Vaccines and Vaccine Vaccines and Vaccine Preventable DiseasesPreventable Diseases

VariolationVariolation

Childhood VaccinationsChildhood Vaccinations

Measles Mumps Polio Rubella (German Measles)

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Diphtheria Tetanus (Lockjaw) Haemophilus influenzae type b Hepatitis B Varicella (chickenpox) Pneumococcal disease

DiphtheriaDiphtheria

• Kills 1 in 10 Infected

• Lives in the Mouth, Nose, and Throat of an Infected Person

• Spread by Direct Contact

• Suffocation, Paralysis, Heart Failure, Coma, Death

DiphtheriaDiphtheria

• Incubation Period of 2-5 Days

• Picture shows “Bullneck Diphtheria

Tetanus/Lockjaw (Child)Tetanus/Lockjaw (Child)

Tetanus (neonatal)Tetanus (neonatal)• Usually Caused by Rubbing Umbilical Cord with Cow Dung

Tetanus (Baby)Tetanus (Baby)

Tetanus (Adult)Tetanus (Adult)

Tetanus

• Bacteria lives in soil and sometimes in the intestines and feces of animals.

• Centers the Body through cuts, punctures, or other wounds

• Incubation period of 3 days to 3 weeks• Stiffness, difficulty swallowing, lockjaw,

muscle rigidity, painful convulsions• Broken bones, coma, death

Pertussis Pertussis (Whooping (Whooping

Cough)Cough)• Whooping Sound

• Spread through Coughing and Sneezing

• Pneumonia, Seizures, Brain Damage

• Hospitalization or Death

• Seizures and Brain Damage

Polio (Iron Lungs) Polio (Iron Lungs) Los Angeles 1952 Los Angeles 1952

Polio killed 26,635 People in the United States 1940-1959

Eleven-year-old Robert Blackburn (1953) show with grandmother and mother gets breathing assistance from an iron lung at Children’s Hospital in Farmington.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt, alarmed by decades of worsening polio epidemics and the terrible toll the virus was taking on America’s young, established the National foundation for Infantile Paralysis.

Radio listeners all over the country were urged to send their dimes directly to the White House.

The response was so effective the organizations name was changed to the March of Dimes.

Visitors to the 1056 Detroit Auto Show were provided with adhesive tabs to attach gift dimes to an automobile for the March of Dimes. Polio victim two-year-old Stephen Schelling examines the display.

Kurt Achenbach, 7, a first-grader at Baker School in 1954, bucks up his courage as a “polio pioneer” volunteering to test the new Salk vaccine. 1.8 million elementary children participated in the clinical trial.

The March of Dimes now fights against birth defects.

Recent planning of a monument to Franklin Roosevelt wanted to portray him out of his wheelchair, to be more politically correct.

“Fear hung like heat in the summer. No one knew how you got it. Did you breathe it in, swallow it in contaminated milk, drink it down at a public fountain, or get it from flies on our picnic lunch?”

Kathryn Black from book In the Shadow of Polio: A Personal and Social History.

Estimates suggest more than 1.6 million polio survivors live in this country, > 40 years after the Salk vaccine virtually eradicated Polio. Now Post-Polio problems are beginning to develop

Polio Still Exists in the WorldPolio Still Exists in the World

Polio

• Virus lives in throat and intestines of an infected person

• Usually spreads to other people through contact with feces

• Incubation period of 6-20 days

• Long Term Paralysis, Inability to Breathe without the Help of a Machine, Death

Measles Measles • Runny Red Eyes

• Runny Nose

• Fever

Note:

1 Measles Case is Considered an Epidemic

Measles Measles

Easily spread through coughing, sneezing, or just talking with an infected person.

Incubation period of 10-14 days.

Rash will cover body.

Measles Measles

Complications

1. Pneumonia

2. Ear Infections

3. Brain Damage

4. Seizures

5. Death

Measles Measles (Koplik’s (Koplik’s

Spots)Spots)

White spots inside the mouth are characteristic of measles.

MumpsMumps

Spread through coughing, sneezing, or just talking with an infected person

Incubation period of 14-18 days

Swollen cheeks or Swollen jaw, Fever, Headaches

MumpsMumps

• Complications include brain damage, swelling of testicles leading to sterility, and deafness

RubellaRubella

Spread through coughing, sneezing, or just talking to an infected person.

Disease can pass from mother to baby during pregnancy

Congenital Rubella SyndromeCongenital Rubella Syndrome

Congenital Rubella SyndromeCongenital Rubella Syndrome(Thickening of Eye Lens (Thickening of Eye Lens

Leading to Cataracts)Leading to Cataracts)

Rubella

• Causes a Temporary Arthritis

• Often Results in Miscarriage or Premature Birth

• Babies who are infected before birth may be born with defects including

- deafness - heart damage

- blindness - mental retardation

Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae Type BType B

Swollen face due to Hib Infection

Tissue under jaw and cheek is infected and spreading

Haemophilus Influenza Type B

• Very dangerous to children under 5 years• Spread through contact with infected person • Germ enters body through the nose and

throat• Fever, Severe Headache, Severe Sore

Throat, Severe Breathing Problems.• Complications include Brain damage,

Seizures, Paralysis

Droplet Transmission Showing How Droplet Transmission Showing How Influenza Germs Spread Through the Air Influenza Germs Spread Through the Air

When Someone CoughsWhen Someone Coughs

Hepatitis AHepatitis A

Note yellowing of skin and eyes: One sign of Hepatitis A, a serious liver disease infecting >100,000 people in USA each year

Hepatitis A

• Transmitted by fecal-oral route• Incubation period 1 month• Lasts for 3-4 weeks• Symptoms can recur in 1 out of 10 • Complications include

- low energy levels for up to a year- hospitalization- death

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Resulting in Resulting in

Liver Liver CancerCancer

Serious liver disease resulting in swelling of stomach and permanent liver damage that may lead to liver cancer and death.

Hepatitis B

• Enters the blood stream and attacks the liver

• Incubation period of 6 weeks to 6 months

• Can be a Carrier

• 50% Asymtomatic

• Complications

- Permanent Severe Liver Damage

- Cancer of the Liver

- Death

ChickenpoxChickenpox

Common disease in children. On average, about 100 people die from chicken pox in the US every year. Itchy rash and sore throat are common symptoms. Complications include lung damage, brain damage, and death.

ChickenpoxChickenpoxContracted at birth from infected mother. Death is a possibility in a case this severe.

Smallpox Smallpox A Success Story for VaccinationA Success Story for Vaccination

SmallpoxSmallpox

Principles and Effects of Principles and Effects of VaccinationVaccination

• A vaccine is a suspension of organisms or parts of organisms that is used to induce immunity

• Provides herd immunity

Herd immunity rests on the principle of safety in numbers; if more people are immune to a certain virus, either through vaccination or through already having the disease, then more people in the population, even if they themselves aren't immune, are protected from the disease.

Vaccination Doses VaryVaccination Doses Vary

4 doses of diphtheria, tetanus & pertussis vaccine (DTaP) 4 doses of Hib vaccine 3 doses of polio vaccine 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine 3 doses of pneumococcal vaccine 1 dose of measles, mumps & rubella vaccine (MMR) 1 dose of varicella vaccine

The number of doses change or vary as new studies reveal new information.

Free VaccinesFree Vaccines

Free VaccinesFree Vaccines

• A federal program called Vaccines for Children provides free vaccines to eligible children, including those without health insurance coverage, all those who are enrolled in Medicaid, American Indians and Alaskan Natives.

Types of VaccinesTypes of Vaccines

• Attenuated Whole-Agent Vaccines

• Inactivated Whole-Agent Vaccines

• Toxoids

• Subunit Vaccines

• Conjugated Vaccines

• Nucleic Acid Vaccines or DNA Vaccines

• Dream Vaccine

Attenuated Whole-Agent VaccinesAttenuated Whole-Agent Vaccines

• Weakened Microorganisms

• Lifelong Immunity

• Polio, Measles,

Mumps, Rubella

Inactivated Whole-Agent VaccinesInactivated Whole-Agent Vaccines

• Killed Bacteria or Inactivated

Viruses

• Chemicals (Formalin or Phenol)

• Rabies, Flu, Polio, Cholera

Toxoid VaccinesToxoid Vaccines• Inactivated Toxin

• Requires Boosters

• Tetanus, Diphtheria

Subunit VaccinesSubunit Vaccines

• Consists of Antigenic Fragments of Microorganisms

• Include Recombinant Vaccines

• Include Acelluar Vaccines

• Hepatitis B

Conjugated VaccinesConjugated Vaccines

• Antigen Combined with a Booster Protein

• Boosts Immune Response

• Flu

• Young Children As Early As 2 Months

Nucleic Acid or Nucleic Acid or DNA VaccinesDNA Vaccines

• Currently Being Developed

• Clinical Trials on Animals

• No Human Clinical Trials Yet

• Inject a Naked DNA Plasmid

Dream VaccineDream Vaccine

• No Injection

• Lifetime Immunity with Single Dose

• No Refrigeration

• Inexpensive

• Easy to Manufacture

Diagnostic ImmunologyDiagnostic Immunology

• Precipitation Reactions

- Small Test Tube

- Formation of Ring

Tests designed to check for interactions between antibodies and antigens. These show us if antibodies or antigens are present in a patient.

• Agglutination Reactions

- Antigens and Antibodies

- Clumping / Agglutination

O+O+ B+ B+

• Neutralization Reactions

- Production of Antitoxin

• Complement Fixation

- Cell Rupturing

• ELISA

- Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent

Assay

- Cell Rupture

- The Most Widely Used Test

Fluorescent-Antibody Technique- Fluorescent Dye