;rU.. 3. NAVAL SUFPILY WZSLUCS a4,D~lMCPXM FPCILI?Us B. MAAL St3PPLT DEPOT

UTOWN1, IN jumscy

PALLET BOLT DNT.LOPK~qTh

-M 00,1 JAZIUhR! 1950

~~4.

'01v L t 4 ,

"47 'o

BestAvailable

Copy

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A R 1. 6 1967

U U LDElUUWESEDR 0071 Jan. 1950

U.S.Naval Supply Research & Development Facility

Bayonne, New Jersey

ENGINEERING PRt , NO. 2.4183

S. H.A VAL SUPPL rRESEARCH 1, DEVELOP"ET FACILITY

80YOAWE. k4t t JERSEY

"PALLrT BOT DiViaRIMNT"

Supply Engineering Diviaion Report No. 007

Sub-titk under

Project No. NT-003-001

AUTMOZZATWON: ChBuSindA Itr dtd 15 Oct 1945 to OinC

NSOTC (now NSiW ), file No. L8-2/NT4-22

%F.SX4-kTW) frh N6/JJ.

PMIPOSE: ro develop a bolt ant nut assembly for

the New Military Standard 40" x 48" Wiood

Pallet, and to test various bolt designs

in order that authoritative information

be available for recommendations for pal-lat bolt specifications.

CONCLUSIONS: Two -f the fitteen buAt designs testedwere found suitable for pallet construc-

tion. A nut design was also found ac-

ceptable.

RWOMIEND4TZONS: It is recommended that additional devel-opment be undertoken to determine the op-

timum design of the two acceptable basic

forms, in order that a final choice can

be made-

Ia

:LL•i L 7 WOVI[tNF'I

There are in general use today, parts is oFnroximately half that of

two principle means of assembling D completely assew.bled pallot. It

wooder pallets, namely: nails and was found t0,t a bolt 5/16" in di-

ol ta. if the two, nails are the ameter was sufficiently strong.

mcst widely used. however, it is In testing bolttd -allets, one

sorretirres necessary to ewploy the serious deficiency was encountered

less economical but more sericeasAe reoeatecly. If a bolt loosened, it

bolted means. This is particularly was found exceedingly difficult, if

true in cases where ease of assembly not impossible, to retighten it.

of a pallet is a requisite or where then a torque was applied to the

the strength advantages offered by nut, the bolt would turn freely.bolts rrust be uti . The presence of any rust or corro-

It has been found advisable to sion or the deformation of any

inplement the hew Military Stanaara threads aggravatd this condition.

40" x 4" 'Tood Pallet with two sets Another fault of th•il bolts cot-

of specifications; one covering an monly used in pallet construction

all nailed construction for general was the necessity of deep counter-

use, and another it which the pallet boring in order to effect a flush

i5 essembled by a combination of head. 1his counter-boring materi-

bolts and nails. 'A,- tatter formr, of ally weakened the .eker in which it

construction permits disasse-bly of was done and also resulted in a de-

pallets for unburdened overseas pression wherein water would collect

shiptrent or for pallet res,.ply when and acceierate rusting of the bolt

the conservation of shipping space or rotting of the rood arouind it.

is essential. It was determined that the bolt

In order to sinmplify assembly and and nut to be used in & standard

to 'ir'ir'ize the number of component -ilitary pallet must fulfill the

parts, it was fotnd practical to following requirements:

nail the transverse boards and sorce 1. For econos'ic consider-

of the top de-k boards into a sub- 'tions, both bolt and nut must

asserrbly. The retraining part5 afr be raeotable tn orecent day

cor'bined with the sub-asse'bly by production line manufacture.

means of 18 bolts--two at each post 2. Ire nolt head or shank

locatior, page 111. ]he shipping mrust be so designed that it

cube ot the sub-assem'bly and other will lock into the wood suffi-

I

Icient.y to resist the torutie It was found that there was a

necessa!y to ti. ý'.,r loosen corwrercially available nut that most

the nut -t any time during the nearly fulfillea the requirements.

life of t;-e oallet. Certain modificatiors were made to

3. The bolt and nut must be this nut in order to obtain maximumof such a oesitn that when the results. This modified version has

rwolt is "L-Ate e u t'Zh!ly i.- since been incorporated in the stan-

the pallet assembly, the heads dards of the manufacturer and was

of both nut and bolt must be used in these teats. A photograph

flush with the wood surface of this nut appears in Figure 5.

without resorting to excessive After extensive study, the Supply

counter-boring. Engineering Division of tht b. S.

4. lhe above functions should Naval Supply Research ana Develop-

be accomplished preferably niert Facility developed several bolt

without the use of any acces- dt,.igns. These bolts are designated

:-ries, viz., washers, in this report as Series A and may

A survey of bolt manufacturers be seen, along with those obtained

disclased a number of bolt designs from commercial outlets on page 1.

hich might be adapted to pallet It is the purpose of this report

se. The manufacturers furnished to present the developmental work

s.-zmples of their products for ex- accomplished in the design of a

perimental purposes and several of suitable pallet bolt, and to show

the companies further cooperated by the results of the various tests

iraking new designs in an atterrpt to conducted. Included are pertinent

overcowe knosii deficiencies. conclusions and recommenationa.

A*I fO/a.XL A AVT AWSYW/AD AEY SOCKET

46'X 48MIAVYS5 7b WOOD PALLET'BOLTE CONSTF*CT1ON

BOLT hEAV 0'? S.,LAN/ 70/NITI4T7E~ SWL$TA/N A D-"QU 7E* LXcK/MA OF ax rIN W"X WEN NUT IS

DORILL /8 /VL ES T-HRU TOW~EDC ~PALLET ASSEM&Y*

C'BOf AS RE&VJREOFoRA9 D4.ax re NUT -ACLSE( PCAL SECT/ON BOLT________

A PaN5 OF aWaoVTABLJ 7Y

REQUIRED DE TAILS F09 iL TD PAL LETK ~ 104

A Al A2

81 2 C D

E El E2 E3

F G GI

Vf /&S OF BOLTrS TESTEDAPPROX. FULLL SIZE

SIDI'-O T 2

PALLET BOL T DEVELOPHNE7

TEST MATERIAL AND Eo iIPD

TES7 4TERIAL: TYP A2

1. hlsrdwood block assembly Thin flat head with beveled edge

(white oak) simulating a section and 3 tapered radial fins extending

of the 40"x 48"pallet. Pale 4. downward from the underface of the

2. ,oftwood block assembly head. A small fillet rounds out the

(yellow pint) similar to a sec- intersection of the shank and head.

tion of the 40" x 48" pallet. This bolt designed by Supply ngline-

Page 4. erind Division, and amnufectured by

3. Hiush nea,, :...... ai-:ccket the N•aval Suapp!) Depot, Bayonne, New

nut; supplied by United-Carr Jersey.

Fastener Corporation, Cambridge, T n B

Iassechusetts. Figure 5. Thin flat head with beuelod e*oh

4. 3olt desig;is, comwerciai and ar' four smell non-syometrical fins

others, having the following des- having a substantially triangular

criptions: profile placed In the web at the

(•he preceding page shows indivi- intersection of the shank and the

dual photographs of head* of each head. resigned and amnufactured by

bolt tested and may be referred the LevJi Bolt Conny, linneepoJia,

.. to in conjunction with the fol- Minnesota.

lowing descriptions.) TYE 81

rwLl+ A Identical with Typo B except thot

Large conical head with 3 flat P small rectangular lug has beeti

r;sdial fins projecting downward fromx iunched out of and turned downward

the surface cf the conical head from the head. Designed and manu-

This bolt designed by Samuly Engine- factured by Lewis Bolt Company, lin-

rri77 'i'i ision an,! w.antifactured at neepo1a, Iinnesota.

t.'e '.v•I Supp!y Depot, Bayontne, New TWX B2

/-rsov. Substantially identical with Type

IAVý ,4 1 A2. Minor dimensional alterations

Hot head with 3 radial flat fins made to accommodter manufacturing

having a quarter circle profile pro- processes. Designed :. Supply In-

jecting downwsrd from the underface gineering Division, i miwwim,ctured

of the head and integral with the by Lewis Bolt Company, finoeapolls,

shank. A fillet rounds out the in- Minnesota.

tersection of the shank and the TWs C

head. This bolt designed by Supply A button headed bolt having two

Fngzneering Division and vsnrf6C- lug* punched out of and extended

t,,rei at the Naval Supply &*pot, dowmnard fros the edge of the heed.

L ayone, New Jersey- Supplied by Roll-Rite Corporeti4..,

3

Oakland, California. and torged from a section of lie

TYPE D shank slightly olow the head. be-A flat head bolt having j ?ortion signed and manufactured by MacLean-

of the shank just below the head en- Fog* Company, Chicago, Illinois.

larged, tapered, and splined. Vdge TYPE oof head bevelee. S•tqlie(i by L~mnon Button head bolt with two tapered

Sessions Colmpny, Cleveland, Ohio. radial fins, substantially trian&-

TIL E ul/r In profile and symmetrical, exCombination of standard square tending oanward from the underface

neck carriage bolt, button head, and nf V e head and integral ,with thefour pronged washer having a square shaft. ',.anufactured by Vasmer Bolt

hole in the center to accommodate Coemany, 'leveland, Ohio.the square neck of the carriage bolt TYE Gi

and having four flat triangular lugs 3utton head oclt with two thick

punched nut of and extending down- radial fins extenirng oosnward fro-c

ward from the washer. Lesigned and the overface of the heac and inte-

manufactured by United-Carr Fastener gral with the shafý, the orotile be-Corporation, Cambridge, bassachu- ing substantially rectangular %ithaetts. the lower corners beveled otf.

TYPE 11 Mantifoctured by Wasrer Bolt Coa:.oany,

Standard squart neck button head Cleveland, nhio.

carriage "lt ranufactured by Lewis TIST 9$UIPI#RTBolt Company. Iinneavolis, Minne- 1. Torque wrerches k"anufec-

Rota. turer: Snan-On Tool Corporation,

SF- Knosha, •Ri•conuin) with the fcl-

liat head square neck carrifiAe lowing coanscities:

bolt. kdge of head beveled. ianu- (a) 0 to 3,' inc-t- - s. in 1factured by iacLean-Fogg Cnompany, inch-lb, incre!-.entsChicago, Illinois. (D) 0 to 150 incb-lbls ir S

TYPE 13 inch-lb. incre-en,,ts

Snusre neck carriage bolt hi:vini (c) 0 to 6JO irrcl--!LS. i! r0a conical or counter- sunk hea.t, inc?--l. rtcr.,-;,ts

P nufactured by Lewis Bolt Coarp.qnv (d) 0 to 150 fo0t-ls. - ,p .kinrnennolic. Minnesota. foot-1bs. in( ret:,cnts

T*It' F 2. Special tools to fRc iit tP

..,in beveled headedI bolt vit!- tao testing, shown on pajsu 4( 'A

r radi l f irn -:iaretr rcal l crIvse-b

TESTr BLOC/(4SfOR

PALLE T BOLTS

DRLL ING LOC'A TIONS ____

SEE CET4/LS' Fcq H-APqDWC*ODAND SOFTWOOD

DW,.L~ DRILLA C~ BOE/Oh.4 "DEEP/IN &9.4 RD -A-*

DIA /LP-L IN - .

DE TAIL-i DETAIL- 2HAROSOF F WOiJ.4

DR9ILLING DETAILS

A40~ -~' SED - K-9C FOR Scf T"XVD ME vZ3a' PVAC~

-~ - -. 4-

SPhICIAL TOOLSFM

-SOLT TOMaE TEST

OR" 0 AF Wf

MrSw

MA rL AW4RC(D STEEL

940 Hf IA MOVWILL AM S

SPECIA.L TURNNG TooLMA3 U.ARDENEO STEEL

400) D9 W. AT -SX-lO

S.CKET FORItH'XA ALLEN NREN.CH

FORM F P4M 15G6, FER~ROUS R3UALA LLOV

R.. - 3 AIS PACEO ?,LOTS

DRILL !D((A T

rHRU r(aP MC•.' (

A DIA.A)RILLED"HLE THRU - _

70# ENLARGED FIN DETAIL

S3 RADIAL F~IN5EQUALLY SPACEDTAPER FRO' 6"AT EDGE"5

- ~~INITO •3OLrL (SEE 1EFAL_)

F UN>L. ,2D0NIAL BOLT -9, NUT DESIGNFOR PALLETS

TYPE -A2

TST NO. 1 - axirtr i,.esistcnce ot Nut off bolt.

the bolt to be Turned in W'ood. Cornlitions:

(Hardwood end Softwood). Solts shall be placed in test

Conditions: blocks sid a nut turned on. 7he nut

In order to allow accessibility shall tl'en be tightened until the

to the bolt thread, for the special bolt hcý.d is drawn into the wood e•id

tools used in this test, the top the components of the block are

board of the block assembly, page 4, tightly drawn together. A torque

and the nut should not be used. 'The wrench shall then be ised to back

bolt shall be drawn tightly into the the nut off the bolt, ano the maxi-

remaining members of the test block mum torque Incurred shall be record-

with the special tool shown on page ed. The ability of the bolt head to

4a. The special tool shall then be withstand this counter-clockwise

backed off and retlghtened until 15" torque shall be noted.

lbs. of torque is reachtd. The tool TEST NO. 3 - fetermination of the

shall then be secured to the bolt effects of weather and the maximum

by the set screws. The second torque necessary to remove the nut

special tool, shown on page 4s, cnn- from the bolt when i',e two are rust-

tamining a blind threaded hole, aefll ed. The resistance of the bolt to

be turned onto the bol. un'.l the turning sha.,l also be noted.

bolt hits the thread bo!,aom. A Conditions:

torque wrench shall then be used to The bolt shall be driven up and

forcibly turn this tool and the max- tightened into the test blocks with

imum force resistance by ýhe bolt the nut of Figure 5, until the ietd

before turning in the wo& or break- of the bolt is dra~n into the wood

ing shall be recorded, Figure I. and the components of the block are

]eadings shall be taken in both tightly drawn together. The blocks

hardwood and softwnod blocks. Wh~ere shall then be cycled in a weather

the lugs, fins, or other holding conditioning chamber, during which

means are symretrical to a tongitud- time the bolt and nut should acciiii-

inal axial 'lane of thebolt, resa- late severe rust. As an alternn-

ings shall be taken only in the tive, the block asserbly shall be

clockwise dirc..ion; where the hold- subjected to alternate 24 hour salt

in& means are [ot syrmetrical, read- water iffroersions and drying periods

ings shall be taken in both the out of doors until a severe rust i;.

clockwise and counter-clockwise is obtained. A torque wrench strll

directions then be used to determine the arrcunt

TrST NO. A - Torque 1feqUired to bacd of torque necessary to disenage the

tDR-*SY 6

nut from the bolt and the ability of be used to determine the torque nec-

the bolt to resist turning in the essary to draw the bolt head into

wood shall be notad. This procedure the wood and to establish the torque

shall be followed using both hard- required for final tightening. The

wood and softwood blocks, torque for final tightening shall be

TEST 0_. 4 - Torque required to that torque at which the underface

t ighten bolt into drilled hole of of the bolt heid is firmly compres-

pallet post assembly (Hardwood and sing the wood and the components of

Softwood). the block are tightly and adequately

Conditions: drawn together. This procedure

Bolts shall be pushed up through shall be followed with each bolt de-

the test blocks, page 4, until ini- sign in both hardwood and softwood

t gal turning on of a nut is pos- blocks.

sible. A torque wrench shall then

jrI

wf

t w *ANef

5. 0

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0 - .4

i %. -I (

0~~Q - . ,

I lie

it 0Qa w ~ ~ m ~~

CY CL14 IQA.

m~ElIII1 -m - -- wm

-"----

IiI

SII

I , *, S .g * .

O.. ' 0 *' '

_4 i

a - - -- -0'*=~*~ %

TEST RESUL TS

DIX•1S•ION

The several types of comercial spline dvpth and length to lock in

carriage or square neck bolts inclu- the wood. The low values of reels.

ded in the test schedule •di not tance obtained with this bolt are

satisfy the fwrctional requireme,- comprable to these obtained with

for pallet construction. When used the carriage bolts.

in an oversized hole, such as is re- The peripheral lug type bolts, B1

quired in wood pallets, the bolt de- end C, disclosed certain serious

panda solely on the extreme edges of weaknesses. Then attmts were ne

the squared neck in the wood to re- to draw the bolt into the wood, soe

tist turning. Thi low values of re- of the lute soud either be- beck,

sistance obtained by Type Xl, 12. or under, or chip off, Figure 2.

and 3 bolts make it evident that then the lugs could be drawn into

for this bolt to resist turning iO the wood, shearing of these lugs oc-

wood. an accessory such as a special curred st moderate torques. The

washer is needed. The bolt-washer lugs of these bolts are formed in

combination, Type R, illustrates an manufacture by a secondary opera-

effective means. The washor has a tion which combines shearing and

square hole to accept the neck of bending wherein a section of the

the bolt and turned-down cornet outer ocriphery of the bolt head is

orongs that art forced into the bent dowwarc parallel to the bolt

wood. It was fotxr' .,at this device shank. Because of this operation,

provided a most rigid lock, attain- the lug Is inherent!, weak, since

ing a strength limited only by the the metal therein has already beer

shear strength of th:- bolt shank, stressed beyond its elastic limit.

The in.dequacy of this .,,seebly, enernlly, the design that pro-

however, is in the fact that exces- vided the best and most consistent

sive counter-boring of the wood is revults were those bolts that had

required to house the bolt head, and webs or fine radially sprceo either

that the added parts result in .- U- under the bolt heed or on the whank.

plication of asseml*ly vith added It was found that the turning r*e s.

--cost. tance of such a bolt was proportion-

It Vas not nVssi. 0 e to secure al to both the effective ares of the

isx.mur. resdlts with the topered- fins or *be and the distance from

splinea shenk of Tyve ' bolt. Euch thev to the axis of the bolt. bolt

locking m.eans are effective only 3 and ; have a small fin area and

when the drilled hole tic the wood is produced in.significant results as

i--ntical to the bolt diameer at compared to Types A, At. A2, Y end

the threcis. The oversized drilled ý4. in which the fins wore of great-

hole needed for ease of oallet as- er size. A minimum of two and a

8ewbly permits only a portioes of the maximup of four fins sert found on

mm mm .

the bolts tested. A tendency toward It was disclosed during Tet1

splitting of th'e wood was noted when that when the bolt was able to ob-

driving the bolts having fins piaced tain on initial lock in the wood,

diametrically opposite (especially there was no appreciable difference

when the fins were aligned with the in the holdcing power in either hard-

grain of the %od) Type F bolt, wood or softwood.

havinip diametrically opposed fins, In Te~t 3, wherein the test

on the bolt shank, provided good blocks containing the bolts and nuts

under high toroues the fins showed a tions, Fig~ure 8. it was established

tvtoV-eyf to btear. Figure 3. that the torque required to back the

r~-c Tyve F bolts, as received nut off the bolt, when both are bad-

frne the iranutacturer, appeared to ly rusted, r~nge.1 from 280 inch-lbs.

have hwi the fins made by perforring to 370 inch-lbs. It was also noted

a seconiury shearing and forming that under these conditions, tih.e re-

operation on a bolt which had beer. sistance of the bolt to turning is

annenlelt or ncrmalized after form- increased. This is due to the addi-

i ni. It does not aprieer that th. tional friction between the nut and

* internal stresses CpiiseC: by the sec- the %ond ano the resetting of the

endary n,)eration ha(. Dee'r reiieveL. %ocd fibres around the bolt head,

,n this trijtht account for the seek- caiised by the changing conditions of

i-ess of "le tins. This observed the wood, i.e., shrinlage and swel-

%pukiness colac pirobeblv iye -verco4we l ili. The shearing of the bolt

0 slight alteroticn in 6riitr' and 3bhriks, ahich occurred at approxi-

.,nr~ealinw. or nor-alizinw efter rjR*ely 200 incii-lbs. in Test 1. %as

t tins have been forr~d. resisteci --.re unifor-mly under the

o'g~t~ntY ted tet reults coniitiong of Test .7 dur l~argely to

~-re, vuserved ~iti, ryve A' bolt. t.ie clistribution of stresses dovwn

1'..1 lesi,~n iq a step-dcjir, modifics- the entire Ien;,,th of the v~olt, on"ene l trictionrl forces broiiht

,=1.,

t--"" • Saoef>twtfral??c a u~s ~ ~ b h ut ~e cod -

Stt rer - test i

LpYtt' f C~ wood was notcied.we talcto rhen iste bol ws abe tore ob-

c!D dr rc'n4lth urolts Cfin f~in of pcede 370 initalbs itoit Lrn then wod

---- dlamecrtrifaKl oppoite b- esen'cially ~ ' t ere : its nom~ecK ifeec

-. •- t• tc lI resin' tith t in tests lnhere in t ei, nut %as use,

ill i.~in of th tc-d pettIt it bo' tcted tioot tofios

c"- ''avi i retricly op tsed' tin, ftIn Ilei .,1 1 hf the re -itist

--- " on the bit shrne, pr tovied -t o tlk tnann tt •t nt

t- tt --c. rre t the tor !;ite re u ir ed tot I , tsee

e q s t xr ye d r o t,

i m~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~0 4,o t doe r!t _p-em thf ac. tin, tirie etentenu

SKDR-007 12

ft ESIJE

P'-t ty.ics ot commercial Lolts sented a resistance to turning limi-

orc re t rehiily ndaptaule to pallet ted only by shear strength of the

constructior. 1.any bolts wtich pre shanks; they were Types A2 *no 1.

.cce.,tt,)le trom strength consider- Although the fins of Type F were

.-tions, have t*er found ,nacceptable not uniformly strong and occasion-

because of cost, comolicatirn of as- ally would shear at high torqes, it

ser.bly, -r the necessity of counter- is believed that this condition

uorint. Irnherently greater accept- could be overcome by changing the

nLility is found in bolts %hich hnve nmanufacturing technique.

intejral locking means. A modification of prototype bolt

rhose bolts which have radial A2 which can successfully be menu-

tins arranged under the head or on factured by a cold forging process

tite shank generally have greater 7ill possess the optimum strerngth

"1nol'fino Power" or resistance to and economy necessary for pallet

turning in wood. The degree of this construction.

resistance is largely governed by In view of the foregoing results

tY-e area and shape of the fins and of testing the follosing recormenda-

their locatior with respect to the tions are made:

±cgnitudinal axis of the bolt. A 1. It is recoeww'nded that bolts

aetinite tendency to cause splitting containing the basic designs of

of the wood occurs where fins are Tynes A2 and F be considered for

diametrically opposed. bolt specifications for the Nes

•'here a bolt is able to provide ' ilitary Standard 40" x 48'¶ooda 6ood initilt lock in wood, there Pallet.

is no appreciable difference between 2. It is further recommended

the holding oower in hardwood or in thet the following investJigat ions

softwood. Therefore, only a single be mads, and that the final

design need be specitied for either choice between the two types (A2

hardoo or softwood. and F) be based on the results

The high torques required to re- thereof:

move a nut from its bolt when the (a) The modifications re-

t-o are badly rusted, indicates that quired to make Type A2 adopt-

only those bolts whose resistance to able to coewercial cold for#-

turning was limited solely by the in# processes be datermined,

shear strength of the shank in Test and that boits es'lodyjn4 such

I would adequately fulfill the func- modification. and manu!actur-

tions required in pallet construc- ed by tho>e processes bo•ev-

"t"ion. alated for strength. This

Only two of tiw bolts tested pre- work shoud be done in close

Scooperation with competent may make be evaluated forbolt mnufactuera. strength.(bl The strengthening of the 36 It is also recomrendod thatI of Type F be lnvest ida- the nut used in these tests beto 4nd that bolt@ containInj accepted for use in the specifi-any chanl#*@ the manufacturer cations for bolted pallets.

elS

mmp

FIG ICOnNDMTONS OF TEST NO I BOLTS ARF

DRA-WN UP INTO rHi-E WOOD BLOCKS ASSEMBLYT.

TE:NSION IS THEN APPLIED To THE BOLT BY

SpEC-AL NUT. SECOND SPEC, tAL NUT & TORQUE

WRENCH ARE U5'ýýD TOaTTE&-?PT To TLIRN

;9DýLT !N VVO'C!-C.

7- 7 P

B-2 F-

F!('- 4 -TYPICAL '%PRESSIONS AND DAMAGES CAUSED9Y BOL'-TS !N BOTH HARDWOOD (UPPER) AND SOFTWOOD3 LOWEP. BLOCKS IN 7EST NO

FIG.5- FLUSH TYPE NUTFOUND AOCEPTABLE FORPALLET CONSTRUCTION.

FIG. 6 - N1 IT IN PLACE SHOW-ING FLUSH FACE AND TWO OFTHE MEANS FOR TIGHTENING.

I_ •, h,,,I....'

FIG 7- DSTUCTVETESTING SHOWEDNUT ACEQUATE. SHEARING STRENGTHEXCEEDS 300 IN.-LBS.

C

F/IG- TEST BLOCKS AND BOLTS PREPARED FORTEST ..3 ALTERNATE SALT WATER DIPS AND DRY-ING PERIODS PRODUCED SEVERE RUST CONDITIONS.-

(

F/ .--

REPREISENAT!VE RESULTS OF TEST4. WHERE BOLTS COULD tKJCTBE REMOVED THEY ARE SHCM/N ON TOP OF TH•.R -R -SPEI "E

)BLOCKS. BOARD WAS SPLIT TO SFt-C',.A OTHER BOLT HEADS.

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'rt.e nut used in fest 2, 3, and 4 *r, d pt-neh or screv-,river). I.jurc 6

is illustrated in Figure 5. It is stiows one rA tile mnts on a soanner

ptincheri rnd tormen trom steel strip vrer.ch.

and zinc plated. The body of the The h.tx socket v-ithstood torques

nut is threaded internally and a of over :'0 inch-pounda without

lockinv feature is saded by forcing stripoinj if •ft 4) anr when the low-

a snill ares out of round by con- er part of th e b>ody was griped in a

trolled impact. The uoner portion vise, the sheoring seen in Figure 7

of the bony cnntains A bexagonel occurred in exces• of 300 inch-

sccV'et w.icL will Fccept a 5/16" DOUrS.

Alier Arench. Tle hesi has three This nut ia mant•fctured by Un-

.,.ýtcr.es eauslly spaced around ,ts itft4•Carr F...trner Corporot*on, Ca*.

edge. i.ese nctches perr'it tighter- bridge, Iassachuretts, are. is sold

i.. )r loosening %ith a spenner under "'e nre of dTee-,.ut$.

,, r in an emergency, a hbaer

II____ _____________