v summary of the course aarne mämmelä - oulu · order chaos creativity vtt technical research...

1

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

11.12.2009

V Summary of the CourseV Summary of the CourseAarneAarne MMäämmelmmelää

A brief summary of the course is presented using the lecture notes and the lectures themselves.


21.12.2009

OutlineOutline

• Introduction

• Doctoral studies

• Literature reviews

• Research methods: Analytical approach

• Research methods: Systems approach

• Scientific publication

• Conclusions

2


31.12.2009

IntroductionIntroduction


41.12.2009


• 20-page summary is available, including a bibliography

3


51.12.2009



61.12.2009

What is Research All About: Problem and What is Research All About: Problem and HypothesisHypothesis

• No general systematic deductive methods exist to discover hypotheses

4


71.12.2009

Phases of researchPhases of research


81.12.2009

Criteria for scienceCriteria for science

5


91.12.2009

Methodological approaches of researchMethodological approaches of research

Actors approach

Systems approach

Analytical approach


101.12.2009

Methodological Approaches

1. Analytical approach (reductive approach)

• developed in the 1600’s (Galileo, Francis Bacon, Descartes, Newton)

• bottom-up approach, a whole is the sum of its parts

• knowledge is independent of observer

• interested in cause-effect relations in deterministic phenomena and correlations in stochastic phenomena

2. Systems approach (holistic approach)

• developed in the 1950’s (Bertalanffy, Buckley, Churchman, Emery)

• top-down approach, a whole differs from the sum of its parts (synergy, emergence), environment has an important role

• knowledge is independent of observer

• interested also in producer-product relations and final causes (purposes)

3. Actors approach

• developed in the 1970’s (Silverman, earlier work by Husserl, Weber, Schutz)

• top-down approach, actor is an active, reflective, and creative human being

• interested in understanding social wholes

• knowledge exists only as a social construction and is not independent of observers

6


111.12.2009

Doctoral studiesDoctoral studies


121.12.2009

BottomBottom--Up Learning ProcessUp Learning Process

7


131.12.2009

Criteria for a doctoral thesis and papersCriteria for a doctoral thesis and papers


141.12.2009

Literature reviewsLiterature reviews

8


151.12.2009

Hierarchy of publicationsHierarchy of publications

MonographsTextbooks

reviewsReview papersTutorial papers

Original journal papers

Other original papers- conferences- symposia- workshops

Reports

High reliability, low newness

Low reliability, high newness

Encyclopedias


161.12.2009

Use of references are citationsUse of references are citations

9


171.12.2009


181.12.2009

10


191.12.2009


201.12.2009

11


211.12.2009

Research methods:Research methods:Analytical approachAnalytical approach


221.12.2009

ToscanelliToscanelli’’ss map (1474)map (1474)

12


231.12.2009

Methods of discovery: Methods of discovery: Experimental inductive methodExperimental inductive method


241.12.2009

Method of discovery:Method of discovery:ExperimentalExperimental--inductive methodinductive method

Reduction

Experiments

Problem

Model

ResultsCriteria

Deduction

Hypothesis

Experience(analogies)

13


251.12.2009

Methods of discovery: Methods of discovery: Problem of creativityProblem of creativity

Order Chaos

Creativity


261.12.2009

Method of verification: Method of verification: HypotheticoHypothetico--deductive methoddeductive method

Newton: = 0.875”Einstein: = 1.75”Measured (1973): = 1.66” ± 0.19”

Source: www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-03/6-03.htm

14


271.12.2009

Method of verification: Method of verification: HypotheticoHypothetico--deductive methoddeductive method

Correspondence with reality


281.12.2009

Deductive structure of theoriesDeductive structure of theories

Coherence or unity

15


291.12.2009

Another classification of models [Barbour74]Another classification of models [Barbour74]

1. Experimental models (physical models)

• a) Scale models (show spatial relationships), b) working models (show temporal relationships), c) analogue models (a physical system as a model for another)

2. Logical models

• Set of entities that satisfy axioms and theorems in axiomatic systems (e.g., points and lines in Euclidean geometry)

3. Mathematical models

• Symbolic representation of a physical or social system, basis for computer models, no physical similarities with the actual system(model for supply and demand, growth of population)

4. Theoretical models

• Symbolic representation of a physical system, represents also underlying structure (billiard-ball model of a gas, Bohr model of atom)


301.12.2009

Importance of modelsImportance of models

“The concept of a model is universal. A scientific claim is essentially a statement about a certain state of things. Since science is an entirely human construction, it does not have a direct connection to the reality. Science is therefore, at a general level, discovery of analogies, or selection between them.”

Kari Leppälä 30.11.2009

16


311.12.2009

Research methods:Research methods:Systems approachSystems approach


321.12.2009

Need for systems approachNeed for systems approach

• What happens to the helium balloon?

• How does a wing of an airplane work?

17


331.12.2009

Limitations of analysisLimitations of analysis


341.12.2009

Scientific publicationScientific publication

18


351.12.2009

IMRAD structureIMRAD structure

IMRAD = introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion


361.12.2009

IEEE templateIEEE template

IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Abstract1. What the author has done.2. How it was done (if it is important).3. Principal results (numerically, when possible).4. Significance of the results.

Glossary (only in reviews)I. Introduction

1. Nature of the problem.2. Background of previous work.3. Purpose and significance of the paper.4. Method by which the problem is approached.5. Organization of the paper.

II. Materials and methods (Model)III. ResultsIV. Conclusions

1. What is shown by this work and its significance. 2. Limitations and advantages. 3. Applications of the results.4. Recommendations for further work.

AcknowledgmentReferencesBiography

19


371.12.2009

ConclusionsConclusions


381.12.2009

From criteria to publicationsFrom criteria to publications

20


391.12.2009

Summary of my talkSummary of my talkuse bibliographies to improve your efficiency in literature reviews (start from books and reviews, see the introduction of original papers)

learn the terminology, write a classification (taxonomy) for the state of the art, and see historical trends

define a problem and hypotheses (use bottom-up empirical-inductive approach, make experiments early in your project)

start to outline the paper right from the beginning (there will never be “more time”), emphasize good organization, use top-down deductive approach in documents

reserve time for all phases in your project plan

Intial data collection

(literature review)

Tentative solution(hypothesis, goal)

Verification(analysis, etc.)

Publication(new knowledge)

System model(prototype)

Problem


401.12.2009

Final Word: FocusFinal Word: Focus“General Groves -- asks Oppenheimer [the leader of the Manhattan project that developed the atomic bomb] -- what it will take to get the Gadget [atomic bomb] built. “Focus,” Oppie answers, naming a critical element at every Great Group.” [W. Bennisand P. W. Biederman, Organizing Genius: The Secrets of Creative Collaboration. Addison Wesley, 1998.]

Terminology: field (kenttä), standing long jump (vauhditon pituushyppy), running long jump (vauhdillinen pituushyppy), running race (juoksukilpailu), run up (ottaavauhtia), run-up (vauhdinotto), take-off board (ponnistuslankku), take off (ponnistus), landing (alastulo)

Source of the figure: Associated Press (http://www.infoplease.com/spot/mm-beamon.html)

21


411.12.2009

ReferenceReference

• I. G. Barbour, Myths, Models, and Paradigms. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1974.

v summary of the course aarne mämmelä - oulu · order chaos creativity vtt technical research...

Documents