A. VaccineVaccine is antigenic material used to produce active immunity against a

disease so as to prevent or mitigate the effects of infection by natural organisms. The vaccine will prepare the immune system of humans or animals to survive against certain pathogens, especially bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Vaccines also can help the immune system to fight degenerative cells (cancer).

The vaccine is derived from vaccinia. Vaccines can be either viral or bacterial strains that have been weakened that can not cause disease. Vaccines can also be a dead organism or the results of purification (proteins, peptides, virus-like particles, etc.)

History and Development of vaccines Vaccine development begins with the discovery of Edward Jenner in 1798, that the cowpox inoculation (cowpox) the person was able to protect the people from smallpox (smallpox). Since then the vaccine had been developed both of how to determine the immunodominant epitopes, protein propagation strategy and how the application. In 1880, Louis Pasteur and friends - friends have found a way of vaccination for the prevention of infectious diseases through the use of disease agents that have been weakened in advance, among other rabies vaccine derived from the malignant nature viruses (street virus) into a virus that is not malignant (fixed virus) after experiencing repeated passage.

Distribution of vaccines based on a few things :

1. Differentiation types of vaccine antigens used to stimulate the immunological system or defense power antibodies the body makes substances.Antigen is (part of) bacteria or (part of) the virus that is used as an active

ingredient contained in the vaccine, and the antigen is intended to stimulate the immunological system of the body or the body's defense system, to make the substance of antibodies needed to fight and eradicate germs invasion enter our bodies.

This antigen is taken from (some or all) of bacteria or viruses that cause disease, the disease antigen seeds, which had previously been processed in such a way, so it will not cause the disease again, when injected back into our bodies, but will stimulate the body's immunological system to give antibody reactions and make the necessary substances to fight and deadly germs same when invasion enter our bodies that we avoid the disease and we become resistant / immune to the disease.

Because the antigen is taken it can be derived from bacteria or viruses that cause disease also, then we will get the type of vaccine:

- Bacteria vaccine antigens derived from bacteria and

- Virus vaccine derived from viral antigens

2. Antigen Processing Method for Producing Bacteria and Virus VaccineAs early as the antigen had already mentioned that the disease is not

dangerous and does not cause the disease anymore, because all the antigens before they were used in the manufacture of vaccines, have been processed in such a way, so that the the nature of ferocity weakened or disappeared, and safe to be used as a vaccine.

How the process of antigen germs in order to be safe for use in vaccines: It could be the way the deadly germs by means of heating or heating,

by irradiation or radiation, with chemicals or chemical substant example phenols, alcohols and others, this process is called inactivation or inactivation, meaning the vaccine antigens of bacteria or viruses mngandung who has been in the TURN OFF, so it can not transmit the disease the same again when used as a vaccine. This is known as VACCINE OFF (Killed or Inactivated Vaccine Vaccine)

Or you can also breed bacteria or virus into the particular medium similar to the medium of germs such habitats, and breeding was continued until it reaches the stage where the true nature of germs that is the nature of the missing malignancy, but are genetically still be recognized by the body's immunological system we as seeds cause certain diseases and will stimulate the body makes antibodies to substances such penyait seeds. This is known as live attenuated vaccines (attenuated Lived Vaccine)

Advantage adn Disadvantage Vaccines Dead:

The advantages:

The advantage is a dead vaccine can be used for everyone, including pregnant women, those with abnormal immunological system / body's defense system, for example, people with HIV-AIDS disease, the transplanted organ, kidney patients on dialysis (washing) of blood, or the patient who received treatment kortiosteroid.

Because only contain bacteria or viruses die, there is no longer the possibility of a genetic mutation of germs back into the wild, so that the the vaccine is safe for users.

How to save a dead vaccine is also more convenient than a live vaccine, enough stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius.

The disadvantage:

The disadvantage is due to bacteria or virus that causes the disease has been turned off, then the reaction to stimulation of the immunological system of the body is weak, so that the to get the optimal protection, and lasts a long time, the necessary repetition of vaccination, which is called a booster dose / dose replay amplifier.

Note: in vaccine research, it was found that it's better to die vaccine used to prevent infection due to bacterial rather than viral infectious diseases

Example Vaccines Dead (Killed Vaccines / Inactivated Vaccines):

- Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)- DPT vaccine- Hepatitis A and B vaccines- Pneumonia vaccine- Meningitis vaccine- Hib Vaccines and Influenza Vaccines- Human papilloma virus vaccine- Typhoid Fever Vaccine

Advantage and Disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines:

Tha advantages ::Because it contains germs live attenuated, resulting in a very strong stimulus reaction against the immunological system of our body to produce antibodies substances, and this reaction even last long enough for life, so we do not need to repeat vaccination or booster dose.

The disadvantage :Kelemahanya is because it contains bacteria that live despite weakened, so this vaccine should not be given to pregnant women, those with abnormal immunological system / body's defense system, for example, people with HIV-AIDS disease, the transplanted organ, the kidney patients who do dialysis (washing) of blood and patients treated with corticosteroids.Because the germs are still alive although it has weakened, there is still the possibility of a genetic mutation, which become malignant germs back, so as to cause illness for the vaccine recipient.It also said that the possibility of side effects were more common with live attenuated vaccine than with a dead vaccineBecause it contains germs that are still alive, then in this vaccine storage required to store low temperature, usually a temperature of minus 20 degrees Celsius.

3. Vaccine For Infants Children And Adults Since the first, people always assume that the vaccine and vaccination is the

only monopoly for infants and children only, only recently, began to be discussed and conducted clinical trials that prove that adults also elderly people require immunization and vaccination to protect themselves against infectious diseases very dangerous for adults and the elderly, especially for those also suffering from some kind of degenerative diseases such as heart and blood vessel disease, lung disease, diabetes, liver and kidney disease, stroke patients and others, where it will be penyakit2 more serious and deteriorate if exposed to infectious diseases are also preventable by vaccination prior to menagkal such infectious diseases.

Vaccines Adult and Elderly are as follows:1. Vaccine Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccine (killed-virus vaccine,

monovalent)2. Typhoid fever vaccine (vaccine bacteria die, monovalent)3. Varicella vaccine (live attenuated virus vaccine, monovalent)4. Influenza vaccine (killed-virus vaccine, monovalent)5. Pneumonia vaccine (vaccine bacteria die, monovalent)

Vaccine Infants Children:1. Vaccines dpat and DTwP (dead bacterial vaccine, trivalent combination)2. DPaT Hib Polio (bacteria and viruses die vaccine, pentavalent combination)3. DPaT HepB vaccine polio (vaccine bacteria and viruses die, the

combination pentavalent)4. DPaT HepB vaccine Hib Polio (bacterial and viral vaccines dead,

hexavalent combination)5. DPaT Hib vaccine (vaccine bacteria die, the combination tetravalent)6. Inactivated Polio Vaccine (killed-virus vaccine, monovalent)

7. Oral Polio Vaccine (live attenuated virus vaccine, monovalent)8. The MMR vaccine (live attenuated virus vaccine, trivalent combination)9. Influenza vaccine (killed-virus vaccine, monovalent)10. Vaccine pneumonia (bacterial vaccines dead, monovalent)11. Rabies vaccine (live attenuated virus vaccine, monoovalent)12. Varicella vaccine (live attenuated virus vaccine, monovalent)13. Vaccine Human papilloma virus / HPV (killed-virus vaccine, tetravalent)14. Rotavirus vaccine (live attenuated virus vaccine, monovalent)15. Vaccine Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccine (killed-virus vaccine,

monovalent)

The purpose of the combination vaccine, among others, for the sake of security, efficiency and compliance with the immunization program schedule.

4. Use of Vaccines Belong to The Purpose or Indications Its usageFrom the discussion in this website, we also have mentioned the

vaccination or immunization for tourism (vaccines for tourists) and for the group of Special, for example pregnant women

To find a particular type of vaccine and vaccination or immunization schedule for mothers and pregnant Wanit, also for tourists who will be traveling a little market countries or regions with specific endemic disease.

5. Vaccines FutureSince Dr. Edward Jenner became a pioneer in the field of vaccine research

in the 18th century, until this moment the field of medical experts have managed to find as many as 23 types of vaccines diperguakan to prevent infectious diseases in question, the results and the contribution of the vaccine in the field of human health has been our own and child children we perceive and experience its benefits, so that the the human race is increasingly healthy, physically and mentally healthy, as well as social welfare, quality of human resources and the quality is getting better.

But there is still a lot we have to do, because there are many diseases that become a burden to the health of human beings, so that the the work to find the answers and solutions to these health problems will never stop. Many infectious diseases that previously had begun to disappear, or is under control its spread, but because of the condition of human nature and bad habits, old diseases that recur and become the modern era, these health problems, such as pulmonary tuberculosis.To address this challenge, scientists are conducting research to find new drugs is also a new vaccine for the disease disease override.

Currently there are several types of vaccines are currently in the process of research and development :

1. HIV-AIDS Vaccine

Since the outbreak of HIV-AIDS cases decades ago, until now vaccines against HIV virus is still in the stage of intensive research, but have not managed to find a vaccine that is really satisfying and effective for preventing and treating HIV infection is AIDS.

2. Malaria Vaccine This vaccine has been studied since a few decades ago, and now has started to give hope and the results of the clinical trial results are promising

3. Dengue Fever VaccineThis vaccine has also been studied since a few decades ago, the current phase 3 clinical trials are being carried out intensively to prove that the vaccine is safe to use, and effective to ward off dengue virus infection are more outstanding subtropical and tropical country like Indonesia

4. Vaccines for non-infectious diseases such as vaccines for brain tumors (Glioblastoma), Vaccine For Alzheimer's disease (a disease of the elderly memory loss), a vaccine for atherosclerosis disease (blood vessel disorder), multiplesclerosis vaccine, a vaccine for the treatment of nicotine addiction , drug addiction / abuse of drugs, vaccines for allergy, a prostate cancer vaccine, vaccines for diabetes etc.

5. The vaccine for the treatment of disease (Vaccine for treatmet)

B. The Names of The Vaccine

BCG vaccine, tuberculosis vaccine to prevent TB disease that attacks the alias human breath, by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Vaccine prevention of diphtheria toxoid, which also attacks the human upper respiratory tract, caused by bacteria Corymebacterium diphteriae. Mode of transmission is airborne droplets from humans.

pertussis vaccine, which cause severe cough in humans through Bortella pertussis bacteria. Densely populated areas are very vulnerable on this disease, with early symptoms similar to the flu.

pneumonia vaccine, which attacks the tissue-lobe of human lung alveoli, which is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. If left untreated, the disease is a common cause of meningitis complications and cellulitis.

Conjugate Vaccine Pneumonia, originated from the lack of effectiveness of the 23 valent polysaccharide vaccine. That's why the need to be "articulated" (conjugation) with proteins to eradicate the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia.

Haemophilus Influenza vaccine, to prevent diseases caused by bacteria Haemophilus influenza B, which attacks the mucus tissue infections in all humans, especially children.

Meningitis Vaccine, which is intended to prevent attacks on the human brain membranes, due to bacterial attack Neiiseria N meningitidis or meningococcus. This disease can develop into a pandemic.

Cholera vaccine, the attacks of Vibrio cholerae bacteria in the human digestive tract. Indonesia successfully overcome this, especially when the tsunami occurred in late 2004 in the evacuation.

Typhoid fever vaccine, as a result of the attack tiphi Salmonella bacteria, which spread through the remnants of human feces ekskret alias. Typhus strongly related to sanitation or human.

Polio vaccine, which if not applied in humans lead to permanent paralysis. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, had polio so it must move in a wheelchair.

Measles, overcoming disease caused by a virus of the genus Morbilivirus, family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is airborne through body fluid splashes sufferers.

Mumps vaccine, which is caused by a virus of the genus Rubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. Transmitted through saliva, direct contact, materials vomiting, and urine of patients.

Rubella vaccine, prevents severe skin diseases such as reddish nodule, caused by a virus of the genus Rubivirus, Togavirus family. The disease is transmitted through the upper respiratory tract and can cause swelling of the spleen.

Hepatitis vaccine, one of the most famous type of vaccine. There are several types of hepatitis, namely hepatitis A, hepatitis B developed by PT Bio Farma be a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine

Influenza vaccine, the latter increasingly overlooked many countries, especially after the attacks many influenza-related illness. This viral diseases classified as an ancient disease that continues to grow, the latest is with the bird flu virus variants.

Rabies vaccine, prevention of many diseases transmitted by warm-blooded animals. Bali is one of the most vociferous province eradicate rabies. This disease accounts for a large on understanding virology, pioneered by Louis Pasteur. Rhaboviridae viral families.

Smallpox vaccine, prevention of disease caused by the variola virus, which includes ancient disease in human civilization. A famous Pharaonic Ancient Egypt, the Pharaonic Ramses V, is known to have died as a result of smallpox.

Cervical cancer vaccine, in order to prevent cervical cancer women, due to the virus Human Papilloma Virus. Early indications can be reached through a medical examination according to the pap smear method.

C. Vaccine and ImmunizationImmunization is one way to improve one's immunity actively against an

antigen, so if one day he is exposed to the same antigen does not occur disease or an attempt to confer immunity in infants and children against certain diseases.

The purposes : To prevent the occurrence of certain diseases in man and eliminate

certain disease in a group of people (population) or even mneghilangkan certain diseases of the world

The event will not be too severe disease and can prevent symptoms that can lead to disability or death

Protect against certain diseases (intermediate goal)

Immune response : Primary immune response is an immune response that occurs on the

first exposure to the antigen Secondary immune response is an immune response that is expected

to give an adequate response when exposed to the same antigen. Exerts vaccination is repeated several times in order to obtain sufficiently high antibody titer and achieve protective value.

Procedures for immunization : Inform in detail about the risks of vaccination and the risk if not

vaccinated Check back preparation for service in the event of an unexpected

follow-up reaction Read about thorough information about the product (vaccine) will be

given, do not forget about the agreement that has been given Conduct debriefing with parents or guardians prior to immunization Revisit if no contra indications to the vaccine will be given Check the identity of the vaccine recipient and give antipyretics when

needed Check the type of vaccine and believe that the vaccine has been stored

properly

Check the vaccine will be given if there were signs of change, check the expiration date and note the special things, such as discoloration indicates the damage

Confident that the vaccine will be given as scheduled and also offered other vaccines for immunization left behind when needed

Give vaccines with correct technique is about selecting syringes, needles angle direction, location and position injections of vaccine recipients

Vaccination is a biological preparation to boost immunity (human / animal) against a disease. Usually done by inducing (inject) bacteria, virus or disease-causing microorganisms that have been weakened or dead. Agent or microorganism (virus or bacteria) that is inserted into the body through vaccination stimulates the immune system to recognize foreign substances that enter, destroy and "remember". Vaccines are divided into two, namely:

Inactivated vaccine, derived from viruses or bacteria that is turned off. This type of vaccine produces antibodies in the body because there antigens therein. Not harm the fetus if performed on pregnant women.

Live vaccines, derived from an attenuated virus or bacteria. This virus can potentially cause illness itself, such as rubella or tetanus.

Immunisation is a way to increase one's immunity actively against an antigen, so that the when later he was exposed to the same antigen, there will be no disease. (Ranuh, 2008, p.10). Then, according to Dorland Medical Dictionary, simply means to inject a "suspension weakened or killed microorganisms, given to the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases."

Pharmaceutical Microbiology 1

Vaccine and Immunization

By:

Puji Rahmi Sumarno

1411011051

Faculty of Pharmacy

Andalas University

Tuesday, November 18th, 2014