v 1 t 2020 i - bicol college

Volume 1 · September 2020 i

AIM AND SCOPE

The Southeast Asian Criminal Justice Research Journal publishes original manuscripts in such areas as criminal law and jurisprudence, law enforcement administration, criminalistics, crime detection and investigation, criminal sociology, and correctional administration among others; research reviews; and commentaries.

Editorial Board

Chief Executive Officer of the JournalMaria Luz T. Macasinag, DBAPresident and CEOBicol College, Daraga Albay, Philippines

Chief of the Editorial BoardDomingo C. Breva Jr., PhDProgram Chair, Master of Science in Criminal Justice Bicol College, Daraga, Albay, Philippines

Managing EditorMarry Jane Q. Adra, PhD (Cand)Dean, College of Criminal Justice EducationBicol College, Daraga, Albay, Philippines

Associate EditorsJun C. Villarmia, PhDDean, College of Criminal Justice EducationSaint Michael College of Caraga

Leo Carlo B. Rondina, PhDDean, College of Criminal Justice Education Holy Child Central Colleges

VOLUME 1 • SEPTEMBER 2020

COPYRIGHT 2020

SOUTHEAST ASIAN

RESEARCH JOURNAL

CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Southeast Asian Criminal Justice Research Journaliv

Development and Validation of Instructional Material in Polygraphy for Criminal Justice ProgramMarry Jane Q. Adra

Peace and Order Councils’ Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan: Its EffectivenessDomingo C. Breva Jr.,PhD

Adequacy of Criminology Laboratory in Bicol College: Guidelines in Developing Competencies among Students in Criminalistics SubjectsMaria Deona D. Blacer, PhD Jenlyn A. Broqueza Christian E. Madridano Jay-Anne B. Peña

Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs in Camalig, Albay, PhilippinesJingkie C. Deocareza Rodnie N. Narito Ronhel L. Llona Christian Marjalino

Status of Employability of Bachelor of Science in Criminology Graduates Saerel B. Rebusquillo Hazel T. Azupardo Catherine D. Raquid

Fire Safety Programs of BFP Personnel in Selected Communities in Daraga, AlbayRowena M. Cuevillas

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21

32

55

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 1 · September 2020 v

y heartfelt congratulations to Dr. Domingo C. Breva Jr., the Bicol College Program Chair for Master of Science in Criminal Justice with Specialization

in Criminology and Dr. Genaro V. Japos, who gave light for the realization of this research journal and also a visiting professor of the Graduate School. It is a maiden issue and it includes various topics of great significant in the field of criminal justice education. Kudos to all of you as well as to the other faculty members strengthening the research culture of the Bicol College Criminal Justice Education. May this serve as an inspiration to other departments of this institution and may this journal result to greater research productivity despite the pandemic. Kudos once again and God bless!

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Manuscripts are accepted with the understanding that the authors have not violated any ethical practice followed in preparation and publication of criminological research / manuscripts. Author/s is/are responsible for all the statements made in their work and

should be willing to defend them publicly, if challenged. Authors should prepare their manuscripts submitted to the journal exactly according to the instructions given. Manuscripts which do not follow the format and style of the journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication. Manuscripts and figures are not returned to the authors, not even upon rejection of the paper.

Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice StatementSoutheast Asian Criminal Justice Research Journal Publication Ethics and

Publication Malpractice Statement is based, in large part, on the guidelines and standards developed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The relevant duties and expectations of authors, reviewers, and editors of the journal are set out below.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF AUTHORS

By submitting a manuscript to SACJRJP the author(s) warrant that the manuscript is their own, original, collaborative work, and that it has neither been published previously nor is currently being considered for publication elsewhere. They also warrant that the sources of any ideas and/or words in the manuscript that are not their own have been properly attributed through appropriate citations and references (APA 6th Edition).

An author should not normally publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in multiple journals or publication venues. Such redundant publication is generally considered to constitute unethical publishing behavior, and if discovered may result in a manuscript under consideration being rejected, or a published article being retracted.

EDITORIAL POLICY

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Authors of manuscripts reporting on original research should present an accurate account of the work performed, accompanied by an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the manuscript. The manuscript should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and the making of fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and may be cause for rejection or retraction of a manuscript or published article.

Where the manuscript reports on commercial software, hardware, or other products, authors must include a declaration at the beginning of the manuscript in which they must either state that no conflict of interest exists or describe the nature of any potential conflict. All sources of financial support for the research should also be disclosed in the manuscript.

The author(s) of a manuscript agree that if the manuscript is accepted for publication in SACJRJP, the published article will be copyrighted using International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). This serial number allows the author(s) to retain the copyright, but also allows others to freely copy, distribute, and display the copyrighted work, and derivative works based upon it, under certain specified conditions.

Authors are responsible for obtaining written permission to include any images or artwork for which they do not hold copyright in their articles, or to adapt any such images or artwork for inclusion in their articles. The copyright holder must be made explicitly aware that the image(s) or artwork will be made freely available online as part of the article.

The authors’ names should be listed on the article in order of their contribution to the article, and all authors take responsibility for their own contributions. Only those individuals who have made a substantive contribution should be listed as authors; those whose contributions are indirect or marginal (e.g., colleagues, peer or panel member who have reviewed drafts of the work or provided proofreading assistance, and heads of research institutes/centers/labs) should be named in an “Acknowledgments” section at the end of the article, immediately preceding the Reference List. The corresponding author must ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included on the article, and that all listed co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the article and agreed to its publication.

Where an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in an article of his/hers that has been published in SACJRJP, he/she has an obligation to promptly notify the editors and cooperate with them to correct the article or retract it as appropriate.

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF REVIEWERS

SACJRJP’s reviewers perform work for the journal on a volunteer basis. Given that most of these individuals are in full-time employment, their reviewing activities for SACJRJP must, by necessity, not be their top priority. Reviewers are free to decline invitations to review particular manuscripts at their discretion, for example, if their current employment workload and/or other commitments make it prohibitive for them to complete a review in a timely fashion and to do justice to the task in the available timeframe. They should also not accept manuscript review assignments for which they feel unqualified.

Reviewers who have accepted manuscript assignments are normally expected to submit their reviews within three weeks. They should recuse themselves from the assignment if it becomes apparent to them at any stage that they do not possess the required expertise to perform the review, or that they may have a potential conflict of interest in performing the review (e.g., one resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, institutions, or companies associated with the manuscript).

Privileged information or ideas obtained by reviewers through the peer review process must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents, and must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the Managing Editor.

When conducting their reviews, reviewers are asked to do so as objectively as possible, refraining from engaging in personal criticism of the author(s). They are encouraged to express their views clearly, explaining and justifying all recommendations made. They should always attempt to provide detailed and constructive feedback to assist the author(s) in improving their work, even if the manuscript is, in their opinion, not publishable.

Reviewers should identify in their reviews relevant published work that has not been cited by the author(s), together with any instances in which proper attribution of sources has not been provided. They should call to the responsible editor’s attention any major resemblances between a manuscript under consideration and other published articles or papers of which they are aware, as well as any concerns they might have in relation to the ethical acceptability of the research reported in the manuscript.

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF EDITORS

The Editor has ultimate responsibility for deciding if a manuscript submitted to journal should be published, and in doing so is guided by the journal’s policies as determined by the editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism. The Editor may consult with the Managing Editor and other members of the editorial team, as well as with reviewers, in making publication decisions.

The editors will evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to the race, color, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s). They will not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate. Additionally, the editors will make every effort to ensure the integrity of the blind review process by not revealing the identity of the author(s) of a manuscript to the reviewers of that manuscript, and vice versa.

When evaluating a manuscript for publication, in addition to considering standard criteria pertaining to the rigor of the manuscript, the quality of its presentation, and its contribution to humanity’s stock of knowledge, the editors will also seek evidence that ethical harms have been minimized in the conduct of the reported research. They will question whether the benefits outweigh the harms in the particular study’s case. Since journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts from any region or country, it is necessary to recognize that laws and regulations regarding research ethics and ethical approval vary. As such, the editors may need to seek clarification in this regard with the author(s) and request that they supply a letter from the relevant institutional ethics committee or board that approved the research.

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All journal contributors are required to follow the prescribed journal format set by the Office of the Research Director. Each element in the entire manuscript is presented in detail to ensure that the authors can fully follow the procedure from manuscript preparation down to its final revision.

Initial Submission

Articles (in Word format) should be submitted to office of the Chief of the Editorial Board of the CCJE for initial evaluation. After the first assessment and 1st Technology-Based Quality Assurance (Grammarly Test, Plagiarism Test, Readability Test and Reference-Checking), the editorial office shall inform the author whether his paper has been accepted or rejected for publication in accordance to the qualifying standards set by Office of the Research Director of the Institution.

Qualifying Standards for Electronic Submission

A full manuscript should pass the following criteria:

Criterion 1: Scope, Newness and Relevance/Applicability to International Community – 45%

• The scope (extent of what one intends to cover) of the study is wide-ranging.

• The aspects of the paper such as, but not limited to, methods and results are seemingly new.

• The entire paper is interesting to read by other nations.• The research results have international character and applicability.• The quality of academic writing reflects the nature and nuances of the

discipline.• The quality of academic writing is graduate level.

AUTHOR GUIDELINES

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Criterion 2: Results of Plagiarism, Grammar and Readability Check – 20%• The manuscript obtains the minimum result: plagiarism detection – 95%;

grammar check – 90%.

Criterion 3: Quality of References – 20%• Sources (journals, books, and other references) are traceable online

unless otherwise a justification is made.• Journals are internationally refereed and indexed.• Journals are not listed in Beall’s list of stand-alone journals and predatory

publishers.• Articles on Wikipedia and gray literature (non-scientific sources) is

strictly prohibited.• Scientific sources cited were published preferably in 10 Years back unless

otherwise a justification is given.

Criterion 4: Completeness of Parts – 15%• Each part of the manuscript contains appropriate and sufficient

substance.• The paper demonstrates the following parts:

1. HEADING Title Name of the Author(s) ORCID No. Email Address Affiliation Address2. ABSTRACT3. KEYWORDS4. INTRODUCTION5. FRAMEWORK6. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY7. MATERIALS AND METHODS (for experimental researches)

METHODOLOGY (for non-experimental researches)8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION9. CONCLUSIONS10. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS12. LITERATURE CITED

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Manuscript Formatting Guide

TITLE• Boldface• Times New Roman Font Style• Size 12• 12-15 characters• Title by result (preferably)• Catchy, interesting, relevant to international audience• Language universally understandable• Set the first letter of each key word in uppercase

For example,

Title by Scope: Categorizing Communication Strategies in the Oral Expositions of Tourism Management Students (X)

Title by Result: Fillers, Mime and Self-Repetitions as MostFrequently Used Communication Strategies in Oral Expositions (√)

HEADING• Name of Author/s (First name, Middle Initial, Last Name)• Boldface• Sentence case• ORCID No. (Register to orcid.org to obtain your orcid no.)• Gmail address or webmail address (It is a policy of PAIR pursuant to our

ISO standards that no contributors shall use yahoomail)• Affiliation (Institution or Organization)• Address (City, Country e.g. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines)• Times New Roman Font Style• Size 12• Center Text

For example,

Domingo C. Breva Jr.https://orcid.org/[email protected] Bicol College, Daraga, Albay, Philippines

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ABSTRACT• Should contain 190 (minimum)- 210 (maximum) words• The Abstract must contain five parts written in one paragraph:

Introduction to the topic, chief purpose/objective, method, results, and conclusion.

• Times New Roman Font Style• Size 12• Justify Text

For example,

The van Hiele levels of thinking has five reasoning levels, namely, holistic, analytic, abstract, deductive, and rigorous. This study aimed to determine the effects of spatial activities to the students’ van Hiele Levels of thinking. It evaluated the van Hiele levels of geometrical reasoning taking into account the van Hiele level they reflected and their mathematical accuracy after exposure to spatial activities. Pretest-posttest design was used in this study. Sixty third-year high school students from five sections were the subjects with 30 students each in the control and experimental groups. The results revealed that only Level 1 in the post-test was significant. As to the type of reply, the post-test results showed that the control group acquired low acquisition to high acquisition in each level while the experimental group had low acquisition to complete acquisition in each level. Only Level 2 in the control group and Levels 3 and 4 in the experimental group could predict Mathematics grade. The control group had weaker reasoning capabilities in answering geometry problems; while the experimental group increased their level of reasoning, and thus, were able to answer geometry problems. This study concludes that the exposure to spatial activities would enhance the levels of reasoning of the third-year students in the study of geometry.

KEYWORDS• Indicate the discipline of the study, concepts studied, research design/

process and setting of the study (city and country) as keywords.• Set keywords in sentence case.

For example,

Keywords — Crime, crime prevention, descriptive design, Daraga Albay, Philippines

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INTRODUCTION

The Introduction should contain:

First Section• Global situational analysis of the problem supported by the literature

from different continents

Second Section• Regional situational analysis supported by literature from the region

of the study. Researchers from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) such as Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,

• Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam must include literature from these countries to capture the ASEAN perspective in the study.

Third Section• Gap in the literature that the study intends to address• Differentness of the study from other previous studies• Compelling reasons of the writer for choosing the problem

FRAMEWORK• (Optional for experimental researches)• It should contain basic explication of the meaning of the variables of the

study.• Present the framework in either schematic or textual form merging the

theories discussed in which the study was anchored.• Remove diagram unless very essential.• No framework is required (for experimental study).

OBJECTIVES• State the OBJECTIVES of the study in paragraph form.• Use objectives that show what the researcher shall do with the data and

not words to indicate what the researcher intends to do as a research process.

• Write the objectives in paragraph form setting one from the others by a number in close parenthesis.

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METHODOLOGY

For Pure Sciences:

MATERIALS AND METHODSResearch DesignResearch SiteParticipantsInstrumentation

• Construction, try-out, reliability and validity

Research Ethics Protocol• Informed consent• Clearance from the Ethics Review Board• Gratuitous permit from a government agency for floral and faunal studies• Permit from the head of the indigenous peoples of the research sites• Representative of animal welfare society for clinical studies involving

animals

Data Collection Statistical Techniques

• No formulae needed

For Social Sciences:

METHODOLOGYResearch DesignResearch SiteParticipantsInstrumentation

• Construction, Try-out, Reliability and Validity

Research Ethics Protocol• Informed consent• Clearance from the Ethics Review Board Data Collection• Statistical Techniques

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION• Sometimes termed DISCUSSION only for theoretical papers• Answers to objectives• Highlight salient findings of the study supported by literature.• Use keywords from objectives as side-head of the Results and Discussion.• Intercontinental support of the data (in-text citation)• Summary tables and significant results• Validation of the theory used (integrated)• Provide a critique on the methods and theories used in the last paragraph.

Important notes:• Do not include the links in the body, use names of authors and/or

agencies instead• Do not present the same data in both a Table and Figure - this is

considered redundant and a waste of space and energy.• Decide which format best shows the result and go with it.• Do not report raw data values when they can be summarized as means,

precents, etc.

CONCLUSIONS• In paragraph form, not broken down• Highlight new discovery (if any) that you obtained only after completing

the study, something (not found in the literature) which contributes to new knowledge.

• This section supports or negates previous conclusions, validates theory used and/or generates new theory.

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH• Paragraph form, not broken down• This part describes the various forms of popular and innovative media

that translate scientific information into ways that can be understood by users of the research.

• This includes but not limited to: policy, programs, action plan etc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS• (Optional)• Limited to funders of the research• Acknowledge service agencies that funded the study (required).• Sources of data mined, e.g. WHO, UNESCO

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REFERENCES

No. of literatures cited:• At least five from each continent

Quality:• Use recent published sources from an online journal (at least five (5)

years back unless otherwise a justification is given.

Order:• Arrange in alphabetical order.

Inclusion:• Include all the names of authors which are cited in the body of your

paper.

Spacing:• Double space in between referenced literature items; single space in

between lines of each literature cited.

Referencing Styles:• All references used in the manuscript should be traceable online. (Direct

Object Identifier or DOI)• Authors are cautioned from using gray literature (any work that is NOT

scientifically peer reviewed and published in internationally indexed research journals). Unpublished Research, Thesis, Dissertation and the like are prohibited.

• Prefer references which have earned citations already.• Use the latest APA or American Psychological Association or APA Style of

citation and Referencing only.• Include those works cited in the text. Each entry should contain all

information necessary or unambiguous identification of the published work. Literature must be traceable online from peer-reviewed, indexed, cross-referenced journals in reputable databases.

For example,

Bei, G. X. (2012). Effects of Immediate Repetition in L2 Speaking Tasks: A Focused Study. English Language Teaching, London, UK.

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NOTE: Do not label this section “Bibliography”. A bibliography contains references that you may have read but have not specifically cited in the text. Bibliography sections are found in books and other literary writing, but not scientific journal-style papers.

ADVISORY FOR LITERATURE CITED

1. Traceability refers to the verification by independent parties of the original references using online technology through direct access to the website as point of source.

2. When the literature cited is copied and searched in the google scholar, the original source comes out either as full paper or abstract. The verifier can check if the source is scientific or grey literature, if the interpretation as written is true to the original intent, if the ideas used were accurately taken, if the writer copy pasted the portion in the original material, and if the writer plagiarized the source.

3. The URL of the online article as reference must be copied and pasted in the end part of the reference with the words “retrieved on (date) from (copy the URL)”. Without the URL the reference is understood as print only and hence has inherent problem of poor traceability.

4. When the URL link is dead, the reference must be replaced.5. Most URLs are long and cumbersome to attach and read. This must be

shortened by copying and searching for the URL short version in goo.gl. Upon searching there for the short version, the computer asks you to enter a number combination that is given in a box and entering it into a designated box. The short version comes out and you will now replace the long version with it.

6. In text citations can use et al when there are more than five authors. But in the reference list, all authors must be listed since et al is never allowed. This is because all authors need to earn the citation counts of their paper. Citation count cannot happen when other authors are omitted because they are listed after the first author.

7. Print sources are accepted only when there are justifications made why there are no online version, such as original documents which cannot be published for reason of confidentiality of content, the original material has no online version yet, among other explanations. In which case, a scanned copy if available should be attached to the article for validation during the peer review process.

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8. Missing info happens during the documentation of the reference. To avoid this problem, the reference in the google scholar has three versions, MLA, APA, CMS, you copy the version you choose after you click CITE in the lower right portion of the reference title. Then, click the title to direct you to the original source. Copy the URL as in #3 and find the short version as in # 5.

9. Alphabetize the references. Do not segregate as books, periodicals, among others.

10. Examine the final list if these references have intercontinental representation. This is to avoid a limited point of view. Since journals have global readership, references from various continents give a balanced view and a global perspective to the article regardless of scope.

11. Search in the web what constitutes grey literature and check your references for it. Replace grey literature.

12. Most importantly, obtain soft copies of all your references and test them for plagiarism content using plagiarism detector software. Check the portion you are using if it is not plagiarized. Plagiarism is genetically transferred from one source to another and is not removed by mere attribution of source. Replace sources with high plagiarism content. Using a table, summarize plagiarism test results for all references implementing a standard of 90 percent originality and less than 5 percent of plagiarism.

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Volume 1 · September 2020 1

Southeast Asian Criminal Justice Research JournalVolume 1 • September 2020

Development and Validation of Instructional Material in Polygraphy

for Criminal Justice ProgramMARRY JANE Q. ADRA, MSCrim

[email protected]://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-0008

Bicol CollegeDaraga, Albay, Philippines

ABSTRACT

Academic performance is very important in every student and instructional materials are the materials needed for them to acquire the accurate knowledge. This study used the learning style theory that explains there are distinct learning styles that students use to learn faster and have better academic performance. This study aims to assess the evaluation of instructional materials by law enforcer and faculty wherein the suitability, feasibility, and acceptability is tested. Descriptive – evaluative method was used in this study and used questionnaire to gather data. This research study reveals how important the instructional materials for both teacher and students because using this, the students learn new lessons by the activities given by them that is aligned to the objectives of the lesson. They have updated information derived from the internet being printed in the revised instructional materials that made it very accurate in terms of giving information to the students, feasibility on the facts to be read and learn by the students, and it is suitable for the students who still study on their house for their review for the upcoming examination. This research study will help the future researcher on how to make an accurate and suitable revised module to be made by the teacher for the students learn more about the subjects that they are teaching.

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Keywords - Criminology, Polygraphy, Instructional Material, Development, Validation and Education

INTRODUCTION

Education is a concern impressed with public interest. It is a matter of State policy, a policy enshrined in the constitution, to protect the rights of all citizens to be qualify and promote education at all levels. It shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all citizens of the Philippines. The constitution mandates that every citizen has the rights to select a profession and academic freedom, the character, decrees that it should be enjoyed in all institution of higher learning. It calls upon the government to exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all educational institutions.

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) established by virtue of Republic Act 7722 also known as the Higher Education Act of 1994 provides that the commission is responsible for the operations of the tertiary education institution both public and private along the policy formulations, plans, and programs recommendation. This statement is clearly supported to the concept, “As the key player in the educational integral formation of professionally competent, service – oriented, principled and productive citizen through its tri – fold of teaching, research and extension services and becomes the prime mover of the nation’s socio economic and sustainable development”.

The poor performance of higher education institutions which is particularly in the board examination, as well as mismatch between manpower supply and demand, institution of the higher learnings has produced more graduates than the economy can absorb. It aggregates the output of the graduates in much greater than market needs thereby resulting in the employability of graduates and the inadequacy of the instructional materials in classrooms have been intensified. The trend will continue unless some measures are adopted for effecting learning in transmitting the input through effective supplementary instructional materials. As much CHED in partnership with the HEIs have forged their efforts to come up with better alternatives to address the realities.

These are manifested through the following initiatives: The tertiary institutions have modified their curricula to suit the needs of their services areas. The institutions strengthen their respective areas of specialization through developing the managerial capability of professionals in the various fields through strong research on their areas. Higher education institutions have been adopted a scheme of accreditation to upgrade the qualities of program offering. The quality assurance mechanism has been developed to improve a


various program cluster.The failure of the education sector to modernize was evident in the

past because of the absence of some basic services, facilities and equipment which are indispensable in maximizing the advancement of technological development. Faced with these challenges, HEIs must take a strong stand to counter these shortcomings of the best interest of their graduates.

In support to the advocacy, CHED Memorandum Order No. 21, s. 2005 was set to establish the standard Policies and Guidelines for Criminal Justice Education for Criminology Programs. The Primordial focus for order was for the qualities of education and instructions.

Despite such order from the governing agency there is pervading problem regarding instructional delivery that enhances learning especially of Criminology students and graduates. One mode that may be used to address this problem is a teacher – made instructional material since this technique will exactly address students’ weaknesses. The knowledge and skills that will be developed should be at the level of the learners.

Modular instruction preparation is by itself scientific, by following several guidelines in the preparation, organization, logical sequencing, giving appropriate guidelines, constructions pre-test and posttests including other elements in the module. Thus, any faculty member thus who will construct his own module for every subject that he teaches is in no way an effective teacher.

To cope with the current instructional diversity and student learning behavior in Criminology, modular instruction may be of great advantage to close that gap between these factors. During social and technological changes in the various fields of knowledge, the teachers can no longer attempt to be the headmaster or sole information – giving instruments so that the students learn the lesson well in the classroom. The teachers can no longer keep the paces with the expanding world of information which is larger and more diverse.

The modular approach to teaching provides close instruction between the learner and the subject matter wherein the learner is called upon to respond frequently in the interaction with an instructional program and the rate which instruction proceeds is governed individually by each learner’s response. Printed instructional materials such as teacher – made ones are likely to provide conditions whereby the exercise of individual learner’s initiative can lead to effective learning. A module, as a self-contained unit, offers variety and adaptability to the instruction process. It can be used by individual or small groups of learners in a variety of situation. It incorporates multimedia learning experiences so the learners can see or hear about the concept they’re studying.


Instructional materials are very important tools in teaching-learning process. The teacher as facilitator of learning must be equipped with instructional material for effective and efficient teaching-learning process. Yet, many of those teachers have no background information in preparing materials for this purpose. At this point, the researcher would like to make a module as an aided instructional material that can be contributed to enhance or improve the learning of the students.

Faculty members in higher education are involved in many instructional design activities without formal training in learning theories and science of instruction. Learning theories provide the foundation for the selection of instructional strategies and allow for reliable prediction of their effectiveness. To achieve effective learning outcomes, the science of instruction and instructional design models are used to guide the development of instructional design strategies that elicit appropriate cognitive processes.

Evidence shows that instructional materials have large effect on student learning. However, little research exists on the effectiveness of most instructional materials, and very little systematic information has been collected on which materials are being used in which schools. The highlights of study of Chingos and Whitehurst (2012) are the following: (1) State education agencies should collect data from districts on instructional materials use in their schools; (2) The federal government’s National Center for Education Statistics should aid states in this effort by developing data collection templates for them to use through its Common Education Data Standards (CEDS), and providing guidance on how states can use and share data on instructional materials; (3) Organizations with an interest in education reform should support this effort; (4) The Data Quality Campaign (DQC) should use of instructional materials and support them in their efforts to gather these data; and (5) Philanthropic organizations such as Bill and Mill Gates Foundation and the Lumina Foundation for Education could have a major impact by providing the start-up funding needed to collect data on instructional materials.

The study of Lidon Lashley (2019) is focus on the impact of effective curricula instructional materials on curriculum delivery. Teachers stated that they produced at least 90% of the curricula instructional material they use in mainstream classroom. They indicated that sometimes they have to self-fund the raw materials needed to produce the instructional materials necessary for effective curriculum delivery in mainstream schools. Teachers are expected to do this without either allotted planning or preparation time and the production of instructional materials done independently with a little support from senior leaders. This is sometimes neither adequate nor cater to the adverse needs of


all learners especially learners with Special Education Needs and Disabilities. The study of Lucell Larawan (2013) is to determine the acceptability

of teacher-designed programmed modules in Production Management for classroom learning using the evaluations of expert jurors and student-users. The modules use the critical elements of mastery learning and proven effective teaching practices. After the researcher has developed them, students are given an orientation about the learning intervention which they have evaluated after using. The results reveal that modules are generally very satisfactory in terms of physical aspects, objectives, instructions, learning, and evaluative instrument. This points out that modules are acceptable as learning intervention and evaluation paves the way to develop a self-learning kit suited to the idiosyncrasies of unique learners.

The use of e-learning is becoming the global issue now. In an educational field, there are many institutions already use it. This study is very important aim is to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the development of instructional materials in e-learning based on the blended learning in audio/radio media development course. The model of blended learning instructional material sfor the development of audio/radio media course that have been developed could be the solution of the research question stated that blended learning models of instructional materials that have been evolved are practical for use in learning instructional activity.

Teaching materials is one of the learning tools that become an important factor in influencing the success of learning especially in college. To improve the quality of learning needs and improve the quality of learning tools , there is need to use of instructional materials in order to facilitate students understanding to materials including chemistry learning materials. The feasibility of molecular materials was analyzed based on content feasibility data, language feasibility, feasibility of presentation, and feasibility of arrangement.

In order to fulfill the educational goals and objectives of the school system, the board strives to provide instructional materials that will enrich and support the curriculum and enhance student learning. Instructional materials should be representative of the rich diversity of our nation and appropriate for the maturity levels and abilities of the students. Instructional materials constitute all materials, whether print, non-print, digital or any combination thereof, used in the instructional program. For purposes of this policy, instructional materials will be divided into two categories namely textbooks and supplementary materials.

Since the emergence of polygraphy as a field practice in the first half of 20th Century the discipline has been beset with internal debates over which


methodologies were the best. Polygraph practitioners became the pioneers who would chart the course for the profession. All legacy techniques have components that have been borne out in research; nearly all of them included erroneous elements that are product of bias, self-interest, and often naivete and summarize 20 separate polygraph principles based on published research that transcend any particular polygraph technique. Awareness of these principles may be beneficial to professional examiners sorting through the claims of polygraph authorities, and help in the selection and execution of their polygraph practices.

According to Jualim D. Vela study entitled “Primary Science Teaching Bicolano Students: In Bicol, English or Filipino?”, his study aim to determine the effects of using the local and mother languages on primary students’ academic performance in science, which is officially thought in English, and the two local languages Filipino, the national and official language, and Bicol, the mother language of the respondents-science lessons were developed and administered to three randomly grouped students. The results revealed that the Bicol speaking students prefer the Filipino language during class discussions, recitations, in following the teacher’s instruction during science related classroom activities, and in doing their homework.

The output of this study will be going to help improve the process of teaching in the classroom and to lighten the work of every teacher. With the production of quality instructional materials, it is expected that the institution will produce productive and competitive graduates. Effective and efficient instructional materials will enhance the teaching-learning process. This will lead to good service and excellent performance of the graduates thus the community will become competitive and progressive one.

This research study used the combination of Instructional Theory and Learning Theory wherein the study show how learning takes place and how to better help the people learn. The Learning Theory have three theoretical stances to influence the learners namely behaviorism which means learning as response acquisition, cognitivism which means learning as knowledge acquisition, and constructivism which means learning as knowledge construction. The Instructional Theory helps to create conditions to increase the probability of learning and goals to understand the instructional system then improve the process of instruction.

The Instructional Theory and Learning Theory help the researcher to evaluate the instructional materials to be use to the future learners in polygraphy. These theories help to get the interpretation of the significant agreement of faculty and law enforcer based on the data questionnaire gathered. The two


theories are the factors to be considered in making instructional materials to prove the validity of suitability, feasibility, and acceptability of Revised Instructional Materials. This will serve as guide and factors to be considered to have an accurate, efficient, and appropriate module for learners to have a better academic performance in school.

The rationale for the module concept of teaching has a sound basis in the learning theory. Modules consider individual learning styles, are flexible to meet variable learning needs, and place maximum responsibility on the learner. Thus, reinforcing the theory of learning by doing is applied.

Explanation of learning activities designed to help the individual achieve what is being expected of him. The rationale of the topics contained on the work text, followed by its topical contents. The standards that each student must meet in order to master the learning expected of him through a series by searching questions that determine the knowledge and ideas retained from the students. As a result, the module contains the following parts: Objectives; Activity/Materials; Concept; Topic; Study; and Guides.

This study, therefore, aimed to assess validity of the proposed instructional material in Polygraphy. It is expected to come up with a module as an aided instruction in Polygraphy to enhance the students learning. The study is all about the development and validation of the proposed instructional material in Polygraphy as the output of the study. The specific areas of the study focused on how the proposed instructional material was evaluated in terms of objectives, contents, activity, and style of presentation, creativity of the insights, organization, and the evaluative measures used. Likewise, the significant difference of the two groups of respondents as to the seven variables incorporated in this study was also determined. Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability of the proposed instructional material was determined to help the researcher come up with modules that are used to enhance the teaching learning process.

Likewise, the study focused on the development and validation of the proposed instructional material in Polygraphy involving the practitioners/ administrators and Criminology instructors as respondents of the study. First, the proposed instructional material was evaluated by the practitioners/administrators and criminology instructors in terms of objectives, contents, activities, style of presentations, organizations, and creativity. The instructional material was further evaluated in term of suitability, feasibility, and acceptability. Then, some of the actions that based on the results of the evaluation maybe undertaken to improve the proposed material. Finally, the validated instructional material can be recommended as textbook in Polygraphy.


METHODOLOGY

This research study used the descriptive – evaluative method using the questionnaire that was prepared by the researcher herself as the main tool. It is descriptive because it focuses on the present condition to find the truth. Likewise, it is descriptive-evaluative because it appraises carefully the worthiness of the present study. According to Good and Scates, descriptive research purports to present facts concerning the nature and status of anything. It is descriptive because it aimed to describe condition, as it existed at the time of this study. It involved the collection of data to answer questions concerning the current status of subjects of the study.

Education as the right of citizen of Philippines and CHED (Commission on Higher Education) is established by virtue of Republic Act 7722 (Higher Education Act of 1994) provides that the commission is responsible for the tertiary education on both public and private school. The poor performance of higher education institutions is alarming that it causes mismatch between manpower supply and demand on economy that’s why there is an adoption of supplementary instructional materials to have an effective learning on learners. The institutions strengthen their respective areas of specialization through developing managerial capability of professionals in the various fields through strong research on their areas.

Because of the absence of basic services, facilities, and equipment are the reasons why there is failure on the past education of the graduates of every school. CHED Memorandum Order No. 21, s. 2005 was established to have the Standard Policies and Guidelines for Criminal Justice Education for Criminology Programs. Teacher-made instructional materials are used to address student’s weaknesses wherein the knowledge and skills that will be developed should be at the level of learners. The modular instruction preparation is scientific itself that it follows many guidelines which is aligned to the objectives.

The instructional diversity and student learning behavior have modular instruction that may be a great advantage to close their gap. Instructional materials are very important tools in teaching-learning process that the teacher as facilitator of learning must be equipped with instructional material for effective and efficient teaching-learning process. The module is a self-contained unit that offers variety and adaptability of the learners to the instruction process.

Chingos and Whitehurst (2012) study that there is evidence shows that instructional materials have large effect on student learning and education have major impact by providing the start-up funding needed to collect data on


instructional materials. Lucell Larawan (2013) study is about the acceptability of teacher-designed programme modules which is used to critic elements of mastery learning and prove the effective teaching practices. Vela (2015) study on the language used by Bicolano was aiming to determine the effects of using local and mother languages on primary students’ academic performance. The study reveals that the Bicolano students prefer Filipino language during classroom activities and recitation for them to have better understanding of learnings.

Khalil and Elkhider (2016) study reveal that to achieve effective learning outcomes, the science of instruction and instructional design models are used to guide the development of instructional design strategies that elicit appropriate cognitive process. Mustaji and Mariono (2017) study is about the test of feasibility and effectiveness of development of instructional materials in E-learning based on the blended learning.Siregar, Yusuf, and Silaban (2018) study is about feasibility of molecular materials that was analyzed based on content feasibility data, language feasibility, feasibility of presentation, and feasibility arrangement. Lidon Lashley (2019) study is focus on the impact of effective curricula instructional materials on curriculum delivery.

Since the emergence of polygraphy as a field practice in the 20th Century, the polygraph practitioner became the pioneers who would chart the course for the profession. Awareness of polygraph practitioner on the principles used help them in their practices of profession. In order to fulfill the educational goals and objectives of the school systems, the board strives to provide instructional materials that will enrich, support the curriculum, and to enhance students learning.

The identification of the type of literature review conducted by the researcher is a combination of chronological and thematic literature review because the discussion on the literature given was describing the work of succession of education starting with the earliest information which is constitution wherein the law of the land gives opportunity for every citizen of the Philippines to have equal rights in terms of their own education. The literature had the memorandum with the date that is made and it becomes thematic literature review because the author organizes and discusses existing literature based on themes or theoretical concepts information about this research study. The discussion made was complete with theoretical information, memorandum, and the progress made by the Department of Education to have a better-quality education to be learned by the students.

The present study described and evaluated the development and validation of the instructional material in Polygraphy for Criminal Justice


program. Evaluative because it evaluated the validity of instructional materials in terms of its objective, content, activities, style of presentations, organization, creativity as to insight, and evaluative measures. The perception of the respondents was also analyzed and interpreted.

Data gathered were utilized as significant tool to determine how suitable, feasible and acceptable the validated instructional materials in Polygraphy is evaluated by the faculty. It’s expected that the result of this study will be of great significant to those agencies concern particularly those institutions offering the criminology program. It is with great expectation that somehow the result will be significant to the teaching-learning.

The primary sources of data in the study were the responses of the Criminology teachers and the law enforcers. Secondary sources were taken from magazines, books, journals, and internet. The questionnaires were prepared by the researcher herself with the adviser’s help. Comments from friends with knowledge on the preparation of instructional materials were also solicited. The Likert scale was utilized to determine the suitability, feasibility and acceptability of the module prepared by the researcher. Five-point scale was adopted of which 5 being the highest. Each point have an interpretation of: 5- Highly agree (HA); 4- Agree (A); 3- Moderately agree (MA) ; 2 – Disagree (D); and 1 – Highly disagree (HD), the range that was used were: 4.20 – 5.00 highly agree; 3.40 – 4.19 –agree; 2.60 – 3.39 – moderately agree; 1.80 – 2.59 disagree; and 1.00 – 1.79 highly disagree.

The questionnaire was composed of two parts which was expected to provide the base line data. Part 1- includes the evaluation of the instructional materials as to objective, content, activities, style of presentation, organization, creativity, and evaluation measure. Part 2- this involves the questionnaire that will answer the suitability, feasibility, and acceptability of the proposed instructional materials. The researcher’s prepared questionnaire was submitted to the panel members for comments and suggestions and recommendations. Modification and revision were made based from the suggestions of the panel experts. In the preparation of this instructional material, the researcher adopted the Systematic Curriculum Alignment Watch (SCAW) system, the teacher – flow model of UNESCO, a learning work text framework that satisfies the levels of learning domains such as: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor. At the end, the work text was composed of list of competencies that a student and teacher should have at the end of the Work text lesson.

These following statistical tools were used to validate and make reliable analysis and interpretation. Frequency count was applied to tally the data received from the respondents; percentage was used to show the percentage


of the two groups of respondents and weighted mean was employed to determine the result of perceptions of the respondents in the evaluation of the instructional materials and the suitability, feasibility and acceptability of the prepared module. The coefficient of concordance was used to determine the significant difference of the result.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Summary on the Evaluation of Respondents on the Revised Instructional Materials in Polygraphy

IndicatorsLaw Enforcer Faculty

Average InterpretationWM I WM I

1. objectives2. contents3. activities4. style of presentation5. organization6. creativity as to the insights7. evaluative measures

3.372.932.733.193.433.433.04

MAMAMAMAAAMA

3.473.013.012.993.573.413.72

AMAMAMAAAA

3.422.972.873.093.503.423.38

AMAMAMAAAMA

WM 3.16 MA 3.31 MA 3.24 MA

Legend:5 4.20 – 5.00 Highly Agree (HA)4 3.40 – 4.19 Agree (A)3 2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Agree (MA)2 1.80 – 2.59 Disagree (D)

1 1.00 – 1.79 Highly Disagree (HD)

Faculty members Moderately Agree (MA) on the Evaluation of Respondents on the Revised Instructional Materials in Polygraphy with an Average of 3.16 while 85 law enforcers Moderately Agree (MA) with an average of 3.31. Meaning, the two (2) groups of respondents Moderately Agree (MA) on the Evaluation of Respondents on the Revised Instructional Materials in Polygraphy with an Average of 3.24. This could be implied that along objectives the average is 3.42 which is rated moderately agree. How can be objectives, contents, activities, style of presentations, creativity of insights, organizations and evaluations presented can still be enhanced. The writer must be familiar how these are presented.

The study of Macadatar and S.Z. Ali (2018) result about instructional materials is the same just like this research wherein the overall evaluation verdict is moderately agreed. The researchers conclude that something must still be lacking and the materials are not irreproachable or perfect. They can


make stand more refinement and enrichment on instructional materials so that the level of knowledge is at level of the learners.

The study of Atienza,Buenaventura, Faner, Garcia, and Roxas (2016) is connected to this research wherein their study reveals that most of the private and public teachers inclined to used traditional method of teaching instead they believe that instructional materials are effective upon techniques and procedures. They recommend that teachers must engage in using technology-based materials aside from traditional type of materials like pictures to improve the effectiveness of instructional materials as well as promote, enhance, and develop globally competitive learners. While this research is about the Revised Instructional Materials in Polygraphy wherein there are guides and better presentation of instructional materials to be used by the criminology students.

This study used the weighted mean to rate and interpret the data collected using Likert’s Scale. The data gathering of this table also used tally method to get the accurate result of the data. When the data is interpreted the researcher will relate the result to the theory and objectives of the study. The respondents of this research study are law enforcer and faculty which limit the data gathered by the proper people who knew what an instructional material must be made.

This portion determines the perceptions of the two groups of respondents regarding the Development and Validation of Instructional Material in Polygraphy in the province of Albay. This serves also to validate the responses and determine whether the relationship is significant or not. The researcher used of the Kendall’s coefficient of Concordance (W) and T-test was used to test the significance.

Table 2. Perception of the two groups of respondents along the Revised Instructional Materials in Polygraphy


X X²WM R WM R

1. Objectives2. Contents3. Activities4. Style of presentation5. Organization6. Creativity as to insights7. Evaluative measures

3.372.932.733.193.433.433.04

3674

1.51.55

3.473.013.012.993.573.413.72

35.55.57241

611.512.5113.55.56

36132.25156.25

12112.2530.25

36

ΣX² = 524

Level of significance: α = 0.05; tabular t = 2.92; computed t = 1.89


Table 2 presents the seven (7) indicators with their obtained weighted mean as rated by the Law Enforcers and the Faculty Members. The ratings given by the respondents were arranged according to their ranking or placement to get the sum of rank (Σx). Then, the sum of rank of each indicator was multiplied by itself obtaining the squared sum of rank which was placed under Σx². The summation arrived at 524. Hence, the computed W is 0.25 using the t-test for its significance, it arrived at the computed t of 1.89.

The computed value is found out lower than the accepted value, thus there is no significant differences among the group of respondent perceptions. The null hypothesis is said to be rejected. Evaluation of respondents on the revised and validated Instructional materials in Polygraphy includes 1. Suitability; 2. Feasibility; and 3. Acceptability on the learners. The research respondents were asked to rate on how they perceived using the five-point Likert scale.

The study of Khalil and Elkhider (2016) connects to this study wherein it shows that to achieve effective learning outcomes, the science of instruction and instructional design models are used to guide the development of instructional design strategies that elicit appropriate cognitive process. This research used the suitability, feasibility, and acceptability of instructional materials on the learners while Khalil and Elkhider use science of instruction and design models to have a better module for learners at their level. The study of Bukoye (2019) related to this study in terms of all heads of schools and teachers must have seminars and workshops on the importance and good utilization of instructional materials. This imply that there must be a massive training on teachers and appropriate guidelines in making instructional materials for learners to have interest on it and enhance the skills and knowledge they possessed.

This research study used the weighted mean to get the data status in percentage. Then, they rate it according to the results get by weighted mean. The researcher also used t-test to get the significance of the study. The research study respondents were limits only to the respondents (law enforcer and faculty). The results of their answer will be the bases of the used of instructional materials according to their opinions.


Table 3.a. Degree of suitability of instructional materials as perceived by the respondents

IndicatorsLaw En-forcer

FacultyAverage

Interpre-tation

WM I WM I

1. The Instructional Material considered policy guidance of the importance. The Instructional Material is suitable for operational/administrative.

2. Practices, procedures and system of the institute.

3. The Instructional Material is suitable, in accordance with the visions, missions, goals and objectives of the college/University. 4. The Instructional Material provides reasonable preparatory time to enable the college/university to make necessary adjustments for adoption and implementation.

5. The objectives and goals of the Instructional Material is Suitable since it can be achieved in reasonable time frame.

3.66

3.57

3.53

3.63

3.82

S

S

S

S

S

3.52

3.03

3.45

3.42

3.52

S

MS

S

S

S

3.59

3.30

3.49

3.52

3.67

S

MS

S

S

S

AWM 3.64 S 3.39 MS 3.52 S

The study of Nsa, Ikot, and Udo (2013) is about the effects of instructional material utilization on the students’ performance wherein their findings shows that there is practical demonstration of the lessons in it to enhance the skills and knowledge of learners. The success of the skill and knowledge acquisition in an instructional situation depends on the suitability of the instructional materials. This research one important factor in making instructional materials is suitability just like the study of Nsa, Ikot, and Udo they based on the suitability to have an appropriate and enhance instructional materials.

The study of Zhou and Botha (2008) is related to this research because they both use the availability, suitability, and use of instructional materials for learners to gain more skills and knowledge. Zhou and Botha study reveals that the availability and suitability of the materials varied among the different types of schools and there was much room for improvement. This study show


that the factors given by the researcher is accepted in suitability required in instructional materials just like Zhou and Botha research they based on suitability of instructional materials.

This research study used the weighted mean to rate the categories given by the researcher and have also used the Likert’s Scale for the interpretation of the percentage on the table presented. The both respondents agree on the suitability of the indicators that only mean that the instructional material must use especially on college students because they want to have a compilation of the subject to do since it was made to answer the objectives of the lessons. The respondents of the research study are limits only to law enforcer and faculty since they know the best to be taught to the students. It’s their strategy to make their learned and the module given will make them learn more because of the activities they must students learn on them.

The group of respondents agreed on the suitability of instructional materials in this research study. They agree that the instructional material is suitable for operational/administrative purposes. However, the law enforcers said that said practices, procedures and system of the institute is suitable while the teachers said that it is only moderately suitable. This means that the level of fitness of the work text on existing policies and standards set by CHED and the Educational vision, mission, and objectives expected on the subject is suitable.


Table 3.b. Degree of Feasibility of Instructional Materials as Perceived by the Respondents


Average Interpre-

tationWM I WM I

1. The requirement and procedures, specific policies and standards can be applied in the Instructional Material.

2. The Instructional Material has the features that can be implemented amidst existing environment both internal and external to the organization.

3. The Instructional Material entails budgetary funding which the institute appropriation can provide. 4. Manpower, logistics and other resources of the institute can be allotted effectively to fit the requirements for the implementation of the Instructional material.

5. Organizational facilities or outside facilities can be provided for the Utilization of the Instructional material.

3.59

3.66

3.59

3.50

3.54

F

F

F

F

F

3.48

3.13

3.35

3.55

3.19

F

MF

MF

F

MF

3.52

3.40

3.47

3.52

3.37

F

F

F

F

MF

WM 3.58 F 3.34 MF 3.46 F

The study of Mustaji and Mariono (2017) is related to this research because they use the feasibility and effectiveness of development of instructional materials. This imply that feasibility is one of important factor to consider in enhancing the instructional materials of the teachers wherein the researchers test the feasibility of the modules made for learners at their level. The study Siregar, Yusuf, and Silaban (2018) is related to this research since their study is about feasibility of instructional materials that was analyzed based on feasibility of the content data, language, presentation, and arrangement. These both researchers took many tests to prove the feasibility of the instructional materials.


This research study used the weighted mean and percentage to get the rate to be interpreted in Likert’s Scale. The data gathered reveals that both respondents agree in feasibility on the requirement and procedures, specific policies and standards can be applied in the Instructional Material and manpower, logistics and other resources of the institute can be allotted effectively to fit the requirements for the implementation of the Instructional material. The study was limits only to faculty and law enforcer because they know what are the knowledge that a student must get in the module. They know what are the lessons that must discuss and activities that student must done.

The two groups of respondents differ in their evaluation on the feasibility of the instructional material. Law enforcers said that all the indicators identified are feasible while the teachers gave an overall rating of moderately feasible. This can be implied that because teachers are exposed on the use and how to use the instructional materials. They are knowledgeable of evaluating the indicators on feasibility of material whether feasible or not.

Table 3.c. Degree of Acceptability of the Instructional Materials as Perceived by the Respondents

IndicatorsLaw En-forcer

FacultyAverage

Inter-preta-

tionWM I WM I

1. The Instructional material has adequate provisions for cost effectiveness.

2. The Instructional Material has given due consideration to adequacy and completeness of facts presented, its logic and orderliness rendering it unified and coherent.

3. The Instructional Material is practical enough to warrant adoption and implementation.

4. The Instructional Material will benefit the college/university in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in teaching-learning process.

5. The Instructional material will be beneficial to the college/University in the attainment of its vision, Mission, and goals and objectives.

3.82

3.86

4.02

3.91

3.59

A

A

A

A

A

3.81

3.77

3.90

3.66

3.48

A

A

A

A

A

3.82

3.78

3.96

3.78

3.54

A

A

A

A

A

Average 3.84 A 3.73 A 3.78 A


The study of Lucell Larawan (2013) is related to this research since they used the factor of acceptability in terms of teacher-designed programmed modules. The both researchers use the acceptability of instructional materials for the suitability of it for learners to enhance their hidden skills and knowledge about a certain subject. The mastery of lessons can be achieved by the activities aligned by objective of modules. The study of Michael Estremera (2017) is related to this research because they discussed the acceptability of instructional materials. Estremera recommend that reading instructional materials or module will improve the reading skills of the learners. The acceptability of instructional materials in school will depend on the content data and appropriateness of the objectives lesson on the level of the learners.

This study used the weighted mean and percentage to get the results of data gathered then interprets it using Likert’s Scale. The acceptability of instructional material was agreed by both respondents. The law enforcer and faculty are the only respondents for this since they have observed and proved the acceptability of module when they are still studying and when they teach already. They know what are the things that must be learn and to teach to students.

The evaluation of the two groups of respondents on the instructional material presented is suitable, feasible and acceptable. Though in some indicators their evaluation varies yet they are one in their overall evaluation. There is a tendency that the proposed instructional material can be a great help to the teaching-learning process once it is developed and produced.

REFERENCES

Andi Kristanto, Mustaji, and Andi Mariono (2017). The Development of Instructional Materials E-Learning Based on Blended Learning. Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=instructional+materials+related+literature&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3D1imOGvU5Tu0J

Anggi Desviana Siregar, Muhammad Yusuf, and Ramlan Silaban (2018). Analysis of Feasibility Teaching Material on Molecular Shape Topic Based on Criteria Board of National Education Standards in Indonesia, 55909056.pdf Retrieved from: https://download.atlantis-press.com

Asnaidah Macadatar and Sittie Zhaynab Ali (2018). Evaluation of the Department of Education (DepEd) Instructional Materials Used in Teaching Meranaw


Language in Grade, 486-1331-1-PB.pdf

Chingos, Matthew M. and Whitehurst, Grover J. (2012). Choosing Blindly: Instructional Materials, Teacher Effectiveness, and Common Core. Retrieved from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED530985

Donald J. Krapohl (2013). Polygraph Principles: A Literature Review. Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=polygraphy+principles+a+literature+review+2013&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi_scholart#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DykRYc8BIkpEJ

D. Zhuo and M. M Botha (2008), The availability, suitability, and use of instructional materials in integrated science classrooms in Zimbabwean schools. Retrieved from: https://www. Tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1846620701652739?needAccess=true&journalCode=r aer20

Jualim D. Vela (2015). Primary Science Teaching to Bicolao Students: In Bicol, English or Filipino. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324233291

Lidon Lashley (2019). A Reflective Analysis of the Selection and Production of Instructional Material for Curriculum Delivery at the Primary Level Postcolonial Guyana. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244019858445

Lucell Larawan (2013). Acceptability of Teacher-Made Modules in Production Management. Retrieved from: www.arcjournals.org or v1-i2-ijmsr-2.pdf

Michael Angelo Atienza, Jemiah Buenaventura, Dyana Lee Faner, Garcia, and Ma. Allaine Roxas (2016). Instructional Materials Being Used by Private and Public Preschool Teachers in Selected Elementary Schools in Lipa City, https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/JemiahBuenaventura/instructional-materials-being-used-by-preschool-teachers-in-selected-schools-lipa-city

Michael Estremera (2017), Acceptability and Quality Level of the Developed Reading Module Entitld “Read to Learn, Save the World”: An Instructional Material Used for S.Y. 2014-2015 to 2015-2016, 40068-43220-1-PB.pdf or Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=PPFRasQAAAAJ&hl=en


Mohammed K. Khalil and Ihsan A. Elkhider, (2016). Applying Learning Theories and Instructional Design Models for Effective Instruction. Retrieved from:https://researchgate.net/publication/301276147_Applying_learning_theories_and_instructional_design_models_for_effective_instruction.

Pender County Schools Main Website (2012). 3200 Selection of Instructional Materials, Retrieved from: https://pcspolicy.com/3000-educational-program/item/382-selection-of-instructional-materials

Roseline Olufunke Bukoye (2019), Utilization of Instruction Materials as Tools for Effective Academic Performance of Students: Implications for Counseling, proceedings-02-01395-v3.pdf

S. O. Nsa, A. S. Ikot, and M. F. Udo (2013), Instructional Materials Utilization and Students Performance in Practical Agriculture, Nsa et al. pdf Retrieved from: www.sciencewebpublishing.net


Peace and Order Councils’ Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan:

Its EffectivenessDOMINGO C. BREVA JR. [email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4528-2112Bicol CollegeDaraga, Albay

ABSTRACT

Peace is described as an environment where individuals and communities are free to express their feelings without interference from lawless elements. The Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan (POPS Plan) is a three-year plan that consists of anti-criminality program that needs to be implemented for the rest of the political term of local chief executive of cities and municipalities within the province as specified in DILGMC no. 2015-128. Quantitative descriptive approach was used to examine the effectiveness of the POPS Plan in addressing the problems of criminality in the province of Albay. Members of the community, police officers of the province, and barangay officials were the respondents. Results revealed that the peace and order councils’ POPS plan is effective to address the problems of criminality. It is recommended that the policy planners of the government should seek criminological knowledge from criminologists in formulating dependable POPS plan.

Keywords - Peace and order, public safety, operational plan, crime prevention, social control.



INTRODUCTION

A country is being rated as peaceful depending on the existence of equality of rights that citzens’ enjoyed; According to Wilson (2011) right must be based on the interest of majority, rather than individual, of the government upon whose long-term peace will depend. Equality of resources, of course, cannot be, nor any other sort of equality, not increased in the ordinary peaceful and dependable development of the people in majority. Public assumes nothing but an egalitarianism of right. Humankind is looking for freedom of life, not for counterbalance of power.

And there is greater thing involved than even equality of right among organized nation. As mentioned by Wilson (2011) no peace can last, which do not accept and agree to the principle that state derive all their evenhanded authorities from the harmony of the headed, and that no right someplace occurs to hand people about from autonomy as if they were acreage.

Former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson mentioned in his speech that any peace which do not conforms with this principle is no peace at all. It will not rest upon the regards or the principles of majority. The realm can be at concord only if its life is unwavering, and there can be uniformness where the backbone is upheaval, where there is no peacefulness of temperament and sense of integrity, of freedom (Knock, 2019).

According to Bueza (2018), common crimes were prevalent on the first quarter of the year 2018 recorded around 1.5 million were victimized. In addition, based on the survey of the Social Weather Stations (SWS) there were 6.6 percent of Filipino families had experienced robbery, break-ins, carnapping or car theft, and physical violence for half a year.

Bicol Region particularly in Albay Province, the Albay Police Provincial office suffered a long-time struggle to curtail the operation of the most notorious criminal group that is responsible for several cases of extortion, robbery, murder and rape in the locality. The Local Criminal Group “Conception Brothers” is the tarnished gun-for-hire group involved in various crimes in Albay and some parts of Bicol Region. The said group is armed with high powered firearms and of several calibers.

Another crime that made a shock in the local news was the incident of murdered public-school teacher in the municipality of Pio Duran in Albay. The incident happened on the elementary school where the victim is teaching. The suspect is a grade 12 student whom they called “the teen killer”. The teacher suffered 21 stab wounds which caused her instantaneous death. The gruesome


killing shook the different agencies of the government responsible for the preservation of peace and order.

Failure of a concrete crime prevention plan from policy planners of the government may lead into a big problem in the society, economically and societally. Through multisectoral efforts of all concerned stakeholders, the dream of a livable and life sustaining society without fear of crime can be achievable by all means.

The study evaluated the effectiveness of the Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan of the Peace and Order Council of the Province of Albay. The 1987 Constitution emphasized the primary duty of the government. Under Article 2, Section 5 of the 1987 constitution, keeping peace and order, preservation of life, liberty, and property, and promotion of the universal welfare are critical for the satisfaction by all people of the blessings of republic (Quilala, 2018).

The 1987 Constitution mandates that State shall pursue the preservation of peace and order, the promotion of life, liberty and property, and the promotion of general welfare of the common good. Another reason why this study was conducted was to assess whether this mandate is observed effectively by government officials in the provincial level. The political immovability and beneficial prosperity suited achievable and the people truly enjoy the “blessings of neutrality and democracy only when peace and order, security and a life of dignity are recognized and conserved.

As cited in the study of Stafford (2015), deterrence theory, based on choice-based theory, a person is prevented from committing crime when the costs of crime prevail over the projected or predicted gains. The quality of formal punishments is a key aspect of deterrence theory. Based on this theory punishments should be swift, certain, and austere sanctions for criminal behavior. Further, this theory presents a concrete theoretical bedrock for some dogmas and programs, and it offers a fairly undemanding way out to the problem of crime specifically to increase the likelihood of uncovering a crime and strengthening the punishments associated with criminal behavior.

The theory, would help to explain the crime prevention action of the peace in order council in its program formulation on the basis of the three principles of this theory. The crime prevention programs of the peace and order council should be with certainty, celerity and severity. The likelihood of preventing the commission of crime reflects the certainty of punishment or the “cause and effect, logical consequence principle”. The certainty of the enforcement of every program of the POC relies more on the implementation mechanism of the peace and order and public safety plan. While, celerity denotes how swiftly


an individual is punished after committing a crime. In this aspect of the theory, is one of the problems of the crime prevention strategy of the POC because it fails to provide aide for those implementers in terms of legal support. As a result, the deterrent principle of the plan is flouted. The last is the severity, or the how harsh the punishment for a crime will be. Punishment must fit the crime. In this study the focus is the effectiveness of the crime prevention actions of the provincial peace and order council to the priority issues in the locality. If the action plan to address the issue is not effective enough then it will not deter crime.

Specifically, this research sought answer to this objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the POC’s Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan in addressing the problems of criminality as perceived by the three groups of respondents along with the issue on: drug abuse; crimes against property and; crimes against persons.

METHODOLOGY

This research used a closed-structured questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument. The research instrument was patterned from the Department of Interior and Local Government Peace and Order and Public Safety Planning Guidebook and to the three-year POPS PLAN (CY 2015-2018). To ensure validity and reliability of the research instrument, the researcher looked for four (4) persons not included in the respondents of the study. One of them is from the provincial office who is familiar with POPS PLAN, a police officer from a municipality who was not included in the research environment, a research professor, and someone who has knowledge in statistics. These people helped the researcher established face validity of the research instrument. To ensure the reliability and validity of the instrument, the researcher distributed sample questionnaires to individuals who can validate the content. Six samples were distributed to the key persons of the units of the Public Safety and Emergency Management Office in Albay. Nine were distributed to the Albay Provincial Police Office, and ten to the members of the community. These people were not included as the respondents of the study. This helped the researcher to further improve the research instrument.

Before the actual administration of the survey questionnaire, the researcher asked permission from the governor, provincial director of the Albay Police Provincial Office, chiefs of police of the cities, and selected municipalities. After permission was secured, the researcher personally contacted the identified respondents and distributed the questionnaire. Respondents who


were not available have made the researcher returned on the date scheduled by the head of office.

The researcher guaranteed the confidentiality and privacy of the respondents through the informed consent and Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA). Likewise, the researcher sought approval from the governor, police provincial director and chief of police of the different municipalities to conduct research. Voluntariness of the respondents was considered in this research. Before soliciting their necessary answers using the survey questionnaire, the researcher secured first their consent to determine the respondents’ willingness, cooperation, and voluntariness to provide appropriate answers.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

House to house visitation and strengthening of anti-illegal drug advocacy were found very effective. This means they should be continuously implemented as they help much in addressing the issue of drug abuse.

Meanwhile, the data also revealed that the conduct of “Oplan Tokhang” on low value target is the least effective. It is quite observable in this table, however, that the police officers are giving much attention on low value target rather than high value target. The local officials and community perceived it otherwise that much focus should be given to high value target as giving more attention to low value target is not an effective way of solving the issue of drug abuse. As long as there is supply of drugs in the community and there are people who are willing to push because of need or poverty, the problem cannot be eradicated. High Value Target (HVT) is one of the phases of the OPLAN Tokhang Project Double Barrel the Philippine National Police anti-illegal drug campaign. This part of the war on drugs by the Duterte administration appears to work on criticism because of the stumpy results compared to the other phase which is focused on the demand side of the business. According to the report of (Cupin, 2016), HVT’s are those drug pusher/lords that have high impact and they have control over the minions of the street pushers. To make a clear sense of OPLAN Tokhang operation, it is overriding to purposively distinguish Project Tokhang and Project High Value Target. The original project tokhang makes use of persuasion to convince drug users to stop using drugs and rehabilitate, which is different from a buy-bust operation or service of a search warrant on suspected drug personalities, where drug pushers, manufacturers, and importers are targeted. The latter is no longer part of Project ‘Tokhang” but of the “upper barrel” component of the anti-illegal drug campaign, dubbed Project High-Value Target (HVT) (PNP Command Memorandum Circular No. 16-2016). It


makes a confusion on the part of the ordinary citizens due to some information mashups by the media. Meanwhile, (Recuenco, 2018), reported that the Philippine National Police (PNP) anti-narcotics operatives are now focusing on 893 high-value targets (HVT) involved in the illegal drugs trade. Corollary to this, it would reflect more impact to the community if the government along with the law enforcement body who were tasked to eradicate the proliferation of drugs if those numbers de-escalate. This is similar to other countries’ experience particularly the United States who also foisted such action to curtail the illegal drug activity. Easton (2015) cited that the war on drugs in the US are found to be labeled as failure. It is labeled as doomed to failure because of the same action that this administration is doing, that is focusing on the demand side rather than the supply side. The respondents find it ineffective due to the process of its implementation. According to Macarayan et al. (2016), war on drugs became an unending process of killings. The impact of this makes the ordinary citizens to worry about this action taken by the government and if where are heading through in this kind of combat against illegal drugs.

On the other hand, the respondents’ perceptions on the level of effectiveness of the Peace and Order Council’s action against criminality in terms of issue on crime against property. The action plans regarding crimes were found very effective, with an average weighted mean of 4.39. The data again suggests the implementation on this is more effective compared to the issue on drug abuse.

Encouragement of community crime reporting and conduct of regular checkpoint are found very effective. Thus, they are effective measures of addressing the issue of crimes against property. It also indicates that they are more willing to contribute in addressing this issue paralleled to the issue of drug abuse. Ruud et al. (2018) stressed that bystanders or the community play important role in conflict management or crime prevention in the community. The community intervene depends upon the level of risk that a situation or crime is posting. Members of the community often have multiple, idiosyncratic, and conflicting interests, and experience painful dilemmas.

Meanwhile, another reason identified in the study of Telep (2018), are the rewards, sanctions and ability to craft solutions. That common practice or belief among the citizens, there are lots of them on the particular place where crime is happening hence, they do not need to react and others will should do it instead. Thus, Sands (2014) found that bystanders demonstrated more defending behaviors in the absence of other bystanders.

This implies that member of the community is very much willing to help the government’s effort to eradicate crime. However, they are hesitant on the level


of risk that might arise when they show active support to his programs and yet the government has no clear program on how to protect those individuals from the boomerang of citizen crime reporting. Though there is, it only applies to those individuals who are witnesses of a crime. This should be given attention by the policymakers because this represents the reason why community tend to ignore community-oriented policing.

Perceptions on the level of effectiveness of the Peace and Order Council’s action against criminality in terms of increasing number of crimes against persons. The data reveals that action plans are very effective (AWM=4.43) in addressing the issue of crimes against persons.

Specifically, increase of police presence and conduct of regular and routinary checkpoints in crime prone areas are found very effective and were given the highest ratings in terms of effectiveness. Likewise, the local officials and community members both agreed that the mobilization of the community in collecting information by investing on a reporting machinery on the illegal activities in the locality is very effective. This is sustained by the answers of the police officers who answered that the promotion of the spirit of volunteerism to encourage people to become agents of positive change as the most effective. As cited in the study of Hollis-peel et al., (2014), there are three elements for a crime to prosper: motivated offender, suitable target and absence of capable guardian. The effectiveness and success of every crime prevention program lies not only on the hands of planners, implementors and evaluators, but on the active participation of the community. Crime is a social phenomenon which is obviously done and acted on the society itself. One of the oldest policing methods that until today is found effective is the neighborhood watch, which primary purpose is for the members of the community to act by simply reporting the crime incidents to proper authorities.

Sharkey et al., (2017) said that the community being involved in curtailing crime helps reduce it. By the police and community being involved helps curb crime because the police are not working alone but are working hand in hand to ensure safety. Community crime prevention strategy can be very effective if the relationship between the citizen and the police is cordial. If it is not, this approach can be very hard to achieve. Similar to this, Schulhofer (2011) stated that people are possible to obey the law and participate in the crime prevention programs when they believe that those who encourage to obey it have the legitimate authority to tell them what to do. The concept holds that those implementing it have legitimacy when they enjoy the understanding, trust, and support of the people they serve.


This situation implies that crime prevention will be effective only when the community and the police can truly work together for their common good. Once the citizens trust the police, they will provide the police with the information and assistance to help prevent crimes and increase anti-crime prevention productivity among law enforcement bodies. In this manner, it will help the police to serve their communities better, to fulfil their task of “To Serve and Protect” and gain acceptability in the senses of the public.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the statistics from the three sets of respondents, the following conclusions were arrived at:

The Peace and Order Council’s actions against criminality in terms of addressing the issue on crimes against property and crimes against persons are very effective while addressing the issue on drug abuse was only found effective by the three sets of respondents. Specifically, house to house visitation and strengthening of anti-illegal drug advocacy were found very effective in addressing the issue of drug abuse. Community crime reporting and conduct of regular checkpoint are found very effective in curbing the issue on crimes against property. Increase of police presence and conduct of regular and routinary checkpoints in crime prone areas are found very effective in addressing the issue of crimes against persons.

RECOMMENDATION

The following recommendations are formulated:Seminars and trainings should be given to the members of the

implementing agencies to equip them with knowledge on how to effectively manage the programs. Proper delineation of their roles and responsibilities should be identified to clarify the achievement of their goals; Police-community relations should be strengthened to help solve crimes in the community. This could be in the form of extension programs, socialization activities or fora initiated through the barangay officials where members of the community and police officers could have a direct interaction and thereby reduce the apathy on community crime reporting; The community should be mobilized to gain their participation in addressing the issue of drug abuse.

Collaboration among the implementers, funders, community members, and policy makers should be strengthened to derive a more positive result; Private and public funders should be tapped to provide the resources needed


at the community level to implement plans or programs that are orderly and coordinated; Further research on other pressing issues or crimes in the community should also be conducted to identify specific programs that need to be implemented and; The major final output of this study should be considered to aid in the effective implementation of the programs and plans regarding criminality.

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Easton, S. D. (2015). Everybody knows it, but is it true? A challenge to the conventional wisdom that the war on drugs is ineffective. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 14(3-4), 132-140. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2001.14.3-4.132

Hollis-peel, M., Reynald, D. M., van Bavel, M., Elffers, H., & Welsh, B. C. (2011). Guardianship for crime prevention: A critical review of the literature. Crime, Law and Social Change, 56(1), 53-70. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-011-9309-2

Knock, T. J. (2019, July 28). To end all wars. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from National Constitution Center. org: constitutioncenter.org/blog/world-war-i-starts- america-watches-and-worries/

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Macarayan, E., Ndeffo-Mbah, M., Beyrer, C., & Galvani, A. P. (2016). Philippine drug war and impending public health crisis. The Lancet, 388(10062), 2870. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32468-0

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Recuenco, A. (2018). PNP’s anti-drugs war now focusing on 893 high-value targets – Albayalde. Manila: ABS-CBN.

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Adequacy of Criminology Laboratory in Bicol College: Guidelines in Developing

Competencies among Students in Criminalistics Subjects

MARIA DEONA D. BLACER, PhD JENLYN A. BROQUEZA

CHRISTIAN E. MADRIDANO JAY-ANNE B. PEÑA

https://orcid.org/[email protected]

Bicol CollegeDaraga Albay, Philippines

ABSTRACT

The study sought to evaluate the Criminalistics laboratory components of Bicol College, Daraga Albay, Philippines and its impact to the students in understanding Criminalistics subject in the College of Criminology. Criminology laboratory facilities are expected to be avenue for the students to have hands on experience on equipment and facilities and provide knowledge on how to use the laboratory equipment in processing and examining physical evidences. The researchers used the descriptive research design. A quantitative approach was used summarize the assessment of the perception of the respondents and to develop an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. The survey questionnaires were the main instrument the researchers used in gathering data. Specifically, the researchers limit their respondents to the Laboratory Technician, Criminalistics Professors and 4th year Criminology students, and delimited within June to October 2018. Results revealed that laboratory equipment for Criminalistics subjects were adequate while students are



moderately competent during the conduct of laboratory activities. It was argued that adequate laboratories build relationships between activities that support the mission, vision, and values of the college and enable students to develop their communication skills, demonstrate actions consistent with quality concepts and good professional practice, and coordinate opportunities for promoting the sense of professionalism among the students. This situation demands rehabilitation and procurement of upgraded sets of equipment to encourage more intensive hands-on laboratory activities.

Keywords - Criminology laboratory, criminalistics subject, descriptive design, Daraga Albay, Philippines

INTRODUCTION

Science and technology are so important to us. They provide us with ways of thinking in systematic manners. It also develops our scientific inquiry skills and attitudes such as objectivity, curiosity, honesty and habits of mind. All these are useful to us for personal development, future career, and life in general. The best way of imparting knowledge to the students is having adequate and efficient physical and environmental facilities inside the school institution that will lead to a better academic performance of the students.

Now that we are living in an era of dramatic new technology resources and new standards in science education learning by inquiry has been given renewed central status. The level of competition in real world is getting more tightly, the students should meet the standards of learning in a modern type of world. It is essential that the student should be equipped of modern and advance knowledge so that they will have an edged in times of real competition. In order to develop the scientific inquiry skills, values, attitudes and search for truth, laboratory equipment and facilities must be adequate and be provided to the students.

As defined by Akani (2015), laboratory is a room, or building or a special period of time equipped and set apart for practical or experimental studies to take place. He sees the laboratory as the heart of a good scientific programme which allows students in the school to have experience which are consistent with the goals of scientific literacy. This implies that science teaching and learning cannot be completely done in an institution of learning where there is no adequate laboratory. Therefore, the rationale of science laboratory is to obtain or acquire skills that would help to advance scientific knowledge which subsequently would lead to the development of the human society.


The laboratory learning environment represents a radical shift from teacher-directed learning to purposely inquiry that is more student-directed, the adequacy of the laboratory equipment in every school is a means of imparting knowledge of science to the students through interactive and creative ways. That’s why the school should obliged to provide the students of the state-of-the-art laboratory equipment that will help them to broaden and to apply their learning’s during the lecture when they will have laboratory works.

According to Neji (2014), the influence of adequacy of laboratory facilities and academic performance and had significant influence on students’ academic performance in secondary schools. It shows that the adequacy of the laboratory equipment and facilities has a direct impact on the academic performance of the students. Also, it gives the students hands on experience to the laboratory that will help them to acquire process skills, to enhance understanding, and to develop collaboration between students and teacher.

In the Philippines, the government gives priority on the education as well as in science and technology. The state strengthens the law that was written in the constitution which advocates the progress of the sector of education. According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article II Sec.17 stated that: The State shall give priority to education, science and technology to promote total human liberation and development. Therefore, laboratory facilities and equipment must be adequate and efficient in order to promote advancement in science and technology. In addition, laboratory facilities must be adequate and available in school institution in order to provide effective and efficient education for the development of the students and for total human liberation.

Since criminology students are engaged in the study and analysis of physical evidences and things left by the perpetrator in the science of crime. Criminalistics is also included in the study of Criminology. Criminalistics was one of the subject areas in Criminology program. Criminalistics is the application of scientific techniques in collecting and analyzing physical evidences in criminal cases.

The Criminalistics Subjects includes the Dactyloscopy, Forensic Photography, Firearm Identification and Examination, Questioned Documents Examination, Polygraphy and Legal Medicine. In an institution offering a Bachelor of Science in Criminology it is very important that is must have an up-to date and adequate criminology equipment. So that the students can perform laboratory works like what the true forensic scientist did inside the crime laboratory. Additionally, they can apply their accumulate knowledge during criminalistics lecture. In such a way, that it will provides an educational foundation that meets the current hiring requirements of forensic science


laboratories and essential to prepare students for a successful career in forensic science.

Therefore, it is in the core of the college to produce a competent and skilled graduate who is knowledgeable enough in application of science in crime detection and investigation. It is the responsibility of the school to provide the student with the state-of-the-art criminology laboratory who will provide laboratory skills and exposure to the forensic science disciplines. For the students also to have wider view of what is crime laboratory looks like and what are the happenings inside the crime laboratory and how crime laboratory equipment is being used to examine physical evidences. Criminology Laboratory shall have adequate equipment and facilities. The criminology students can able to apply their accumulate knowledge and not being delimited their perception on Criminalistics. Students should able to experience, what are written in books.

Based on the Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order No.21 Series of 2018 under Section 17 of Article VI the Criminology Laboratory shall have a separate laboratory facility for each Criminalistics subjects and shall provide with adequate laboratory equipment. This study served as eye-opener to the Institution that Laboratory Facilities and Equipment must be prioritized so that they can able to achieve their mission which is to provide a competitive graduate. They had to the problems encountered by the respondents during their laboratory activities and for the institutions to take action to meet the standards of the Commission on Higher Education as well.

The study determined the adequacy of criminology laboratory equipment and determined the competencies among Criminology students of Bicol College in Criminalistics subjects. The objectives of the study were the following: (1.) to determine the adequacy of criminology laboratory among five (5) Criminalistics subjects (Dactyloscopy, Questioned Documents Examination, Polygraphy, Forensic Photography and Firearm Identification and Examination) in terms of: (a) Laboratory Apparatus and (b) Laboratory Equipment; (2.) To determine the competencies of the criminology students in understanding Criminalistics subject; and (3.) To propose measures to enhance the exposures of the criminology students to criminology laboratory.

Education, C. R. (2014) revealed that the science teachers complained that laboratory facilities for teaching various science subjects were not adequate in various schools for the teaching and learning of the physical sciences. Secondary school laboratories should be furnished with adequate laboratory facilities for effective teaching and learning of sciences.

On the study of Mc Cubbins A. (2016), concluded that adequate tools and equipment are vital in preparing students to fill an expanding, 21st


century workforce. The issue of inadequate teaching materials has been well documented throughout the entire educational system, and such inadequacies may leave gaps in students’ ability to become proficient within their academics.

Namale (2009) conducted a study in Mityana District, Uganda which tackled about the relationship between resource availability and academic performance of secondary schools was investigated. Findings were that (a) there is a significant positive correlation between availability of materials resources and academic performance of secondary schools, (b) there is a significant positive correlation between availability of human resources and academic performance of secondary schools. It was therefore concluded that availability of material resources and human resources enhances the academic performance of the secondary schools.

While in the study of Mohaptra, A. K. (2013, June), said that the word Lab or Laboratory in the minds of most people is synonymous with scientific investigation. If the laboratory is where scientists do their work, then it follows that much of science can best be learnt in the laboratory setting. The laboratory allows students to have experience that are consistent with the goal of scientific literacy. Laboratory activities are integral part of science teaching. Practical activity taking place in a Laboratory is not only associated with proper understanding of the subject but it has an important role in shaping the personality of a student. Laboratory activities when performed by the students gives a clear understanding of the theory already taught in the class. It develops skill and application ability among students. It develops a sense of responsibility, punctuality and grows team spirit. It makes the student more confident as his concept is clearer. It helps to grow workmanship in a student. A student performing practical experiments must be able to handle all the equipment utilized properly and systemically.

Maristela Jr. (2015) conducted a study aimed to determine the level of Satisfaction of Maritime students in using Laboratory Facilities and the problems encountered with regards to service provided by laboratory facilities. Results showed that the students are satisfied in using each laboratory facility provided by the school administration while the time intended for the use of each laboratory facility does not satisfy the students. The students are not aware about the fire fighting and first aid equipment beside the point that this is important in emergency purposes.

The study of Limon, M. R. (2016) established a relationship between the quality of school facilities and student performance and achievement. The findings support the assumptions that insufficient school facilities were negatively impacting student performance in achievement, and the


administrators concerned take no significant action addressing this educational issue. Since the lack of educational facilities was proven to cause serious ramifications on students’ performance and achievement.

In experiment conducted by Damon, A, et al (2019), they investigated the structural integrity ballistics to the knowledge of a person using it. Practical laboratory simulation is a vital tool for procedural skills training and assessment. Procedural simulation, in particular, has been shown to improve trainee ability and skill without added risk to community. Task trainers are frequently utilized to enhance and assess procedural competency.

Similarly, in the research conducted by Lilly, E., & Fields, C. (2014), writing and photography are composition processes that help develop children’s linguistic and visual competencies, respectively. Using photography in teaching writing has been found to enhance students’ literacy skills by naturally invoking their interest and motivation, and eventually strengthening the reading-writing relationship. They gained self-confidence and self-expression in writing, employed critical thinking skills, developed technical skills and vocabulary related to photography, and brought energy and creativity to their writing. And this all start in the school with a complete laboratory necessity on part of the students and instructor.

On the assessment of Cabe, K. J. (2015), on Criminology Laboratory in selected Higher Education Institutions in the Province of Cavite based laboratory facilities and equipment should be available since it is very important to the students to be familiar with the facility for them to function more efficiently and effectively. The students should be familiar on the equipment, its function, role, and uses and it should be mandatory to introduce the latter since it will be the instruments on the actual hands on activities in the laboratory by the students. It implies that there is available equipment but not enough based on the number of students enrolled in the subjects and not used because they are only for display.

Thus, because many people may have the capacity to construct different interpretations of an object, identifying gross distributions of cultural competencies may only partially explain variation in interpretation. More often than not, multiple and perhaps conflicting criteria are available to individuals as they seek to make sense of objects they encounter, Armstrong, E. A., & Weinberg, M. S. (2006).

In the study of Hiss, J., Freund, M., & Kahana, T. (2007), one of the most common criticisms raised against expert is that of competency. A competent expert witness must be a specialist in the pertinent field; the courts expect to be able to rely on the evidence offered, evidence that must be properly


researched, balanced and not misleading. Scientific evidence necessitates an especial test for competence. This can be done if the basic knowledge is being thought in the laboratory during college education of the professionals. The cases presented indicate that oftentimes scientists are unable to decline a request to provide an expert opinion or worst make judgments of forensic evidence without having the required knowledge.

The three theories that can be applied in the study were the Social Learning Theory, Socio-cultural Theory and Instructural Theory. Social Learning Theory focused on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation and modeling. Socio-cultural Theory suggested that social interaction leads to continuous step-by–step changes in children’s thought and behavior that can vary greatly from culture to culture. On the other hand, in Instructural Theory, the focused of this theory was the experience, school facilities and equipment which serves as the main driving force in learning, as knowledge is constructed through the transformative reflection on one’s experience.

Owolabi, J. O., Fabiyi, S. O., Ogunbiyi, O. E., & Ayorinde, F. O. (2020), the general philosophy of the Criminology program is to produce graduates of high academic standing with adequate laboratory practical exposure who can function adequately in their respective fields. Furthermore, “aim and objectives” of the College is to produce graduates with competences to serve as Criminology practitioner and allied field educators and researchers who are also skilled users and managers of laboratory equipment and facilities.

The study focused in determining the adequacy of the criminology laboratory in Bicol College and its impact to the criminology students in understanding Criminalistics subject. The researchers determined the adequacy of the criminology laboratory along with Criminalistics subjects namely Dactyloscopy, Questioned Documents Examination, Polygraphy, Forensic Photography and Firearm Identification and Examination and as well as the problems encountered by the respondents and possible solutions to be taken in connection with the utilization of laboratory.

This study aims to impart knowledge and understanding to Students, Professional Criminalistics Professors, School Administration, CHED, Accrediting Bodies, Parents, Community; and Future Researchers.


METHODOLOGY

The researchers used the descriptive research design. A descriptive research design is used to describe and interpret the information gathered from the analysis and to easily interpret the answers of the respondents that need to be enhanced and improved. The results of data collected were analyzed and statistically calculated to summarize the assessment of the perception of the respondents and to develop and in-depth understanding of the phenomenon (Penwarden, 2014).

The chosen setting of this study was the laboratory of the College of Criminal Justice Education of Bicol College only. Specifically, the researchers limit their respondents to the Laboratory Technician, Criminalistics Professors and 4th year Criminology students, and delimited within June to October 2018.

The subject of this study was the determination of the adequacy of criminology laboratory equipment at Bicol College, Daraga, Albay and the competencies of the Criminology Students in Criminalistics Subject. Likewise, to possibly address the problems encountered and make a possible measurement of such problems that would lead to a much better hands-on laboratory experience for both criminology students and Criminalistics professors.

The survey questionnaires were the main instrument the researchers used in gathering data. There were two set of questionnaires that disseminated by the researchers. The Set A questionnaire contained the first objectives of the study. The respondent in Set A questionnaire was the Criminology Laboratory Technician. Set A questionnaire was adapted questionnaire from the CHED Memorandum Order No.21 series of 2005. The adjectival interpretations used were the following: Adequate, Inadequate and Not Available.

The Set B questionnaires contained the second and up to fourth objectives of the study. Set B questionnaire was a self-made questionnaire and was validated by the Criminalistics Professors of Computer and Arts Technological College. The part one of Set B questionnaires was the guidelines in assessing the competencies of Criminology Laboratory along the five (5) Criminalistics subjects. The part two contained the blank spaces so that the respondents will write their problems encountered while using the Criminology Laboratory. The third part contained the proposed measures to enhance the competencies of the criminology students and professors. The respondents in the second set of questionnaires were the Criminology Student and Criminalistics Professors.

The researchers properly discussed the purpose of the survey and that data gathered will be treated with outmost confidentiality. When the data


gathering was done, the researchers will tally the results, and those will be properly analyzed for the interpretation of the data gathered.

The study collected primary and secondary sources of data. The primary sources of data were taken from the responses of the Criminalistics professors, criminology laboratory technician and fourth year criminology students in Bicol College. The secondary sources used by the researchers were the data from, journals, books; unpublished materials, internet, and articles.

Volunteerism among respondents was considered for inclusion in the research as part of the compliance with the research ethics. Approval of the school President through the respective deans of the college is deemed important to secure permission to conduct the study. If in case the evaluator decided to withdraw or discontinue his or her participation in the study, the researcher will respect his decision. His response will be disregarded and will be excluded for data interpretation.

Purposive Sampling was used by the researchers. Purposive Sampling sometimes called Judgmental or Subjective sampling employs a procedure in which samples are chosen for special purpose. This study was conducted with the participation of the one hundred ninety-nine (199) Criminology Fourth Year Students, researchers purposely selected them for the reason that they’ve already took up the Criminalistics Subject; they have already enough knowledge on those subjects and it was easy for them to answer the questionnaires.

This study involved four (4) Criminalistics Professors; they were the one who have the knowledge or specialization on those subjects. They were also assigned in teaching and imparting to the students the knowledge on what are the different uses and functions of such equipment, apparatus and facilities inside the laboratory. They also served as guide for the students to acquire knowledge in order to have a meaningful knowledge.

Additionally, the researchers sought response to the only Criminology Laboratory Technician, the one who was responsible in checking and making an inventory of laboratory apparatus, equipment and supply. He/ she were responsible for proper maintenance of each equipment and apparatus. So that, during the laboratory works the student can able to use laboratory materials which are in good condition. Upon gathering data through the prepared survey questionnaire, each objective was interpreted and analyzed accordingly and individually.

For the first objective, which was the determination of adequacy of criminology laboratory along the equipment and apparatus, the data was interpreted with the used of simple interpretation of the remarks if its: “Adequate”, “Inadequate” and “Not Available”. To know if the whole laboratory


equipment and apparatus are lacking or not and complied with the CHED Memorandum Order Number 21 series of 2005.

As for the second objective; determining the competencies of Criminology Students among Criminalistics subjects, the researchers used weighted mean. (Central, 2018) Weighted mean is a kind of average. It helped to interpret the data gathered to determine the competencies the criminology students.

For the last objective, which was the recommendations to enhance the competency of criminology students among Criminalistics subject, the researchers formulated their own set of recommendations and the respondents chose a maximum of six (6) among the ten (10) recommendations as to their own belief which recommendation needs to be taken urgently. With these, the researchers will use ranking to find out which recommendation tops and should be taken first according to the respondents.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The adequacy of criminology laboratory among five (5) Criminalistics subjects (Dactyloscopy, Questioned Documents Examination, Polygraphy, Forensic Photography and Firearm Identification and Examination) in terms of: (a) Laboratory Apparatus and (b) Laboratory Equipment

The laboratory apparatus list that stated under the Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order no. 21 series of 2005 under the Criminalistics subjects (Dactyloscopy, Questioned Documents Examination, Polygraphy, Forensic Photography and Firearm Identification and Examination) was satisfactorily complied by the school as it all got general remarks as Adequate.

The laboratory apparatus under the Dactyloscopy were “Fingerprint Rollers, Magnifying Glass, Horseshoe Fingerprint Lens for Classification, Fingerprint Tables, Fingerprint Mounters, Glass Tables, and Fingerprint Brushes were all got a remark of Adequate”. Meanwhile, laboratory apparatus under Polygraph examination were “Observation Room and Interrogation Room with one-way Mirror got the same remarks of Adequate”.

Under the Questioned Documents Examination were the following: “Space Test Plates, Pica Test Plates, Typewriter Protractor were all got a remark of Operational but Lacking”: “Paper Cutter and Elite Test Plates got the same remark of Adequate”. Also, under the Forensic Photography were the following: “Contact Printer, Timer got the same remarks of Adequate”; “Reel Stainless 120 mm and 135 mm got the same remarks of Not Available”; “Developing Tanks and Permanent Crime Scene Room got the same remarks of Adequate”; “Trays for Developing & Fixing got remarks of Not Available”.


Moreover, under the Firearm Identification and Examination were the following: “Analytical Balance got a remarks of Adequate”: “Revolvers, Shotguns and Rifle got all the same remarks of Not Available”; “Taper Gauges, Calipers and Trigger Pull Measuring Device got all the same remarks of Operational”; “Target Range and Firearm Storage Facility got the same remarks of Not Available”; “Ammunition File and Drawing Instruments got the same remarks of Adequate”.

On the other hand, the adequacy of criminology laboratory among five (5) Criminalistics subjects (Dactyloscopy, Questioned Documents Examination, Polygraphy, Forensic Photography and Firearm Identification and Examination) in terms of Laboratory Equipment based on what is stated under the Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order no. 21 series of 2005, the study revealed that the laboratory equipment under the Dactyloscopy subject was the Fingerprint Optical Comparator got a remark of Adequate”. Under the Questioned Documents Examination were the following; “Camera 35 mm for Questioned Documents with stand, Stereoscopic Microscope got a the same remarks of Adequate”; “Dryer got a remarks of Not Available”; “ Ultra Violet Rays Machine and Infra-Red Rays Machine got the same remarks of Operational”; “Enlarger got a remarks of Inadequate”.

Furthermore, the laboratory equipment under Polygraph was “Polygraph Machine got remarks of Not Available”. The laboratory equipment under the Forensic Photography were the following: “120 mm Camera, Camera 4x5 with stand and accessories, Camera 35mm with Tripod and accessories got all the same remarks of Missing”; “Enlargers and Dryer got the same remarks of Adequate”. For Firearm Identification and Examination were the following: “Bullet Comparison Microscope, Stereoscopic Microscope, Shadowgraph and Bullet Recovery Box got all the same remarks of Adequate”.

Overall, Forensic Dactyloscopy and Questioned Document Examination has an adequate remark. Meaning to say, the institution was able to comply in all the requirements stated under the CMO. However, for Forensic Photography and Forensic Ballistics the study shows insufficiency of Laboratory Equipment as is got an Inadequate Remark. The institution should purchase additional equipment that could supplement the deficiencies for these criminalistics subjects. Unfortunately, in the area of Polygraph Examination, there is an evident of non-availability of the required laboratory equipment. The College must immediately comply the missing equipment. This is very crucial especially in the learning process of the criminology students that greatly need the equipment for their laboratory activities.


The competencies of the criminology students in understanding Criminalistics subject

The succeeding section denoted the responses of the respondents in determining the competencies of the Criminology students in five (5) areas of Criminalistics Subject (Dactyloscopy, Questioned Documents Examination, Polygraph, Forensic Photography and Firearm Identification and Examination). The responses were based on the answer of the two hundred three (203) 4th

year students of Bicol College taking Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

Table 1. Competencies of the Criminology Students in understanding Dactyloscopy

Dactyloscopy got a total average weighted mean of 2.43 and interpreted as Moderately Competent. Dactyloscopy is an area in which there have been many new and developments in the past several years. Dactyloscopy constitutes one of the most important categories of physical evidence, and are among the few that can truly individualize (Gaensslen, 2009). That’s why it was necessary that the students should be competent enough in Dactyloscopy. Self-instruction in identification procedures and methodology without adequate guidance from a qualified instructor could prove disastrous.


Table 2. Competencies of the Criminology Students in understanding Questioned Documents Examination

Questioned documents examination, have an average weighted mean of 2.32 with an adjectival interpretation of Moderately Competent. The result showed that the students had a moderate competence in this criminalistics subject. It served to understand that the collection of questioned documents can serve as relevant evidence (Haveripeth, 2013). Questioned document examination is significant to be able to recognize and determine the different handwritings and signatures, that were used in order to eliminate a suspected signature or handwriting to prove that the forgery is been done, so there is an examination and detection that can be a major aspect of forensic examination to classify the class and individual characters used to identify handwriting.

Owolabi, J. O., Fabiyi, S. O., Ogunbiyi, O. E., & Ayorinde, F. O. (2020), the general philosophy of the Criminology program is to produce graduates of high academic standing with adequate laboratory practical exposure who can function adequately in their respective fields. Furthermore, “aim and objectives” of the College is to produce graduates with competences to serve as Criminology practitioner and allied field educators and researchers who are also skilled users and managers of laboratory equipment and facilities.


Table 3. Competencies of the Criminology Students in understanding Polygraphy

Polygraphy got 2.35 average weighted mean and interpreted as moderately competent. The polygraph examination claims to measure psycho physiological detection of deception (PDD) it measures some emotional responses to series of questions from which deception is inferred (Slavkovic, 2018). Polygraphs are used by law enforcement agencies and the legal community for criminal investigations. Using these, they can conclude through the examination and with the help of the chart tracings if the person is employing deception. Jones, M. S., Hussey, S. R., Boettcher, J. C., & Simon, A. (2019), a moderate competence of the students may provide evidence that perceived poor job prospects, lack of clearly defined career paths and poorly structured training methods that lack adequate competence-based training strategies affected students’ opinions negatively and might influence their career advancements. As to core competencies, the skills or attributes that people need to carry out their work effectively—can articulate shared values that will empower staff to advance in the Criminology field.


Table 4. Competencies of the Criminology Students in understanding Forensic Photography

Forensic Photography got an average weighted mean of 2.04 with an adjectival interpretation of moderately competent. The result serves to see how forensic photography is utilized during laboratory works; the purpose of photography should not just focus on taking pictures but also proper reconstruction of crime scene before court. Forensic photography is essential were it is being used as part of the documentation for all physical crime scenes, thus, photographing all the elements of the crime scene is a major stepping stone when trying to piece together what happened, how it happened and who did it. According to Russial, J., & Wanta, W. (1998), learning photography through traditional methods makes students more aware of the entire process and will eventually make them better photographers. Professional Photographers ranked traditional photography skills such as shooting and providing accurate caption information highest among the skills listed. This all can be done in the laboratory that demands a complete and functional apparatus and equipment.


Table 5. Competencies of the criminology students in understanding Forensic Ballistics

The table shows the result of the survey for the subject Firearm Identification and Examination. It has the average of 2.32 and an adjectival interpretation of moderately competent. Ballistics is a field of forensic science that is focused on the scientific analysis of all ballistics-related phenomena to interpret or establish the true facts in a shooting incident (Delizo, 2013). In the field of forensic science, forensic ballistics is the science of analyzing firearm usage in crimes. It involves analysis of bullets and bullet impacts to determine the type and caliber of the firearm fired (Ng & Po, 2007). In experiment conducted by Damon, A, et al (2019), they investigated the structural integrity ballistics to the knowledge of a person using it. Practical laboratory simulation is a vital tool for procedural skills training and assessment. Procedural simulation, in particular, has been shown to improve trainee ability and skill without added risk to community. Task trainers are frequently utilized to enhance and assess procedural competency.


Proposed measures to enhance the competencies of the criminology students in Criminalistics Subject.

Provide each Criminalistics subject its own Laboratory. Criminalistics subjects has 5 subjects under it and each, supposed to be, requires its own laboratory rooms where students can freely perform their laboratory activities. Having laboratory for every criminalistics subject is very necessary. Not only on this area but almost every science field has the needs of owning a laboratory for experimentations. Separate laboratory spaces are often necessary for certain functions because of the nature of the operation, equipment needs, or security concerns (Laboratory, 2011).

Provide with enough and operational laboratory equipment. It is understood that in every experiment, not all has given the chance to work on their own pace. However, this is different from not having the chance to conduct experiment with the materials such as chemicals and equipment the experiment demands. According to them laboratory instruction is considered essential because it provides training in observation, supplies detailed information, and aroused pupil’s interest. It also goes further to say that “developing and teaching in an effective laboratory requires as much skill, creativity, and hard work as proposing and executing a first-rate research project (University, 2008).

Have adequate, operational and up-to-date criminology laboratory equipment. Having an up-to-dated facility, you cannot just ensure great learning for the students, but also safety for everyone. Aging facilities can present multiple challenges. As materials of construction begin to degrade, the safety and environmental provisions of the facility often degrade as well. Although some equipment and materials may continue to function well for many years, modern alternatives may offer better safety and environmental sustainability features (Laboratory, 2011).

The school administration should have a partnership with those manufacturer and supplier of criminology laboratory equipment and apparatus materials for criminology laboratory. Running a laboratory is challenging, yet it is assumed that every school has an allotted budget for the laboratory. But this is not always the case. There are some school which do not have that much budget to install laboratory and facilities, and to keep up-to-dated equipment. In budgeting for laboratories, schools must consider the ongoing costs of equipment and apparatus as well as the costs of building facilities. Having a partnership with laboratory equipment and chemicals manufacturer would be a great help (Jantsch, 2009).

Have a quarterly inventory of the laboratory supply, materials and equipment and give the inventory to the school administration to address the


needs of the criminology laboratory. Inventory control is an essential component of proper lab management. Lab inventory helps provide workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with substances in a safe manner and includes physical data information, toxicity, health effects, first aid, storage, disposal, protective equipment and spill-handling procedures. Physical inventory counting feature is a tool for maintaining accurate stock levels. It makes it easy to track inventory stock totals and expiration dates for collection kits. Accurate, real-time inventory enables all types of laboratories to operate more effectively, provides a high-performance, relational database system for tracking any type of laboratory apparatus. (ATGC, 2010).

Have a well-ventilated and environment condition type of criminology laboratory. Laboratory rooms are known as a place of knowledge, a home of chemicals and as much as possible, harbor for users. Therefore, it is a must to have a well-ventilated and environmentally type of such. The laboratory ventilation system, whether it is the general ventilation, a chemical hood, or a specialized exhaust system, is a critical means to control airborne chemicals in the laboratory. Heating and cooling should be adequate for the comfort of laboratory occupants and operation of laboratory equipment. It is a need to know that exhaust ventilation devices should be appropriate to materials and operations in the laboratory.

Follow the allotted hours schedule for laboratory activities as indicated in the student’s schedule. Practical activity taking place in a laboratory is not only associated with proper understanding of the subject but it has an important role in shaping the personality of a student. Laboratory activities when performed by the students gives a clear understanding of the theory already taught in the class. It develops skill and application ability among students. For many years, laboratory experiences have been shown to promote key educational goals. This implies that laboratory experiences are therefore very important to a student as they enhance better understanding of science and lead to better performance in sciences (Gitahi, 2009).

The school should conduct annual competition to test the capabilities and competency of their criminology students in crime scene processing. It makes the student more confident as his concept is clearer. It helps to grow workmanship in a student. A student performing practical experiments must be able to handle all the equipment utilized properly and systemically.

Observe proper maintenance of laboratory equipment, were recommended among others that the laboratories in schools should be equipped by the government in conjunction with the stakeholders and the teachers adequately trained on the effective utilization of the facilities and


equipment, which allows the students to have experience that are consistent with the goal of scientific literacy. The results confirmed a link between the quality of school facilities and student achievement. As well, quality facilities were significantly positively related. Finally, the results confirmed that school climate plays a mediating role in the relationship between the facility quality and student achievement.

Students must be provided with necessary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), it is a requirement to be employed to minimize the risks which may be present within a laboratory or workplace. This guideline discusses the various basic types of which are available to laboratory workers, briefly outlining their use, application and maintenance, it is necessary to protect workers from chemical exposures and other hazards, to help select and document the appropriate PPE for various activities and hazardous materials. You can also use this guide to train lab personnel. This will help all of us ensure safety in our laboratories and also meet regulatory requirements. When PPE is required, we all have a responsibility to ensure it is worn and used properly (Education W., 2016).

CONCLUSIONS

The criminology laboratory along Dactyloscopy; Firearm Identification and Examination; Polygraphy were adequate. Along Questioned Documents Examination was inadequate, while in Forensic Photography was not available. The criminology students in Bicol College were moderately competent among the five (5) Criminalistics subjects. The problem encountered by the respondents varies. Lastly, proposed measures were provided by the researchers to enhance the competencies of the Criminology Students in Criminalistics subject.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommended measures were forwarded to the following: The schools institution should have the laboratory manuals and worksheet in each Criminalistics subject in order for the students to highly attain and experience an actual manipulation of such instruments in order to achieve the mission of the institution which was to produce a globally competitive graduates and individuals. They should also provide an adequate and operational criminology laboratory in order for the students to have hands-on experience to broaden their learning during the discussion.

Another recommendation that can be drawn is that, the Accrediting


Bodies needs to conduct a continuous inspection so that they can truly assess the school institution. Also, to know if that institution totally adheres to the requirements and standards set by the Accrediting Bodies. So that they can able to certify that an institution or program has met established standard, helps students determine acceptable institution for enrollment and assist prospective students in identifying acceptable institution.

Also, the Commission on Higher Education must also conduct continuous monitoring and evaluating the performance of programs and institution of higher learning for appropriate incentives. Also identify, support and develop potential centers of excellence in program areas needed for the development of world class students especially in the Criminology Program.

The Human Resource and Development of the Schools Institution must choose the most competent, totally skilled and well-trained practitioners in Criminalistics subject. So that, the students will be implanted by enough knowledge and to become competent enough in Criminalistics Subject. As well as conducting seminars and trainings of the Criminalistics Professors to expand and to upgrade their knowledge in the field of Criminalistics.

Finally, the Criminalistics Professors must choose the best and modern type of teaching techniques for them to inculcate learning to their students. They should also secure that the students have hand-on experience in Criminology Laboratory works and materials. 6. The students must also be responsible on themselves to make necessary action to gain knowledge to make themselves as competent students. They must be resourceful and try to find ways for them to acquire an expand their skills and capabilities.

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Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs

in Camalig, Albay, PhilippinesJINGKIE C. DEOCAREZA

RODNIE N. NARITO RONHEL L. LLONA

CHRISTIAN MARJALINOhttp://orcid.org 0000-0001-6440-749X

[email protected] College

Daraga Albay, Philippines

ABSTRACT

The drug problem presented divergent threats to community security wherein the Filipino Citizens are able to have innovative programs in promoting a drug-free community with the effort of different concerned government agencies. The main focus of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the citizens movement against illegal drugs. An anti-illegal drug program introduced by the present government leadership that has main objective of involving the community in the effort to eradicate drug menace in the society. The data will be extracted from the barangay (village) officials and selected residents of barangay (village). Purposive and random sampling technique were utilized in the selection of respondents. The study revealed that, the program was implemented but it was an absence of drug rehabilitation facilities among the drug surrenderees and insufficient monetary resources to conduct anti-drug seminars on the part of barangay officials.

Keywords - Implementation, illegal drugs, barangay, problems, preventive measures, programs



INTRODUCTION Innovative programs about illegal drugs evolved in the past several decades.

Each Country faces an extraordinary drug crisis and it deteriorated with time. The local, national, regional and global economy is directly affected of illicit drugs use. That’s why each state and country launched a different implementation to addressed the global problem of substance use in participation of agencies and organization all over the globe. The United State of America, focused their implementation on preventing treatment, recovery and reducing availability of substance use at the communities (National Drug Control Strategy, 2019). While in Portugal, their application of the program was prevention, treatment, harmful reduction and social reintegration to expand the government programs that contributes success of drug policies (Gavilan, 2016). In addition, Switzerland focused their policies on prevention, treatment, harm reduction and law enforcement to minimized the drug consumption in the cities (Wolf and Herzig, 2019). Although the implementation of programs was applied still the problems in illicit drugs continued steadily rise.

In the Philippines, under Section 2, R.A. 9165 it states that: The government shall purse an intensive and unrelenting campaign against the trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other similar substances through an integrated system of planning, implementation and enforcement of anti-drug abuse policies, programs, and projects. The government shall however aim to achieve a balance in the national drug control program so that people with legitimate medical needs are not prevented from being treated with adequate amounts appropriate medications, which include the use of dangerous drugs.

The abovementioned law is a basis in the implementation of anti-illegal drugs campaign of the Duterte’s administration to combat the huge social ills of unlawful drugs in our country. Through this, The Department of the Interior and local Government (2016), released the preventive measures about criminality, corruption of public officials in barangay and massive proliferation of illegal drugs. This program entitled Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs. The government wants to appeal the public in controlling misconduct, bribery and illegal drugs in barangays to suppress the social problems in our nation. The Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency revealed during press conference that out of 42,036 barangays in our country 49.65 percent are considered drug affected barangays (Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency, 2017). Furthermore, PDEA showed that 66.7 percent or 13, 920 are classified as slightly affected and 32.3 percent or 6,744 barangays are moderately affected. The remaining one percent or 208 barangays are seriously affected (Tupas, 2017). The data shows even


though there is a program, still the issues concern in terms of criminality and illegal drugs is high.

With this, the government launched a Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2018-01 addressed to Local Chief Executive, Regional Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, members of the Local Sanggunian at all levels, Local Anti-Drug Abuse Councils members, DILG regional and provincial directors, city and municipal local government operations officers, and all others concerned in implementing strategies on the functionality and effectiveness of local Anti-Drug Abuse Councils (DILG and PDEA, 2018). It serves as wakeup call to all local agencies concerns and barangays in addressing the efficient and effectiveness of guidelines.

In the municipality of Camalig in the Province of Albay where the study conducted, there are 1,313 numbers of personally appeared/surrendered considered themselves as pusher and users according to the police report conducted by Albay Provincial Police Office. However, those surrendered return to illegal activities after a few months and led to Bloody war. Because the barangay itself does not have a sustainable program of illegal drugs to addressed the problem.

This paper measures the level of Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs program in Camalig, Albay. Through, information dissemination and penalty; problems encountered and; recommended measures to suppress the criminality and production of prohibited drugs in the Barangay is the major concern. Because of increasing numbers of drug surrenderees, drug dependents, users, and pushers.

METHODOLOGY

The study used the descriptive research approach. Descriptive studies described situation that seeks to answer question about the enactment of the said program Duquesne University, 2018. Documentary source and survey-questionnaire was done in gathering data to the respondents. This study enclosed a two-year period, from 2015-2016. There are 25 Barangay Officials and 75 selected residents with the total number of 100 respondents answered coming from Camalig Albay. The purposive sampling technique was used in certain barangay officials and simple random sampling technique was employed in selected barangay residents. The research questionnaires had three parts. It includes, the level of implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs, information dissemination and penalty, the problems encountered by barangay


officials in implementing the said program and recommended measures to address the problem.

This study used frequency counts, percentage, weighted mean, and ranking as a procedure of ascribing quantitative and qualitative data. The researchers writing letter to barangay officials and asking approval to conduct the study in selected residents for validation. After retrieval of the questionnaires, the data was tabulated, interpreted and statistically treated.


According to Dangerous Drug Board (2015) National Household Survey, there were around 1.8 million drugs users in our country and over-all residents of 100.98 million estimates out of 4.8 million Filipinos aged 10-69 years old used illegal drugs.

The result of data is contradicting to the National Household survey, regarding the numbers of drugs users. Because mostly responded that it was implemented but in national survey still there are several ages of Filipinos used illegal drugs. As of 2016 anti – illegal drugs campaign of the government strengthened the implementation guidelines to fights against illegal drugs from national level down to barangay level in terms of Barangay Anti-Illegal Drug Abuse Council. Through this, the President warn all government agencies, especially law enforcement to combat criminality, corruption of person in authority and drug menace, users, pushers and drug dependent to stop the use of illegal drugs.

In table 1 present on how to measures the level Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs Camalig, Albay. The collected data coming from 26 respondents reacted the implementation of the said program was properly implemented and followed by barangay official, 38 of them declares that it is implemented, 19 of the respondents articulates that less implemented, and only 17 of respondents thought that it is not implemented. It is reflected in police operation from July to September 30, 2016 the total numbers 731,404 illegal drugs personalities surrendered the police stations nationwide 25, 473 were arrested and 1,464 slayed in police operations. Out of the above recorded figure, the succeeding were the High value target HVTs contained within: 201 surrendered, 66 arrested and 14 killed PDEA (2016).

Both of the data coming from respondents and police operation agree that the implementation of anti -illegal drug campaign in national to barangay level is successful, though there are some agencies and even international law condemn that in Duterte’s administration fight against anti- illegal drug campaign is Bloody


war because of extra-judicial killings, human rights violation and due process of law. With this, criminalities, importation, selling, purchasing of illegal drug decreased in our country.

Table 1. Level of Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs in terms of:

TWM AI

Information Dissemination

Advocacy and Education Campaigns 2.73 Implemented

Information Gathering and Reporting strategy 2.69 Implemented

AVERAGE 2.71 Implemented

In terms of penalty

Amendments and strictly implementation of guidelines. 2.72 Implemented

Appropriate measures to enforce the provisions of guidelines. 2.80 Implemented

Enhance the enforcement of programs. 2.66 Implemented

AVERAGE 2.73 Implemented

On Table 2 revealed the respondent assessment of the problem encountered in Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs. The respondent top concern based on the ranking were absence of training of barangay officials on the objectives of Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs second absence of drug rehabilitation facilities among the drug surrenderees, while insufficient monetary resources to conduct anti-drug seminars on the part of barangay officials, meanwhile absence of coordination between barangay officials and authorities in the anti-drug campaign, resulted in failure to conform the policies and regulations of the Dangerous Drugs Board, due to poor dissemination of data about the Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs, and Barangay officials lack the ability to effectively suppress the prevalent use of unlawful drugs in the barangay because of the absence of personnel, cooperation and participation coming from the public and experiences of barangay officials to effectively manage the barangay’s anti-illegal drug programs. The PNP address this problem through PNP Supplemental Operational Guidelines and Adherences to policies of Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign (2018). In order to strengthened the implementation of anti -illegal drugs campaign and stop the issues of Human Rights violation, extra judicial killing and abuse of


power on the part of law enforcement and officials.

Table 2. Problems encountered by the Barangay Officials in Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs Programs in Camalig, Albay

Indicators F Rank

1. Lack of training of barangay officials on the objectives of MASID 74 1

2. Lack of drug rehabilitation facilities. 71 2

3. Insufficient financial resources to conduct anti-drug seminars. 67 3

4. Lack of coordination between barangay officials and authorities in the anti-drug campaign. 66 4

5. Failure to obey with the policies and regulations of the Dangerous Drugs Board. 63 5

6. Poor dissemination of information about the MASID. 62 6

7. Barangay officials lack the ability to effectively suppress the prevalent use of prohibited drugs in the barangay. 61 7

8. Lack of personnel. 59 8

9. Lack of participation coming from the community. 57 9

10. Barangay officials lack the experience to effectively manage the barangay’s anti-illegal drug programs. 48 10

This study suggests in demographic outline of the respondents they must

cooperate and participate with the said program. Organized a group volunteer to stop the drug menace in the barangay, while in terms of implementation it was properly implemented therefor maintain and strengthen the advocacy to achieve a community that is free from drugs, peaceful and safe place to live with. It is supported with the Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy (2018). Although mostly of the responses of the respondent agree that it was implemented still there are some problem need to addressed with, by this program like proper training of barangay officials, linkages from different agencies, poor dissemination of the program, budget and rehabilitation facilities. This is the top concern that the researchers want to address the following recommendation; see table 3.


Table 3. Measures may be recommended to address the said problems. Frequency Ranking

1. Undergo seminars and training the program. 90 1

2. Provide posters/fliers regarding the program. 89 2.5

3. Organized community rehabilitation-based programs. 89 2.5

4. Linkages of different agencies like Department of Health. 80 4

5. Provide a Barangay Hotline service. 79 5

6. Encourage a volunteer group through based faith community. 71 6

7. Provide a database regulated by each Barangay. 70 7

8. Proper training on how they should implement the Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs.

69 8.5

9. Each municipality must have an Coordination of each Barangay. 69 8.5

10.Strenghten the rehabilitation program of drug surenderrees. 66 10

CONCLUSION

Based on the evaluation regarding the Implementation of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs in Camalig, Albay from 2015-2016, revealed that the information dissemination and penalty were properly implemented by the barangay officials. Although the barangay officials were active and the programs are functional, but the major concern among the problems encountered was lack of training of barangay officials on the objectives Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs and etc. The problem of illegal drugs is not a passing decorative. If we do not take good care of happenings regarding its eradication, it might grow again and again. The role of the community is important through empowerment that promotes volunteerism.

RECOMMENDATION

We suggest to increased coordination to the law enforcement agencies particularly to PDEA and PNP to report suspicious and illegal activities in the barangay must be properly reported. Likewise, strengthen the rehabilitation program of the drug surrenderees through the intensified support of the composition of Citizens Movement Against Illegal Drugs to avoid recurrence of the use of illegal drugs. This program involved all the local government units in eradicating illegal drugs and criminalities. The law enforcement agencies like PNP


and PDEA must unceasingly instill awareness and drug education in the barangay to fully eliminate the ill-effects of drugs through seminars.

REFERENCES

Arellano law Foundation (2018). Law phil project, Arellano law Foundation, Retrieved from https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2002/ra_9165_2002.html, November 30, 2018

Caṅete, A. D. (2014) Essentials of drug education and vice control, A textbook and review material with republic act No. 9165 (Otherwise Known as Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002), 2014

DILG (2016). Advisory of the Department of the Interior and local government, Retrieved from http://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/MASA-MASID-Uniting-communities-against-illegal-drugs/NC-2016-1168, September 28, 2016

DILG and PDEA (2018). Department of Interior and local government and Philippine Drug Law Enforcement Agency Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2018-01, Retrieved from https://www.ddb.gov.ph/images/downloads/dilg-joincircular-2018521_5e9324a6b7.pdf, May 21, 2018

Duquesne University (2018). Gumberg Library, Retrieved from https://guides.library.duq.edu/c.php?g=836228&p=5972144, July 11, 2018

Gavilan, J. (2016) Best Practices; How other countries dealt with drug problem, https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/drugs-best-practices-countries, September 5, 2016

Herzig, M & Wolf, M. (2019) Inside Switzerland’s Drug Policy Innovation, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/inside_switzerlands_radical_drug_policy_innovation, July 22, 2019

Laerd (2012). Leard dissertation, Retrieved from http://dissertation.laerd.com/purposive-sampling.php#explained

Municipality Mandates (n. date). Retrieved from Rhttp://www.camalig.gov.ph/lgu-mandate/


National Drug Control Strategy (2019) Office of National Drug Control Strategy https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NDCS-Final.pdf,

PDEA (2017). Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency, Retrieved from http://pdea.gov.ph/2-uncategorised/399-49-65-of-barangays-nationwide-drug-affected-pdea, July 22, 2017

PNP Manual (2010). Revised PNP Manual Anti-Illegal Drugs Operations and Investigation PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Special Operations Task Force, December 15, 2017.

PNP Operating Manual (2018). PNP Supplemental Operational Guidelines and adherence to policies in Anti-Illegal Drug Campaign, Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/369807450/PNP-Supplemental-Operational-Guidelines-War-on-Drugs

Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy (2018). Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy, Retrieved from, https://www.ddb.gov.ph/images/downloads/Revised_PADS_as_of_Nov_9_2018.pdf

Tupas, E. (2017). Number of drug-affected barangays hit 20,872 – PDEA. The Philippine Star, 3, p.15.


Status of Employability of Bachelor of Science

in Criminology GraduatesSAEREL B. REBUSQUILLO

HAZEL T. AZUPARDO CATHERINE D. RAQUID

[email protected]://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-3998

Bicol CollegeDaraga, Albay, Philippines

ABSTRACT

Criminology is a 4-year college degree program intended for individuals who aspire to have a career in the fields of law enforcement administration, crime detection and prevention or correctional administration (Pacatang, 2016). This study determined the status of the Bachelor of Science in Criminology graduates, the problems met by the graduates and the recommended measures to enhance the employability of the criminology graduates. Descriptive research design was used by the researchers in the study. An adapted survey questionnaire as the instrument in gathering the data was utilized. The respondents of the study were selected through a random sampling technique. The graduates of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, Batch 2015 were the respondents of the study. The statistical tools used were percentage and weighted mean. Out of 98 respondents, there were 48 females and 50 male graduates, and seventy-five (75) were single and twenty-three (23) were married. Most of them were licensed criminologists but they encountered difficulty in obtaining it.

Keywords - Criminology, employability, criminology graduates, descriptive research method, Philippines



INTRODUCTION

Graduate employability raise interest for years and enhancing the graduate’s capability to be employable are the subject of most studies. It plays a crucial role in economic growth and national development. The more employable graduates, the greater the economic yield to financial investments (Kundaeli, 2015). According to the study of Rothwell and Rothwell (2017), employability is the capability to move independently within the labor market to recognize potential through sustainable employment. For the individual, “employability” means the measure of quality of human capital (Fernandez – Chung, Cheok, Ching and Hill, 2014).

The competitive nature of the labor market has placed greater demand on graduate employability skills. Labor force nowadays are expected to have supplementary set of skills besides the occupational related technical skills (Suarta, Suwintana, Sudana, and Harinyati, 2018). For many students, a degree is seen as a means of securing employment. Nevertheless, investments in education may yield promising results but not for all graduates. The certainty of obtaining a degree alone does not secure employment for the graduates and many struggled to find job right after graduation.

Harry, Chinyamurindi and Mjoli (2018) indicated that there are five factors contributed to employability: (1) poor socio-economic status, (2) an education system, (3) curriculum issues, (4 the choice of higher education institution and (5) social connections to which the student belongs to. The most important factor is the educational institutions helping the students acquire the necessary skills and discipline to be employable in their future job hunting. Employers’ preference for students graduating from well-established and reputable universities suggests that these institutions attract more capable students and offer a high quality of teaching (Fulgence, 2015).

Graduate competitiveness is shaped by the institution who nurtured the student. Measuring quality education is through the outcomes achieved. Higher education institutions become a gateway to develop job-related skills and competencies preparing the students to their immediate workplace (Ashenafi, 2019). Higher Education Institutions involved in developing human resources through long- and short-term programs have the duty to keep track of the performance of their graduates to determine accountability and whether or not their programs have impacted on the individual, the institution, or the country. The quality of graduates is a function of quality instruction and facilities ensuring that graduates are equipped with the knowledge, skills and


values that will enable them to work in their respective field (Celis, Festijo and Cueto, 2013).

Higher Educations Institutions cultivate human capital and contributes to national wealth by equipping students with the skills required for employment (Fulgence, 2015). However, there are many graduates of different institutions who are struggling to secure employment nowadays. According to the study of Fulgence (2015), one of the contributing factors is the curriculum’s inadequate innovative aspects enabling the graduates to acquire the competencies required by employers or the skills required to be self-employed. Ascertaining skills required by the various professions and industries are imperative for the vocational higher education institution to guarantee that their curriculum remains relevant and up to date, thereby resulting in high-performing graduates (Suarta, Suwintana, Sudana, and Harinyati, 2018).

Bicol College is one of the institutions offering quality education in the region. A top performing school in terms of criminology course who provides reliable and accountable students who can serve the country to be well organized and well disciplined. This institution trains the students to pass the licensure examination, apply knowledge and skills in their field of profession, excel in their field of specialization to become effective and efficient leaders in the community and contribute to the continuous advancement of criminal justice education fields through research (Bicol College Handbook, 2013).

The Bachelor of Science in Criminology, as mentioned in the study of Pacatang (2016), is a 4-year college degree program envisioned for personalities who planned to have a career in the fields of criminal law and jurisprudence, law enforcement administration, crime detection and investigation, criminal sociology and ethics, criminalistics and correctional administration and its application to forensic science. Leadership, discipline, responsibility and service to people were the characteristics to be inculcated to students enrolled to this degree. This course is governed by the law RA 6506, as amended by RA 11131 which states the importance of criminology profession in national security, public safety, peace and order, and in nation-building and development. Therefore, criminology schools must produce competitive and world-class graduates who can be demand of today’s society. Licensure examinations must be developed to assess the competence and necessary skills to be acquired by the new breed of criminologists (Section 2, RA 1131, Law Phil project, 2020).

A criminology graduate must take the licensure examination to become a criminologist. According to the RA 6506, a criminologist “any person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has passed the examination for


criminologists and is registered as such by the Board of Criminology (Arnilla, Rubias, Lariosa, Taamyo, Raz and Tejada, 2016).

This research study aimed to produce more quality graduates of the institution. Locating the graduates what they become after graduation is important to the department and the institution as well. This study helped the institution in improving the delivery of instruction given to the students necessary to the industries’ demand and job opportunities particularly in the law enforcement field. Ensuring their rightful places in the government and private sector will give the chances of being chosen as they graduated with the necessary skills and expertise needed for their chosen career.

Furthermore, this study also aimed to recognize the current employment status, job – related values of the respondents and occupational skills that contributed to their job placement and determine what did they become after graduation. The factors found in the study served as guide in formulating the quality and delivery of instruction to the students (Aguila, De Castro, Dotong & Laguador (2016).

Specifically, this research determined the status of criminology graduates of Bicol College in the year 2015 with the following objectives: (1) Identify the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, contact number, electronic mail and Facebook Account and Messenger account; (2) determine the status of criminology graduates of Bicol College in the year 2015 base on their eligibility, job placement, professional development and employment status; and (3) Identify the problems met by the respondents in the variables above.

The study showed the outcomes beneficial to the improvement of the graduates that may be attained when status of the graduates of Bicol College is determined. Improving the institution is also the objective of the study. Through the status of the criminology graduates, new approach was done enhancing the quality of employable graduates the Bicol College is producing in criminology career. Through this study, board passers continuously increase and the maintain a high passing percentage of the institution in the licensure examinations. Current trends in criminology and increasing the probability of being employed in the future may improve.

METHODOLOGY

The descriptive research method was employed in the study. The researchers used an adapted survey questionnaire as the instrument in gathering the data. Random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents of the research study. Criminology graduates of Bicol College


Batch 2015 were the respondents of the study. The responses were gathered by contacting the respondents through their social media account like electronic mail and messenger account. The statistical tools used were percentage and weighted mean.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Profile of the respondents

The data revealed the profile of the respondents regarding the age, gender, civil status and their Facebook account. The profile of the respondents’ age was derived from the bracket of 22-26 with a percentage of 86.73%. It can be implied that the respondents were young professionals. As cited in the study of (Levin, 2016) it appeared that on this age bracket there was uncertainty about their future and in their career milestones’ achievement. Nevertheless, huge potentials for efficient, active, skills-based learning would help today’s young professionals build confidence and the attainment of their goals.

In terms of sexual category, most of the respondents were males having a number of 50 respondents or 51.02% and 48 or 48.98% were females. It implies that career in criminology promote gender equality. It is in conformity with the findings of Maratas (2014) stating that the profession is both for men and women.

In terms of civil status, it was reflected that more than half of the respondents are single. Enjoying their professional life is one of the treasured moments of every graduate. Helping the family and the notion of giving back to the parents are some of the reasons of being single. In terms of contact numbers and Facebook account all of them provided their contact details. Facilitation of the study was made easier for the researchers reaching the respondents. Online communication made them easier to extract the necessary information needed for the research.


Table 1. Profile of RespondentsAge F %

22 – 26 85 86.73

27 – 30 12 12.24

31 – 35 1 1.03

Total 98 100%

Gender F %

Male 50 51.02

Female 48 48.98

Total 98 100%

Civil Status F %

Single 75 76.53

Married 23 23.47

Total 98 100%

Contact Nos. 98 100%

Facebook Acct. 98 100%

2. Status of Criminology GraduatesNotable results of the status of the criminology graduates was revealed

in the study. After graduation, the respondents obtained their eligibility similar to the Civil Service Examination, Licensure Examination for Criminologist and other related examination. Most of the graduates were certified criminologists with a total of 83 or 84.69 percent. High percentage of passers was expected as their career was directed to criminology profession. It could be noted that the Batch 2015 had a passing rate of 57.14% national passing rate in the April 2015 Licensure Examination for Criminologist (Professional Regulation Commission, 2019). Additionally, there is one respondent who passed the civil service eligibility while other eligibilities correspond to other entrance examinations like the NAPOLCOM entrance examination. However, there were ten (10) respondents who had not yet attained any of the aforementioned eligibilities.

On the other hand, the employment status of the respondents showed that they were currently employed at about 93.87% both in private and public sector, where six of them were not yet employed. As to the job placement, majority were employed in government agencies like the PNP, BFP, the AFP which was in line with their profession. As mentioned in the study of Arnilla, Rubias, Lariosa, Taamyo, Raz and Tejada (2016), the Philippine National Police


became the topmost agency chosen by criminology graduates when seeking employment. The focus of the course is headed to being a law enforcement officer after graduation.

Other agencies included those respondents who found job in private sectors and outside the country, such as in call center, security agencies and online selling. Some of their job placements were not in connection with their profession. It is in consonance with the study of (Respicio,2010) where underemployment and low income were experienced by workers due to globalization and the changing world economy. Employment to a company requires meeting the qualifications needed by the employers and possession of the explicit skills essential in the selection process. Similarly, (Llave, Sapungan,, Capuno, Garcia & Ramos, 2019), found that most of the graduates prefer to work in private offices than the government .This also implied that there were many jobs offered in private establishments. Graduates’ reason for employment varied through the factors affecting their enjoyment in their current job.

Table 2. Status of Criminology Graduates of Bicol College in the year 2015ELIGIBILITIES F %

(R.A 6506) Criminology Licensure Examination 83 84.69

R.A1080) Civil Service Examination 1 1.03

( PD 907) Honor Graduate Eligibility 0 0

Other eligibilities 4 4.08

No eligibilities 10 10.20

TOTAL 100%

EMPLOYMENT STATUS F %Employed 92 93.87

Unemployed 6 6.12

TOTAL 100%JOB PLACEMENT

PNP 39 39.79%

BFP 4 4.08%

AFP 5 5.10%

Other Agencies 44 44.89%

TOTAL 93.86%


ANNUAL INCOME F %

20,000-40,000 0 0

50,000-100,000 8 8.16

100,000-300,000 45 45.92

300,000-600,000 39 39.80

No Annual Income 6 6.12

TOTAL 100%

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PCAP Member 83 84.69%

No membership on Other Organization 15 15.30%

TOTAL 98 100%

3.Problems encountered by the criminology graduatesThe problems encountered by the criminology graduates of Batch 2015

was the difficulty in obtaining their eligibility which was rated as “serious” by the highest number of respondents got 2.61. It was perceived by the respondents as the problem of most criminology graduates. Although, batch 2015 had high percentage in terms of eligibilities some of them were having difficulty to pass the exam for the first time. There were records of BS Criminology graduates who experienced difficulty in passing the exam to obtain their eligibility. Higher percentage of the respondents selected this problem pertaining to the graduates as a whole but not their individual perception regarding the problem. Re-takers were increasing in number. The methodology of the researchers in gathering data may also be one of the factors why they answered that eligibility was the topmost problem of their batch. The instrument was not thoroughly explained to the respondents because the data were collected through messenger and Facebook account.

Problem in obtaining a professional eligibility after graduation is quite difficult. According to RA 6506 as amended by RA 11131 stricter laws were imposed in obtaining the eligibility for criminology exam. To become a registered criminologist, a candidate must achieve a weighted average rating of seventy-five percent (75%) with no grade less than sixty percent (60%) in any given subject. If the examinee gained a rating lower than the passing percentage, the result shall be deferred and must repeat the subjects which got a failing percentage. The examinee has an allowable time of 2 years to comply and must obtain a passing percentage of 80% to pass the said examination (LawPhil


project, 2020). The HEIs must improve educational performance to fill the skills gap between what employers need and what graduates supply to the labour market (Fulgence, 2015).

However, work experience not related to the degree and other jobs not related to the degree were rated as “Less Serious” by the respondents of 2.43 and 2.29, respectively. Job opportunities that were applied for right after graduation became their permanent or temporary job mostly because change of employment is difficult and some qualifications were not achieved in applying to related jobs related to law enforcement agencies. Criminologists have a wide range of employment opportunities to select from which includes, among others, a “law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government…agency” and as “technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questioned documents, police photography, lie detection, forensic chemistry and other scientific aspects of crime detection (Arnilla, Rubias, Lariosa, Taamyo, Raz and Tejada, 2016).

Other problems were rated as less serious like problem on physical aspects, focus, determination and self-confidence. It was stated in RA 6975, otherwise known as the “Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, the least qualification necessary to enter in the law enforcement field. As what was stated in the law the applicant must be at least five meters and 4 inches in height for male and one meter and five meters and 2 inches for female; their body mass index must not exceed five kilograms (Chan Robles, 2020).

Table 3. Problems encountered by the respondentsIndicators 4 3 2 1 TWM Adjectival

Interpreta-tionf WM f WM F WM f WM

Lack of professional Eligibility

37 1.51 17 0.5214

0.28 30 0.30 2.61 Serious

Inadequate experience

9 0.36 16 0.48 33 0.67 40 0.40 1.91 Less Serious

No job opening within the vicinity of residence

2 0.08 18 0.55 45 0.91 33 0.33 1.87 Less Serious

Other jobs not related to degree

6 0.24 47 1.43 30 0.61 15 0.15 2.43 Less Serious

Work experience is not related to degree

6 0.24 41 1.25 28 0.57 23 0.23 2.29 Less Serious


Focus, determination and self-confidence

16 0.65 23 0.70 36 0.73 23 0.23 2.31Less Serious

Discrimination among graduates

2 0.08 22 0.67 26 0.53 48 0.48 1.76 Less Serious

Problem on physical aspects

32 0.30 22 0.67 25 0.51 19 0.19 1.67 Less Serious

CONCLUSIONS

Almost all of the respondent’s civil status is single with an age range of 22-26 years old and considerably looking for job placement. They provided their contact details and accommodated the researchers with the necessary information for the study. The research was conducted four years after their graduation. Significantly, a number of criminology graduates of Batch 2015 were licensed criminologists, who possessed appropriate eligibilities. Most of them are working in the government sector while some landed on the private sector where underemployment set in and receiving inadequate monthly salaries. Adequacy of salary are experienced who sought employment in the PNP, BFP and the Armed Forces of Philippines. The criminology graduates

The significant problems encountered by the graduates were difficulties in obtaining their professional eligibility and rated as a serious problem. They were having problems with the qualification requirement in applying to law enforcement agencies in terms of physical aspects particularly on the height requirement of the tri-bureau. Some diverted their career to job that was not related to their profession like application in security agencies, call centers, seeking opportunity outside the country and online selling of goods.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The future researchers should conduct the same study to attain a hundred percent participation among the respondents to achieve best results. An allowance must be set of at least 5 years after the date of graduation. Enhancement of academic instruction to criminology students must be made in order to produce more qualified and competent graduates. Job fair and information drive related to the profession must be catered to the students for a work in relation to their profession. Enhancement courses in improving their skills in answering questions in the board examinations and entrance


examinations must be taught to the students. Amendments to the Republic Act 8551 must be made particularly to the qualification requirements of the tri-bureau. The height requirement is also one of the problems of the criminology graduates that must be addressed. There are criminology graduates that are qualified in terms of their eligibility, physical examination, agility, medical and neuropsychological examination but failed to pass one of the general qualifications on height. The College of Criminal Justice Education’s observance of strict admission policies for those incoming freshmen must be done. Quality must not be sacrificed to quantity. Height waiver must be understood by the students that the height requirement is one of the qualifications in applying in the law enforcement agencies, particularly the tri-bureau.

REFERENCES

Aguila, G. M., De Castro, Dotong, C. I., & Laguador, J. M. (2016). Employability of Computer Engineering Graduates from 2013 to 2015 in one Private Higher Education Institution in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 3(3). Retrieved from: www.apjeas.apjmr.com

Arnilla, A. K. A., Rubias, J. I., Lariosa, D. M.,Tamayo, R. A., Raz, J. I. & Tejada, J. E. (2016). The criminologists in the police service: Reflections from the field. International Journal of Advanced Research, 4(3), 133-140. Retrieved from: https://www. journalijar.com

Ashenafi, A. W. (2019). Employability among statistics graduates: Graduates’ attributes, competence, and quality of education. Education Research International, 2019, 7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7285491

Bicol College Handbook (2013). Unpublished handbook of Bicol College.

Celis, M. I. C., Festijo, B. Cueto, A. (2013). Graduate’s employability: A tracer study for Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management. Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary, 1(11), 225-238. Retrieved from: asianacademicresearch.org/google.ph

Chan Robles Virtual Law Library (2020, March 6). Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990. Retrieved from: https://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno6975.htm#.XmG1DKgzbIU


Fernandez – Chung, R. M., Cheok, C.K., Ching, L.Y. & Hill, C. (2014). Phase I : Employability of Graduates in Malaysia : The perceptions of selected employers. A published thesis. Retrieved from: www.google.com

Fulgence, K. (2015). Employability of Higher Education Institutions graduates:Exploring the influence of Entrepreneurship Education and Employability Skills Development Program Activities in Tanzania. PDF file. A published thesis from School of Economic Discipline, Germany. Retrieved from: www.google.com

Harry, T., Chinyamurindi, W.T., & Mjoli, T. (2018). Perceptions of factors that affect employability amongst a sample of final-year students at a rural South African university. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 44(0), a1510. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajip.v44i0.1510

Kundaeli, F.(2015). Individual Factors Affecting the Employability of Information Systems graduates in Cape Town, South Africa: Employed graduates and employer perspectives. A published dissertation of University of Cape Town. Retrieved from: www.google .com

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Levin, R. (2016). A survey of young professionals in the UK helps us identify the challenges they face in reaching their life goals. Retrieved from; www.courseblog.com

Llave, A.J.M., Sapungan, R.M., Capuno, N. A.A, Garcia, J.D. & Ramos, A.M.P. (2019). Role of cooperative society to the poverty reduction. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research.3, (1), 44-59. Retrieved from: www.ijriar.com

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Fire Safety Programs of BFP Personnel

in Selected Communities in Daraga, Albay

ROWENA M. [email protected]

Bicol CollegeDaraga, Albay

ABSTRACT

Everyone is at risk if there is a fire. However, there are some workers who may be exposed to greater risks because of the time and place of their work or unfamiliarity with the premises or equipment being used. Fire safety program in some community are not properly implemented which makes them more prone to danger. This study specifically aimed to determine the: (1) status of Fire Safety Program of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP); (2) the level of its implementation along: (a) Ugnayan sa Barangay, (b) Inspection and Evaluation, (c) Lectures and Seminars, and (d) Homeowners upgrading on safety; and lastly (3) propose measure to enhance the implementation on fire safety programs. Respondents of the study were BFP personnel, Barangay officials, and selected residents. This study used 50 residents as respondents per community. The results showed that the status of Fire safety program by the BFP faced problems in the adequacy of facilities and budget to fully implement the program. As to the level of implementation of fire safety program of BFP, it is being implemented. After careful study of the results, the researcher made a precautionary and safety measures through pamphlets that may assist the BFP to enhance the said program.

Keywords - Fire, Fire Safety Programs, Implementation



INTRODUCTION

Fires incidents are the costliest but preventable disaster in the Philippines. This cost pertains to both economic damage and destruction of human lives. Thousands of lives and billions worth of property is lost every year because of seemingly inescapable fires, often caused by negligence and sheer apathy of its consequences. Today, the Philippines still struggle in preventing or fighting fire incidents.

The effects of fire incidents can be catastrophic, not only to the business establishments affected by fire damage, but also to the community served by the businesses. Fires affect thousands of companies each year resulting to injury, building damage and loss of customer trust. By establishing a fire prevention and preparedness program, it can help avoid injuries to employees and visitors, costly damages, and potential fines to the business (CINTAS, 2020). Faulty electrical connections are by the far the most common cause of fire in the Philippines. This stems from old wiring, improper connections, or sometimes due to an over load problem (The Asianparent Philippines, 2020)

Fire disasters’ causes and effects usually show a domino effect where it can spread from one building to another. This can be related to Heinrich’s Domino Theory which states that accidents result from a chain of sequential events, metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling over. When one of the dominoes falls, it triggers the next one, and the next, but removing a key factor (such as an unsafe condition or an unsafe act) prevents the start of the chain reaction. Accidents are usually multi-factoral and develop through relatively lengthy sequences of changes and errors. This situation had led to principle of multiple causation.

The Bureau of Fire Protection, as the government agency mandated to prevent and suppress all kinds of destructive fires, investigate its causes, enforce fire-related laws and provide emergency medical and rescue services, shall anchor all the activities for the Fire Prevention Month towards fire safety at home. It can be done by introducing innovative programs and activities leading towards motivating the public to take fire safety as everyone’s concern (gov.ph, 2020)

Fire prevention programs are conducted to remind the community the need for fire-safe homes. A parallel activity is affected in schools to inculcate among the young the negative consequences of fire incidents in the lives of families. TV and radio exposures during the celebration are also carried out through media hopping. Information materials such as leaflets and brochures are distributed to complement the campaign.


In Albay, Fire Prevention Program has limited resources to fully implement its activities. The Municipality of Daraga which is the 1st class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines and has a total of 54 communities (WIKIPEDIA, 2020). Maroroy, Market Site and Binitayan are the commonly communities reported of fire cases in the BFP Daraga. These areas are crowded and houses have little gaps and spaces next to each other. It is observed that not all have fire extinguishers and fire exits. Additionally, some electrical wirings are not properly in place.

Uncooperative residents and their inability to follow all the requirements for fire safety are not given such importance by the authorities. This could be some of the reasons why the said program is not successfully working.

All deeds and acts start to develop inside a responsible institution. Through Institutional theory which asserts that institutions are social structures that have attained a high degree of resilience, and explains the role of the Bureau of Fire and Protection to the community and its resilience in fire disasters. This theory is composed of cultural-cognitive, normative, and regulative elements that, together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning to social life (WIKIPEDIA, 2020). It is asserted that the institutional environment can strongly influence the development of formal structures in an organization. This theory relates to the present study in such it elaborates the role and duties of the BFP to the success of the implementation of safety programs.

There should be a consistent implementation of the programs to encourage motivation in the community to have a standardized behavior of following all the rules and regulations. All the knowledge imparted by the programs can be applied once emergency sets in such as fires cases. This is a conception of institutionalism according to which institution are carried in procedurally define “means” that provide for appropriate or customary ways of acting.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research used a descriptive research design. The researcher came up with 50 residents as respondents per community, 24 community officials, 32 BFP personnel of Daraga BFP. Adopted questionnaire was used and validated by the BFP personnel. The questionnaire has three (3) parts. Part I determines the level of implementation of BFP along four (4) variables: a. Ugnayan sa Barangay; b. Fire Safety Inspection and Evaluation; c. Seminars and Lectures; d. House owners Upgrading on Safety. A four- (4) point Likert’s scale was used as 4 – fully implemented; 3- implemented; 2 0 fairly implemented; 1- not implemented.


Simple statistical tool was utilized such as frequency count, percentage and weighted mean were used.


The Daraga Bureau of Fire Protection intensifies the conduct of fire safety and awareness campaign. BFP personnel continue to reach out to the public, especially in the barangay level, to provide fire prevention information and fire safety consciousness to the community through its Barangay Ugnayan Program. During the activity, firefighters discussed safety reminders and preventive measures to avoid fire occurrence at home.

BFP conducted fire safety program only in selected communities in Daraga, Albay including Barangay Maroroy, Binitayan and Market Site out of 54 barangays. Ugnayan sa barangay activities such as seminar on firefighting, house to house safety information are conducted only once a year. Fire Olympics activities are seldom implemented due to lack of budget.

Fire safety inspections are conducted to some establishment as a pre-requisite to grants of permits and/or licenses by local governments or other government agencies. Inspections are done at least once a year and every time the owner; administrator or occupant shall renew his/her business permit or permit to operate. Seminars, evaluation drills and lectures on updates on firefighting are conducted annually to those who volunteered in the community.

Level of implementation of safety program were assessed by respondents on four variables. These are important to determine what are some of the problems and concerns of the respondents to improve such program.

BFP personnel coordinated with the community officials to provide fire prevention information and fire safety consciousness to the community through its Barangay Ugnayan. All activities in this category got an over-all adjectival interpretation of “Implemented”.

House to house safety information and TV and radio exposure emphasizing the importance of Fire safety were the topmost implemented. Fire safety awareness has resulted in a lower number of fire deaths in past years, but the number is still high -- especially considering that residential fires are so preventable. (SafeHome.Or., 2019).

L. A. County F. D. photo Broadcasting media promotes fire prevention education and public image of fire service TELEVISION and radio are excellent media for use by the fire service to promote and encourage fire prevention education and a general public relations image of the service. Although many fire departments and suppression agencies in the United States do use broadcasting


for such activities with varying degrees of efficiency and success, the field is still “wide open.” Such activities fall under two broad headings: Public service time which uses films, usually promoting fire safety (Fire Engineering, 2020).

Such advertisement on fire safety would be very helpful to remind the community on how to respond on emergency cases. This makes commercial radio an ideal medium for information dissemination in the community (Vimeo, 2019). Advertisement on tv and radio must always be provided continuously and updated. There are limited segments on taking fire avoidance that can be helpful to the community. This is implemented but not all the time.

The BFP should conduct various activities in the communities to raise awareness on how to respond during disasters and incorporate safety and resilience in their daily lives with the goal of not providing only caring and professional assistance but to exceed the expectations of the community. Contested activities for the inter-agency competition included Emergency Response Team, hose on shoulder relay and bucket relay, tug-of-war and wheelbarrow race (Lihgawon, 2019).

Annual inspections by the fire department are performed to assess and mitigate potential fire- and life-safety hazards in buildings. Fire safety inspection and evaluation activities such as regular inspection and evaluation with fire alarm, exit ways, and availability of fire extinguisher were all Implemented.

Most fire departments provide a written report of needs of improvement These inspections vary in type and frequency, depending on the jurisdiction, city, and state. It’s important to know of codes, standards, and ordinances in every jurisdiction, and how they may affect the inspection. Codes tell what requirements need to be met, and what features of fire protection need to be installed (Frangiamore, 2019).

Regular fire safety Inspection and Evaluation need to have a continuous implementation to maintain the safety of the community. To attain the success of the program, there should be annual inspections by the fire department to assess and mitigate potential fire- and life-safety hazards in buildings.

Fire alarms inspection will be very helpful in immediately knowing if there is fire that will alert of possible fire that endanger the life. One of the first steps to take during a fire alarm inspection and maintenance routine is to determine the system’s age and its history of maintenance, repairs and replacement. These should be included in the maintenance records of any commercial facility, as well as fire safety inspection reports and property sales documents if building ownership has changed hands. The younger the system is, the less it has been exposed to factors that influence degradation and disrepair (Mechanical Contrustor Sobieski Fire Protection System, 2019).


According to OSHA employers, residents must have a visual inspection on portable fire extinguishers at least once per month. Fire extinguishers should designate location, no damage has occurred to the equipment, no obstructions are blocking the equipment and easy access and it must be fully charged and operational. Monthly inspections will ensure the fire extinguisher will operate as directed in the event of an emergency (Imander, 2019).

Annual fire extinguisher maintenance inspections should be performed by a BFP professional. There should be proper tools and training to ensure optimal compliance while recognizing and correcting any potentially hazardous situations. Once a fire extinguisher passes its annual maintenance, it is verified with a dated inspection tag. That tag is good for one year from the date indicated. If the unit fails to pass the inspection, it must be repaired or replaced. Periodically the fire extinguisher cylinders must be hydrostatically tested to ensure their integrity and ability to safety contain the pressure used to expel the agent (IMPACT FIRE, 2018).

On the other hand, Inspection of exit in every establishment, offices, residence, boarding house, etc, is very important for the purpose to stop flames and smoke spreading from one section of the building to another and to allow a quick and un-hindered escape through a well-lit door into a place of safety while stopping un-authorized access from the outside. The doors should open easily and, wherever possible, in the direction of traffic flow (Safelincs, 2012).

In every community, seminars and lectures on fire safety program should be conducted regularly. This should contain firefighting techniques, home safety tips and other important matters that the community must know. All the activities under this category got a adjectival interpretation of “Implemented”, such as Seminars and lectures about Firefighting safety techniques and procedures; Training of fire brigades, fire safety practitioners, fire volunteers; Evacuation drills and updates on firefighting.

Seminars tackles about all the necessary techniques and procedure in firefighting, safety tips and other important points in fire safety. There should be cooperation of the residents to practice what will be the action in case of fire. Fire safety training teach members of the community how to recognize fire hazards so they can have a safer place to live in. Evacuation drills should also be conducted barangay level to ensure that members of the community can get to safety quickly and effectively in case of a fire, power outage or another disaster.

Training of fire volunteer firefighters respond to fire outbreaks in the same way as paid firefighters, although their involvement is usually secondary or in support of career firefighters. Some of their responsibilities include setting up ladders, connecting hoses to hydrants, spraying fires directly, and using methods


to prevent fire spread (Students Training & Education in Public Service, n.d.)Homeowners upgrading on fire safety were all implemented. Giving

education to the community is designed to increase awareness of human actions that can lead to fire, burns, scalding, and other fire-related injuries and develop skills and acknowledgement to prevent fires or to minimize injuries from fire and heat when a fire does occur in the house.

Safety education should reach children as well as adults to educate everyone about the attitudes and behaviors that help the prevention of fire. Even children or every member of the family should be knowledgeable on fire safety at home. Fire safety education encompasses a wide spectrum of programs and activities directed toward such diverse activities as preschoolers, school children, senior citizen, homeowners, apartment dwellers, physically challenge people, hospital and nursing home staff, and church, and service, and service and civic organization (Fire and Life Safety Education, 2017).

BFP should inform residents on the uses of different fire extinguishers. Checking of availability fire extinguisher in every house and its expiration date is also very important. Fire extinguishers are distinguished based on the types of fires on which they are effective. These fires are classified by their fuel source and assigned identifying letters as follows: “A” class – Fires that result from ordinary combustibles, such as wood and paper. “B” Fires that result from combustible liquids, such as kerosene, gasoline, oil, and grease. “C” class – Fires of an electrical nature. These result from the combustion of circuit breakers, wires, outlets, and other electrical devices and equipment. Extinguishers designed to handle this type of fire cannot use chemicals that are conductive since conductive agents increase the risk of electric shock to the operator. “D” class – Fires resulting from combustible metals, such as sodium, potassium, titanium, and magnesium. These fires occur mostly in chemical laboratories and are rare in most other environments. “K” class – These types of fires consume vegetable oils, animal fats, and generally happen in kitchens (Shepard, 2019).

Installation of smoke alarm or Smoke detectors are an important part of safety in a home, as these fire-protection devices will automatically detect and warn you of the presence of smoke and can save your life in the event of a fire. Smoke detectors should be installed on every level of your home to detect rising smoke from a fire. They should be placed inside or directly outside of each bedroom and common areas, and in laundry rooms and kitchens where fires can originate. To reduce false alarms when cooking, consider installing smoke alarms at least 10 feet away from any kitchen appliances. If you have a larger home, you’ll want to consider more alarms, that are situated in hallways and stairways. It’s best to install smoke detectors that can be interconnected


so you’ll hear the alarm no matter where you are in your home. Since smoke alarms work to constantly monitor the air 24 hours a day, they may begin to malfunction over time from exposure to accumulated dust, insects, airborne contaminants, and corrosion.

A smoke alarm should be installed and maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions. When installing a smoke alarm, many factors influence where you will place the alarm, including how many are to be installed. Consider placing alarms along your escape path to assist in egress in limited-visibility conditions. In general, you should place alarms in the center of a ceiling or, if you place them on a wall, they should be near the ceiling (Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2016).

Proposed measures are given in a form of pamphlets. This is given in a simple way that the community can easily understand. This contains fire safety tips and reminders for the residents to take extra care and precautions even they are inside their house. Importance of smoke alarms, exit doors, proper placement of gas bottles and emergency exits are well said in the pamphlets. Included also the importance of having fire extinguishers in every establishment plus its classes, expiration and damages that must be check are also mentioned. The pamphlets made can be distributes in the community by the BFP personnel and barangay officials to help them to become aware of possibility of causes of fire. This pamphlet is also helpful to the BFP in dissemination such information on fire safety measures.

CONCLUSIONS

Fire Safety Program were conducted in three (3) selected communities of Daraga, Albay. The Fire Safety Program of the BFP in three (3) selected communities were all Implemented. No emergency fire exit and lack of installation of fire measures or outdated of fire safety technology were the most encountered problem by the respondents. Pamphlets on precautionary and safety measures are made and recommendations from the respondents were given to enhance the implementation of fire safety program of the BFP Daraga Albay.

RECOMMENDATION

Based from findings and conclusion, the following recommendations are forwarded to the Bureau of Fire Protection should set a target schedule and objectives of every program given to the community to have a continuous


delivery of the said program. They should have a continuous monitoring and review of their system and preventive measures to ensure its effectiveness in barangay level. The Bureau of Fire Protection should have an annual inspection to further monitor the full implementation of fire safety program in community level. They should give the result of the inspection to address immediately what needs to improve of the said program. Proper allocation of budget must be also given priority to support the delivery of implementation. The BFP should strictly monitor and implement the penalty for those violators of rules and regulations. Community officials must give their full support and responsibilities in the delivery of the program by proper coordinating with the BFP and the community to lessen further problems. They must be strong enough to get the attention of the residents to cooperate with this program for the safety of the whole community. To adopt the precautionary and safety tips on fire made by the researchers to be disseminated to the community. Other recommendations made by the respondents must also be given importance for the success on the implementation of the fire safety program in the barangay level.

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