V. THE EARLY REPUBLIC

Federalists Democratic Republicans Alexander Hamilton/John Adams Leaders Thomas Jefferson/James Madison Strong central gov’t Federal

Government Weak central gov’t

Strong state gov’t Loose interpretation= more power for fed

“Necessary & proper clause” to justify

creation of stronger government

Constitutional Interpretation

Strict interpretation=Protects states

rights

Gov’t may only do

something if Const. specifically says it

can Industrial Economy Agricultural Favored Bank/paying off national & state

debts National Bank Opposed Bank as

unconstitutional/feared it would favor the

wealthy

Supported tariffs to protect U.S. industry Protective Tariffs

Opposed tariffs

Bankers & merchants in North Supporters Farmers & frontier settlers in South/West

#1 Baby!!!

1st President

George Washington

The Cabinet System: to help the President run the government

Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton Henry Knox Thomas Jefferson

Neutrality Policy: the young nation should not get involved in foreign

wars Federal Court System- established by the Judiciary Act of 1789

Important Precedents:

1. American Nonintervention (NEUTRALITY) in international conflicts

2. Federal Enforcement of the law in putting down the Whiskey

Rebellion

3. Two-term Presidency

DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES Arguments between Hamilton & Jefferson over Hamilton’s financial plan

led to the creation of the 1st political parties

The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier farmers-who

produced most of

nation’s whiskey-

attacked tax collectors

in response to a new excise tax on whiskey

Washington’s Farewell Address 1. Political parties/factions Washington warned 2. Sectionalism (#1 & 2 would tear apart the nation) Americans against: 3. Involvement in foreign affairs (NEUTRALITY)

The French were enraged by America’s agreement with Britain (JAY’S TREATY)

so they began seizing American ships/cargo bound for Britain.

THE MARSHALL COURT Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court handed down several key rulings that STRENGTHENED THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Marbury v. Madison

On his last night as President, Adams appointed FEDERALIST judges- Midnight

Judges-before the Republicans/Jefferson took over

One of the judges never received his contract and sued, claiming that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to order that his contract be delivered

RULING: The Judiciary Act was unconstitutional- Marbury LOST!

John Adams Presidency An administration plagued by conflict

The X, Y, Z Affair- Adams sent 3 US ambassadors

to France to negotiate; 3 French ambassadors (“X,Y,

AND Z”) demanded bribes before negotiations

could begin

Led to undeclared naval war-

QUASI WAR- with France which

REALLY ticked off JEFFERSON &

the Republicans

Alien and Sedition Acts: passed by

Federalists in Congress to silence any Dem-

Republican opposition/criticism

Limited freedom of speech/press and

increased citizenship requirements

(immigrants tended to support the

Dem-Rep)

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions: written in

response to Alien/Sedition Acts,

they introduced STATES’

RIGHTS THEORY: states could

refuse to enforce federal laws

they opposed

SIGNIFICANCE: established the

principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW-power

to declare an act by Congress or the

President unconstitutional.

This would begin what became a bitter battle

over federal power vs. state power- a battle that

would help divide the nation in 2…

VI. War of 1812

LEGACY OF THE WAR

BRITISH SUCCESSES IN THE WAR

Britain & France were at war. The Brits

resented our relationship with

France so they:

1. BLOCKADED

American cargo ships from Europe

2. IMPRESSMENT

Captured American sailors &

forced them into the British navy

3. ARMED

Native Americans so that they could harass American

frontier settlers

4. BRITISH SOLDIERS

had still not left American forts like they were

supposed to after Revolutionary War

During the War, Britain blockaded the American

coast, forcing the U.S. to manufacture its own

goods this led to industrialization in the U.S.

The British burned down Washington, D.C.,

including the White House

Republican War

Hawks in Congress demanded war.

President James Madison

declared war June 1812

End of the Federalist Party Federalists were labeled as UNPATRIOTIC

b/c they had not supported the war

Beginning of American Industry

& Self-Sufficiency Americans began manufacturing their own

goods due to the British blockades that prevented them from importing these

goods from Europe

Rise of

Nationalism For the 2nd time,

Americans had stood up to the most powerful

empire in the world- this gained them a lot of

prestige, so Americans were proud of their young

country

Last War Between U.S. & Britain

End of Native American Threat

in Ohio Valley

VII. Jacksonian Democracy

Election of 1824: The Corrupt Bargain Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams

Jackson won most of the popular votes, but no candidate won the

majority in the Electoral College so it was up to the House of Representatives to

decide

Henry Clay used his influence as

Speaker of the House to provide

Adams with enough votes to win

Jackson supporters accused

Adams and Clay of a “corrupt

bargain”

Jackson would use this as “mud” when he ran against

Adams again in 1828…THIS TIME JACKSON WON!!!

ELEMENTS OF JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Election of 1828: Rise of

Popular

Political

Culture 1st mass campaigning 1st “mud-slinging” campaigns 1st political rallies & barbeques **large-scale participation of the average American in politics

Born to a poor farming family, Jackson’s political

campaign reflected his background and belief in the

“Common Man”- a chief characteristic of

Jacksonian Democracy…

Expanded Voting Rights/ “White Male Suffrage” Property qualifications were dropped, allowing ALL adult white

males to vote- not just landowners

Increased

Political Participation

Stronger Presidency/ Weaker Congress By ignoring Supreme Court decisions & using the presidential veto, Jackson expanded the power of

the presidency/executive branch

Spoils System Politicians giving government jobs to their supporters

Manifest Destiny/Westward Expansion As seen by his Indian Removal policies

Key Events of the Jackson Administration

Bank of

the U.S.

Jackson believed the B.U.S was unconstitutional b/c it would favor the wealthy elite at the expense of the common man. So he set out to destroy it…

He VETOED the Bank’s charter He pulled federal money out of the B.U.S. and put it

in small state “pet” banks His actions against the BUS would lead to the financial PANIC of 1837

Indian

Removal

Act

In the Supreme Court Case Worcester v. Georgia, the court said neither GA nor the Fed could force the Cherokees off their land…Jackson IGNORED THE COURT & ordered the forced removal of the Cherokee

Crisis was TEMPORARILY avoided, but it showed that the idea of

Nullification/States’ rights

was firmly entrenched in the

South and would continue to contribute to sectional tensions between North and South

Jackson backed down,

lowering the tariff as a

compromise

FORCE BILL

In response, Jackson pushed through the Force Bill that would allow him to send troops to SC to enforce the tariff THINGS GOT VERY TENSE!!!- SC threatened to

SECEDE

NULLIFICATION:

Calhoun developed his

NULLIFICATION THEORY: states had a

right to veto laws it considered

unconstitutional

The Nullification Crisis

TARIFF OF 1828

Congress passed a

new, much higher

tariff on foreign

imports to promote

U.S. industry

“TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS”

John C. Calhoun from SC called it the “Tariff of Abominations”- b/c it would help the North at the expense of the South, which had few manufacturers & depended on foreign manufactured goods