paramos) energetikos sektoriuje skyrimo – pobūdis suponuoja itin plačią įstatymų leidėjo diskreciją ją reguliuoti, ypač atsižvelgiant į visuomeninių santykių, viešųjų interesų pokyčius.

Proporcingumo principas - Ūkio subjektai, kurių ekonominė veikla per se yra susijusi su rizikos elementu, negali turėti teisėtų lūkesčių, kad teisės aktų leidėjui, naudojantis savo diskrecija, esama situacija apskritai išliks nepakitusi ir kad įstatymų leidėjas nepriims tokių teisės aktų pakeitimų, kurie gali sukelti asmeniui neigiamų (pvz., finansinių) padarinių. Kita vertus, tokie pakeitimai negali būti neadekvatūs siekiamiems tikslams, paneigti įgytų teisių esmę, pažeisti proporcingumo principą.

LVAT M. GRUODŽIO 23 D. NUTARTYJE ADMINISTRACINĖJE BYLOJE NR. A143-2834/2013

http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040


Teismai nurodė, jog atsižvelgiant į individualias bylos aplinkybes, kiekvienu

konkrečiu atveju būtina įvertinti, ar atitinkami pakeitimai nepaneigė įgytos teisės

esmės, ar jie atitiko proporcingumo principą. Todėl įgytos teisės esmė negali būti

laikoma paneigta, jei jos egzistavimas net ir po atliktų jos turinį lemiančių

pakeitimų išlieka prasmingas, teisės turėtojas pakankamai reikšminga ir adekvačia

apimtimi gali įgyvendinti atitinkama subjektine teise garantuotus interesus

Teismai konstatavo, jog šiose bylose nustatytų aplinkybių kontekste svarbu, jog

skatinimo sistemos priemonių taikymas pareiškėjų atžvilgiu nebuvo visiškai

panaikintas, duomenų, kad jo pastatytos saulės elektrinės tolesnis eksploatavimas

iš esmės yra praradęs ekonominę prasmę (pvz., akivaizdžiai nuostolingas) ir negali

net minimaliai užtikrinti intereso, nėra, todėl reikalavimai atlyginti verslo patirtus

nuostolius galiausiai buvo atmesti.

LVAT M. GRUODŽIO 23 D. NUTARTYJE ADMINISTRACINĖJE BYLOJE NR. A143-2834/2013

http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040http://www.infolex.lt/tp/779040


Yukos arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimo ir vykdymo odisėja:

http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/05/13/the-us50-billion-yukos-award-overturned-enforcement-becomes-a-game-of-russian-roulette/

Philip Morris Asia Limited v. Australija byla (2015 m. gruodžio 17 d. sprendimas) – Valstybės suvereni galia keisti teisinį reguliavimą viešojo intereso tikslais. http://isdsblog.com/2016/05/26/philip-morris-asia-limited-v-australia/

Krymo problema – ar arbitražas turi jurisdikciją spręsti investicinius ginčus dėl investuotojų teisių pažeidimo Kryme po Rusijos aneksijos 2014 m.

2017 vasario 24 d. arbitražas byloje Aeroport Belbek ir Igor Kolomoisky v. Rusija pirmą kartą pasisakė, kad turi jurisdikciją spręsti ginčą prieš Rusiją pagal Ukrainos ir Rusijos BIT.

Daugiau: http://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/1137587/crimea-cases-against-russia-to-proceed

De facto suvereniteto įgyvendinimas – pakankamas teritorijos (ratione loci) reikalavimui įvydkyti pagal Investicijų apsaugos sutartis? (Vienos konvencijos 29, 15 str., UNCLOS konvencija, JT konvencijos 2(4) str. dėl jėgos panaudojimo okupuojant teritorijas neteisėtumo).

Richard Happ, Sebastian Wuschka, 'Horror Vacui: Or Why Investment Treaties Should Apply to Illegally Annexed Territories' (2016) 33 Journal of International Arbitration, Issue 3, pp. 245–268 https://www.kluwerlawonline.com/abstract.php?area=Journals&id=JOIA2016014

Brexit problema: ar realūs gręsiantys ieškiniai Didžiajai Britanijai nusprendus išstoti iš ES?

http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/17/brexit-and-foreign-investors-legitimate-expectations/

https://international.nd.edu/about/news/catch-up-brexit/

NAUJI IŠŠŪKIAI

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Vokietijos Konstitucinio teismo 2016 m. gruodžio 6 d sprendimas byloje RWE and E.ON v. Vokietija dėl Vokietijos vyriausybės veiksmų uždarant atomines elektrines po Fukušimos katastrofos

Įstatymo pakeitimai ta apimtimi, kiek jie nenumatė pažeistų investuotojų teisėtų lūkesčių kompensavimo mechanizmo – prieštarauja Konstitucijai

Viešų posėdžių įrašai ir komentarai: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDM

http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/

https://energytransition.org/2016/12/german-constitutional-court-merkels-phaseout-legal-for-the-most-part/

http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2016/bvg16-088.html;jsessionid=08929F6BBBD90B0CFD9E714CD8C29DDE.2_cid361

http://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/1078505/german-court-rules-on-nuclear-phase-out-as-vattenfall-award-draws-near

VATTENFALL V. VOKIETIJA BYLA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sv81ebnxAc&list=PLAL1lD388hzk8C9cyDaasj1P_pf1APqDMhttp://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-vattenfall-arbitral-tribunal/http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2016/12/29/german-constitutional-court-judgment-vattenfall-case-lessons-ect-v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2007 m. ICSID sprendimas Parkerings prieš Lietuvą - Tribunolas apibrėžė investuotojų teisėtų lūkesčių kriterijus: a) turi būti aiškus investicijas priimančios valstybės pažadas ar garantija nekeisti teisinio reguliavimo, b) gali būti numanomos garantijos arba investicijas priimančios valstybės patikinimas, į kurį investuotojas atsižvelgė darydamas investiciją, c) gali būti atsižvelgiama į kitas sandorio sudarymo aplinkybes ir valstybės elgesį.

2007 m. ICSID sprendimas Tokios tokelės prieš Ukrainą - Tribunolas nusprendė, kad Lietuvoje registruota ir ukrainiečių valdoma įmonė UAB „Tokios tokelės“ gali iškelti ieškinį prieš Ukrainą, nors dauguma jos akcininkų yra Ukrainos piliečiai. šis precedentas išlieka labai svarbus, nes leidžia investuotojams ieškoti investicijoms palankesnės užsienio jurisdikcijos ir struktūrizuoti šias investicijas taip, kad galėtų pasinaudoti maksimalia investicijų apsauga.

2009 m. Tarptautinių prekybos rūmų (ICC) sprendimas Kaliningradas prieš Lietuvą - dėl užsienio arbitražo sprendimo priverstinio vykdymo.

2013 m. Jungtinių Tautų Tarptautinės prekybos teisės komisijos (UNCITRAL) sprendimas Bosca prieš Lietuvą - tribunolas konstatavo investuotojų teisių pažeidimą, bet atmetė ieškinį dėl nuostolių atlyginimo. - http://kluwerarbitrationblog.com/2013/09/20/can-an-investor-claim-lost-profits-for-breach-of-pre-contractual-relations/ LAT 2014 06 27 d. nutartys byloje Nr. 3K-3-363/2014

2012 m. Tarptautinių prekybos rūmų (ICC) byla Gazprom prieš Lietuvą dėl Kauno termofikacinės elektrinės. Jungtinių Tautų Tarptautinės prekybos teisės komisijos (UNCITRAL) byla Gazprom prieš Lietuvą pagal Lietuvos ir Rusijos investicijų apsaugos sutartį (2015m. Ginčas baigtas) LAT 2015 10 23 d. nutartis byloje Nr. 3K-7-458-701/2015

2016 m. ICSID byla Veolia prieš Lietuvą dėl nusavintų investicijų ir kitų investuotojų teisių pažeidimo šilumos ūkyje.

Kiti galimi atvejai: „Snoro“ banko akcininkų pretenzijos dėl nacionalizuotų banko „Snoras“ akcijų ar investuotojų į atsinaujinančius energijos šaltinius pretenzijos (4 gegužes 2012 pretenzija), Global Energy Consulting OU v. Lithuania 17 d. vasario 2017 m., http://www.bns.lt/topic/1912/news/52284161/; M.Gadaevi (Misionierių namai) v. Lietuva, 2017, https://www.15min.lt/verslas/naujiena/kvadratinis-metras/nekilnojamasis-turtas/misionieriu-namu-statytojai-jauciasi-persekiojami-ir-grasina-kreiptis-i-tarptautini-arbitrazo-teisma-973-825006

2015 ICSID sprendimas ARVI ir Sanitex prieš Serbiją - ARVI įmonių grupės bei SANITEX ginčą su Serbijos Respublika ICSID arbitraže. Po bylinėjimosi arbitrų kolegija pripažino, kad Serbijos valdžios institucijos kai kuriais atvejais pažeidė dvišalę Lietuvos-Serbijos investicijų skatinimo ir apsaugos sutartį, nes neužtikrino teisingo ir lygiaverčio investicijų apsaugos principo Lietuvos investuotojų atžvilgiu taikymo. Įvertinę pažeidimų pobūdį, mastą ir jų sukeltas pasekmes, arbitrai įpareigojo Serbijos vyriausybę Lietuvos investuotojams sumokėti milijono eurų kompensaciją ir palūkanas nuo žalos atsiradimo dienos.

2012 m. E-Energija (Lietuva) prieš Latviją byla dėl investicijų į Latvijos šilumos ūkį.

LIETUVOS PATIRTIS

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