utilities.docx

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Architectural Correlations

BUILDING UTILITIES Page 125

1935 Registration of national master plumbers association of the Philippines(NAMPAP)NAMPAP initiated the plumbing code for the city of manilaunder the department of the public services for the city of manila.

1940s Toilet was considered as luxury and was available only to upper class ofsociety

1955 Approval of R.A. 1378 Plumbing Law of the Philippines approved bypresident Ramon Magsaysay

1959 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

1966-1969 Curriculum for plumbing engineer was approved by Department ofEducation and was introduced in the Feati University

1967 Amendment of the NPCP which include Asbestos-cement pipe asapproved plumbing material

1970s French Developed public super loos, open automatically after 15 minutes ,clean themselves

1972 National building Code of the Philippines was passed with NationalPlumbing Code of 1959 as referral code

1999 Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 was approved by President JosephEstrada

20th Century Average person spends three years of their life on toilet, women threetimes longer than men per visit

21st Century Japanese Companies are developing toilets that can analyze waste andsend results to doctor; suction could replace flushing water


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Definition of terms

Backflowthe flow of water into a water supply system from any source other than its

regular source

Back Pressure air pressure in drainage pipe greater than atmospheric pressure

Bidet plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body especially thegenitals

Branch any part of the piping system other than the main, riser or stack

Cap - fitting at the end of the pipe and is screwed for the purpose of closing the end

Catch Basin -a receptacle which liquids are retained for the sufficient period of time and

to deposit settle able materials

Check Valve a valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of water in reverse

direction

Common Vent unit vent or dual vent

Conductor Leader or Downspout a vertical pipe to convey rain water

Drain -a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground water, surface water,storm water, waste water or sewage

Drainage System -a drainage pipe or plumbing system that takes the waste water from

the plumbing fixture and delivers it to the sewer or some other outlet

Fixture -a receptacle attached to the plumbing system other than a trap in which water

or waste may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system

Gate Valve -a valve in which the flow of the water is cut off by means of a disk, fitting

against and sliding on a machine smooth faces, the motion of the disk being at right

angles to the direction of the flow

Globe Valve -a valve in which the flow of water is cut-off by means of circular disk that

fit against the valve seat

Septic Tank a watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of a plumbing

system

Service Pipe a pipe from the water main or source or water supply to the building

served

Sewage -a liquid waste conducted away from the residence, business, buildings,

institution, industrial establishment and with such ground, surface and storm water as

may be present

Sewer a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and liquid waste

Soil Pipe -is any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals and fixtures

having similar function

Stand Pipe a vertical pipe used for the storage of water frequently under pressure

Trap -fitting or device us constructed so as to prevent the passage of air, gas and

vermin through the pipe

Vent a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in the plumbing system


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Plumbing Glossary: A Detailed List of All Plumbing Terms and Definitions.

[ A]

ABS:(Aristocraftbristonestyrine) A rigid black plastic piping used for waste, vent, and drain

lines.

"A" Valve:A manual gas shut-off valve.

Acrylic:A thermoplastic (heat activated) used on the surfaces of bathtubs and whirlpools. Itusually comes in sheets and is backed by fiberglass to form waterproof shower walls.

Adaptor:A fitting that unites different types of pipe together, for example: ABS(Aristocraftbristonestyrine) to cast iron pipe.

[ B]

Backflow:Backflow is the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or subsatnaces into thedistributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any sources other than its intendedsource.

Back Flow Preventer:A device to prevent water from traveling from one system back into any part of the maindistribution system, usually by siphoning, esp. into a potable water supply. This isgenerally required for sprinkler systems, handheld showers, pullout faucet spouts,

kitchen sprayers, etc.

Back Pressure:Pressure that resists the flow of fluid in a piping system.

Backup:The overflow of a plumbing fixture due to drain stoppage e.g. a clogged toilet orcloggeddrain.

Ballcock:The fill valve that controls the flow of water from the water supply line into a gravity-operated toilet tank. It is controlled by a float mechanism that floats in the tank water.

When the toilet is flushed, the float drops and opens the ballcock, releasing water intothe tank and/or bowl. As the water in the tank is restored, the float rises and shuts off theballcock when the tank is full.

Boiler:A sealed tank where water is heated and turned to steam for power or hot water.

Branch:Any part of a drain system other than the main, riser, or stack.

Branch Vent:A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack.

[ C]

Catch Basin:Large underground container, with a grate on the top, for collection of storm water run-off. It catches or collects dirt and other debris and prevents them from polluting streamsand lakes.
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Centerset:Style of bathroom faucet having combined spout and handles, with handles 4 inchesapart, center-to-center. Also a single-handle faucet installed on 4 inches center-to-centerfaucet holes.

Cesspool:

A cesspool is a lined excavation in the ground which receives the discharges of adrainage system or part thereof, so designed as to retain the organic matter and solidsdischarging therein, but permitting the liquids to seep through the bottom and sides.

Check Valve:A type of backflow preventer installed in a pipe run that allows water to flow in only onedirection.

Circuit Vent:Plumbing drainage system vertical vent which is run from the last two traps on ahorizontal drain line to the main vent stack of a building drainage system.

Cistern:Rainwater storage tank, often underground.

Cleanout Plug:A plug in a trap or drain pipe that provides access for the purpose of clearing anobstruction.

Closet:A term used for a Toilet.

Closet Flange:An anchoring ring that attaches to the closet bend and secured to the floor. The heads of

closet bolts, used to secure the toilet in place, insert into slots in the closet flange.

Cock:A faucet or valve for regulating the flow of water, sometimes referred to as a ballcock.

Common Vent:Building drain system vertical vent which connects two or more fixture branches on thesame level.

Compression Fitting:A kind of tubing or pipe connection where a nut, and then a sleeve or ferrule is placedover a copper or plastic tube and is compressed tightly around the tube as the nut is

tightened, forming a positive grip and seal without soldering. Also a flexible connectorthat has a nut and gasket designed to attach directly to an SAE standard compressionthread, without the use of a sleeve or ferrule.

Compression Valve:A type of valve that is often used for water faucets. It is opened or closed by raising orlowering a horizontal disk by a threaded stem.

Coupling:Vent pipe hood, which protects it from the elements.

[ E]

Earthquake Strap:A metal strap used to secure a water heater to the house frame or foundation.

Elbow:A pipe fitting with two openings that changes the direction of the line. Also called an ell. Itcomes in a variety of angles, from 22 1/2 to 90.


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[ F ]

Finish Plumbing:Installation of plumbing fixtures to make the system usable.

Fixture:In plumbing, the devices that provide a supply of water and/or its disposal, e.g. sinks,tubs, toilets.

Flushometer:Toilet valve that automatically shuts off after it meters a certain amount of water flow.

Flushometer Tank System:Toilet flushing system that uses supply water pressure to compress water to provide apressurized flush as opposed to a gravity flush.

[G]

Gas Cock:Plug valve installed the main gas line and an appliance.

Gray Water:Waste water from sinks, showers, and bathtubs, but not toilets.

[ H]

Horizontal Branch:Lateral drain pipes that run from plumbing fixtures to the waste stack in a building or inthe soil.

Horizontal Run:The horizontal distance between the point where fluid enters a pipe and the point atwhich it leaves.

Hose Bibb:An outdoor faucet, also used to supply washing machines.

[L ]

Lavatory (Lav):A fixed bowl or basin with running water and drainage for washing.Also reffered to as arestroom or a bathroom.

[M]

Main:The primary artery of supply of the water supply or drain system in which all thebranches connect. In the case of drains, known as the Main Vent.

Malleable Fittings:Fittings made of metal which is soft and pliable.

[N]

Nipple:A short length of pipe installed between couplings or other fittings.

[P]

Plumb:Precisely vertical.Also to test for, or to make vertical.Also to perform plumbing work.


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Static Lift:The vertical distance between source and discharge water levels in a pump installation.

Stop Valve:The shutoff valve under sinks and toilets.Allows water supply to be cut off to one fixture

without affecting the water supply to other fixtures.

Sump:A pit or pool for draining, collecting, or storing water.A chamber which provides water tothe pump.

[T]

Tank:Fixture reservoir for flush water. On a conventional toilet, the ballcock, flush valve, andtrip lever are installed in the tank. A tank lid closes the top tank opening.

Tank Cross:A double-tee-shaped fitting installed between a shallow well pump and the bladder tankwith integrated valve and gauge fittings, and an outlet for a pressure-relief valve.

Tap Tee:Cast iron tee with a threaded female side inlet.

Tee:A T-shaped fitting with three openings used to create branch lines.

Thermostatic Valve:Pressure-balancing shower mixing valve with automatic temperature control. Whentemperature or pressure fluctuations occur at the water inlets, a thermal actuator adjuststhe hot and cold ratio to maintain the original temperature setting.

Trap:Curved section of drain line that prevents sewer odors from escaping into theatmosphere. All fixtures that have drains must have a "P" trap installed. A toilet is theonly plumbing fixture with an "S" trap.

Trap Seal:

Height of water in a toilet bowl "at rest.". It provides the water seal which prevents sewergases from entering the home. It is measured from the top of the dam down to the inletof the trapway. Also referred to as deep seal.

Trapway:Channel in a toilet that connects the bowl to the waste outlet. It is where the siphonicaction takes place. The trapway is measured in terms of the largest diameter ball whichcan pass through it. Also called the passageway.

[U]

Uni-flex:

One piece stop and riser combination.One-piece supply.

Union:Three piece fitting that joins two sections of pipe, but allows them to be disconnectedwithout cutting the pipe. Used primarily with steel pipe; never in a DWV system.

[V]


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Vent:A pipe that allows air into a drain system to balance the air pressure, preventing water inthe traps from being siphoned off.

Vent Header:A vent pipe into which several vents connect. The vent pipe leads to the vent stack andout of the building.

Vent Stack:Upper portion of the soil stack above the topmost fixture through which gases and odorsescape.

Vent System:A vent is a pipe or pipes instalto provide a flow or air to or from a drainage system toprovide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage andback-pressure.

[W]

Washdown Water Closet:Water closet having a siphon trapway at the front of the bowl, and integral flushing rim.

Waste & Overflow:Drain assembly for a bathtub. The outlet at the top removes the overflow water duringtub filling and the drain at the bottom removes wastewater when the tub is drained.

Wet Vent:A wet vent is a vent that also serves as a drain.

WYE:A Y-shaped fitting with three openings used to create branch lines.

[Y]

Yoke:Usually a brass casting that holds both the hot and cold valves and the mixing chamberfor the water. May also refer to an assembly of copper or other metal which serves thesame function.

Yoke Vent:A yoke vent is a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack forthe purpose of preventing pressure changes in the stacks.

ABS Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene.Rigid black plastic pipe used for drain / waste / vent lines.

AC Alternating Current. Electrical supply in which the polarity of thewire reverses rapidly.

AGA American Gas Association

AIA American Institute ofArchitects

ANSI American National Standards Act

API American Petroleum Institute

ASA American Supply Association


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ASME American Society ofMechanical Engineers

ASHRAE American Society ofHeating, Refrigeration, AirConditioning Engineers.

ASSE American Society ofSanitation Engineers

ASTM American Society forTesting Materials

AWWA American WaterWorks A


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PLUMBING SYMBOLS


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Plumbing materials considerations:

Quality and Durability

Resistance to acid and other chemical element

Resistance to extend and internal pressure and contract with one material

Cost of material and labor

Plumbing Materials

1. Cast Iron Pipe (C.I.) -known as Gray Cast Iron, a piped fabricated from an alloy

containing carbon and silicon

2. Acid Resistant, Cast Iron Pipe known as high-silicon Iron Pipe

3. Asbestos Pipe Asbestos fiber and Portland Cement

4. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe Cheapest of all pipes

5. Vitrified Clay Pipe oldest plumbing materials for sewer lining, from clay at 0.75m in L

6. Lead Pipe oldest plumbing materials used by Egyptians, Greeks and Romans

7. Galvanized Steel Pipe (GS) Pipe Mild steel, drawn through a die and welded cast in6.00m

8. Galvanized wrought Iron Pipes better than steel pipes and more resistant to acid

9. Brass Pipe most expensive of all types of pipes

10. Copper Pipe easy to install and corrosive resistant

11. Plastic or Synthetic Pipes lifespan 50 years under normal condition

Parts of Individual Water Supply System

Water Main refers to the public water system

Corporation Cock a stop valve

Goose Neck prevents the pipe from snapping when the soil settles

Service Pipe pipe between the water main and the water meter

Gate Valve consists of a wedge shaped plug

Water Meter -mechanical device used to measure volume of water passing through a

pipe or

outlet

Check Valve used when it is desired that the flow through a pipe be always in one

direction

Distribution Pipe a pipe between the water meter to the fixtures

Factors Affecting Water Distribution in Water Systems

Friction

Pressure

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Septic Tank can be constructed either of the following materials:

Reinforced Concrete

Plastered concrete hollow block

Pre-fabricated materials

Thin-metal and plastic


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Good sanitary layout must have the following characteristics:

Right choice of materials

Conservative use of fitting

Right location of clean out

Right Slope or grade of pipe line Right size of pipe

Good Manner of joining pipes

Different Kinds of Vent

Unit Vent

Circuit Vent

Relief Vent

Yoke or By-pass vent

Wet Vent

Looped Vent

Individual Vent

Sprinkler System Consist of horizontal pattern Pipes placed near the ceiling of building, where

fire hazards requires their use.

Two types of sprinkler system

1. Wet Pipe System ordinarily with water constantly filling both main and distributing

pipes

2. Dry Pipe System - generally confined to unheated building no water in distributing pipes

of the dry pipe system during fire

Fire Sprinkler Head Components

Frame The frame provides the main structural component which holds the sprinkler

together.

Thermal Linkage the component which controls water release.

Cap provides the water tight sill.

Orifice the machine opening at the base of the sprinkler frame.

Deflector- it breaks up water stream discharging from the orifice into a more efficient

extinguishing pattern.

Other Major Sprinkler System Components include:

Control Valves

Alarms

Drain and test connections

Specialty Valves

Backflow preventer

Manifold


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GENERAL TYPES OF COMPOSITING TOILET SYSTEMS

Self-contained the toilet seat and a small composting reactor are one unit

Centralized or Remotewhere the toilet connects to a composing reactor that is

somewhere else

ManufacturedSite-built Single Chamber Continuous Composting

Multi-Chamber Continuous Composting


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ELECTRICAL

HISTORY

William Gilbert -called the father of modern electricity.

Otto von Guericks- invented a crude machine for producing static electricity.

Stephen Gray- distinguished between conductors and non-conductors.

Benjamin Franklin and Ebenezer Kinnersley-named these two kinds of electricity the

positive and the negative.

Pieter van Musshenbroek- invented the Leyden jar which stored static electricity.

William Watson - discharged a Leyden jar through a circuit.

Andre Marie Ampere - established several magnetic laws.

D.F Argo and Michael Faraday- invented the electromagnet. Han Christian Oersted- discovered that a magnetic field surrounds a wire carrying

current.

Thomas Alva Edison Advocated direct current.

Pearl Street Plant - first central electric-light power plant in the world, completed by

Thomas Edison in New York City, USA.

Nikola Tesla- designed the first hydroelectric power station in the world.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Proton- positively charged particles

Electron- negatively charged particles

Neutron- not electrically charged particles

PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

Turbines and generators- basic components that generates electricity

Turbine- rotary engine that changes the force of water, wind and fuel into mechanical

energy

capable of rotating that shaft which is connected to a generator .produces, mechanicalenergy

Generator- machine used to change the mechanical energy to electrical energy

Water Driven Turbines- run through water force

Steam Driven Turbines- heat energy into mechanical energy through steam

Nuclear Reactor Turbines- machine that uses chemical and produces radiation

Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) - identical to engine of automobile which the shafts

rotates to produce electricity. Invented by Rudolf Diesel which diesel engine was named

after him.

Wind Turbine- Converts the power of wind into electrical power. Solar Photovoltaic

Cells- suns power to p[produce electricity by means of silicon wafer with small amount

of arsenic.

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Ions- atom or molecule not balanced.


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Volt/voltage- electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move through a conductor

Ampere- standard unit of measuring the strength of the electrical current

Watt- rate or measurement of power used or consumed

Resistance- opposition or friction to the flow of current in DC

Impedance- friction to the flow of current in AC.

ELECTRIC ENERGY

Direct Current- flows in one direction, from negative to positive.

Alternating Current- reverses its direction of flow.

Philippine Electrical Code- defines the fundamental safety measures which must be followed

in the selection, construction and installation of all electrical equipment.

Economics of Materials Selection- the selection of materials involve not only choosing a

material or assembly, that is functionally adequate and where necessary visually satisfaction but

also consideration of economic factors.

OHM'S LAW

George Simon Ohm- German scientist in 1926 who discovered the relationship

between the current, voltage and resistance.

Ohms Law- stated that when a current flows through a circuit with given resistance, is

directly proportional to voltage.

Power- is the time rate for doing work or the rate at which energy is used.

Watt- named after James Watt

Power Factor- Angles of any equipment vary from 0 degree-90 degree lagging or

leading, causing reduction in percentage of power used. The equipment with high PF is

more efficient and more costly. The equipment with low PF is less efficient and less

costly.

Series Circuit- single path exist to current flow

Parallel circuit- multiple connections where loads are the same voltage thus create asseparate circuit.

Conductors- are use to carry the current at certain voltage through the electrical

system.

Equipment Ratings- all electrical equipment is rated for normal service it is intended to

perform.

Metal- is generally used as conductors for electrical system component.

AWG (American Wire Gauge) - preceded by a number which indicates the size of the

wire example.

MCM (Thousand Circular Mils) - are artificial measurement used to represent the

diameter of the conductor.

Usual method of specifying a wire or cable is by:

number and size of conductor

insulation


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Mineral Insulated Metal Sheathed Cable-It is manufactured with one or more

conductors. It is insulated with compressed mineral insulation, and enclosed in a gas-

tight and liquid-tight continuous copper sheath.

RACEWAYS AND WIREWAYS

Classification:

Underground Raceways- have resistance to corrosion because it is directly buried.

They are normally installed in the place first, and wires and cables are placed inside the

raceway later.

Exposed and Concealed Raceways-an entire classification of raceways, covers those

which are generally non circular in cross section and may only be utilized by attaching it

to the surface.

Types:

Pipe or Conduit- Most common type of raceways.

Wireway- they are metal channels with a removable cover which permits easy access to

conductors and allows addition to or replacement of a wiring system.

Ceiling Raceway- less costly and more practical than floor raceways.

Floor Raceway

Under-floor Raceways- the distribution ducts are used under-floor provide wiring

system for spaces above the floor.

Cellular Floor Raceway- a metal or pre-cast concrete cellular flooring system used a

floor structure. Each cell serves as raceway carrying power and communication wiring

service above the floor.

DEVICES IN WIRING SYSTEM CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO:

Switches- for opening or closing or changing the connector of the circuit.

Outlets- at which electric current is diverted to supply an electric load to devices,

appliances and equipment.

Cabinets and Boxes- those included pull boxes, connection boxes, and outlet boxes,

use to provide access to conduits for installing necessary wires.

Electric Meter- installed and controlled by the utility company in order to measure the

electric power used in building, usually located outside the exterior wall of the building

inside the property lie visible to a meter reader.

Main Switch- also known as service switch, service disconnect, main disconnect, and

main breaker. The purpose is to bridge or disconnect the flow of all electricity to the

building.

Panel Boards- classified into flush mounting, and surface mounting.

Circuit breaker-most widely used device for overcurrent protective devise.

Fuses- are the simplest circuit protective device before circuit breakers were introduced.

Switchgear- term used to describe a switchboard when it is used of power which comesabove 600 V service. It is usually located in a room called electrical switchgear room

normally located in the basement.

Switch boards- an insulated cabinet 1 to 4 ft. deep with the width and height

depending on the number of circuits.


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BRANCH CIRCUIT DESIGN AND GUIDELINES:

Branch Circuit- circuit conductors between the final over current protective device and outlet.

Designing based on:

flexibility

reliability- efficiency of service

safety-size of wire

economy

Energy consideration- energy law and code, budget, energy conservation technique.

space allocation- square meter, capacity of ventilation

Types:

General purpose- supplies lighting and appliances.

Appliance Branch Circuit- supplies outlet intended for appliances.

Individual Branch Circuit- designed to supply single specific item.

OUTLET RECEPTACLES AND OTHER WIRING DEVICES:

Outlet- a term in wiring system at which current is therein to supply utilization.

KINDS:

Convenience Outlet- device which an insertion in a receptacle establishes connection of

conductor.

Lighting Outlet- intended for the connection of lamp holder.

Receptacle Outlet- contact device installed for an outlet for connection of single attachment

plug.

Pull Box- box with blank cover inserted into raceways to facilitate pulling in of conductors.

Junction Box- box with blank cover for joining different runs of raceways, box for making taps


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ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS


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MECHANICAL

HEATING VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Air Conditioner assembly of equipment for simultaneous control of air temperature

Split System - a central air conditioner consisting of two or more major components.

The system usually consist compressor-containing unit and condenser, installed outside

the building and a noncompressor - containing air handling unit installed within the

building.

Parts of Indoor Unit

Fan Motor =it sucks the air from the room to be conditioned through the air filter and the

evaporator coil of the refrigeration unit and delivers the cool and dehumidified air back to

the room.

Evaporated Coil =a series or network of tubes filled with refrigerant located inside the

home that take heat and moisture out into door air as liquid refrigerant evaporates.

Expansion Valve = the brain of the system. By sensing the temperature of the

evaporative coil, it allows liquid to pass through a very small filter that passes through

them.

Air Filter =a simple electrostatic filter in front grill area to filter the air that passes

through them.

Parts of Outdoor Unit

Condensing unit = a device that transfer unwanted heat out of refrigeration system to a

medium that absorbs the heat and transfers it to a disposal unit.

Blade Assembly = a very soft aluminum material which loads an onto each blade as it

turns and thereby creates pressure.

Fan Motor = it blows the air over the hot coil transferring heat from the refrigeration to

the outdoor.

Capacitor = its function is to assist motor in running efficiency.

Contactor = sometimes called relay or starter. Its function is to interrupt the incoming

120v and wait until the call from the thermostat to close its contact and the compressor.

Condenser Coil= a series or network of tubes filled with refrigerant normally located

outside the home that removes heat from the hot gaseous refrigerant so that the

refrigerant becomes liquid again.

Compressor = it is the heart of the system which acts as the pump, causing the

refrigerant to flow through the system. Its job is to draw in a low pressure, low

temperature of the refrigerant.

Suction Line Valve = it closes off the refrigerant flow and/or gives a port in which to

attach the pressure and hoses.

Liquid Line Valve = it closes off the high pressure and/or provides access por for

pressure for measurement.

Evaporative Coolers

An evaporative cooler uses absorptive refrigeration in which uses heat to producecooling. A three stage absorptive cooler first dehumidifies the air with a spray of salt water or

brine. The brine somatically absorbs water vapor from the air. The second stage sprays water

into the air, cooling the air evaporation. Finally to control humidity, the air passes through

another brine spray. The brine is recommended in distillation.


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Absorptive Chillers

Some buildings use gas turbines to generate electricity. The exhaust of these use

absorptive chillers that produces cold water. The cold water is run through radiators in air ducts

for hydraulic cooling. Producing heat, power and cooling system in one system as known as tri

generation.

Central Air Conditioning Plants

Types

DX System direct expansion system

The air from the space to be air conditioned is circulated over the cooling coil in which the low

pressure refrigerant liquid is boiling. The latent heat of vaporization for the liquid refrigerant is

taken from the air being circulated over the coil.

Chilled Water System

Chilled water or brine from the refrigeration plant is circulated through the cooling coil located in

the air handling unit to cool and dehumidify the room air.

Parts of the System

Condenserto de superheat the high pressure gas, condensed it and also the liquid.

Types of Condenser

air cooled

water cooled

evaporative

Cooling Tower used in water cooled condenser and it also the water conservation

equipment.

Types of Cooling Tower

natural draft / atmospheric tower depends upon the natural air movement mechanical draft air is drawn by mechanical means

spray nozzle

force draft forcing air from bottom to top

induced draft tower cooled by sucking of air through fans located at the top of the

cooling tower

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSPORTATION

Vertical transportation System

A device transportation of passengers or freight to different floors or levels as in a

building or a mine. The term elevator generally denotes a unit with automatic safety devices.

The very earliest units are called hoists elevator consists of a platforms or car travelling in

vertical guides in a shaft or hoist way, with related hoisting and lowering mechanism and a

source of power. The development of the modern elevator profoundly affected both architecture

and the mode of development of cities by making many storied building practical.


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Types of Electric Elevator

Gearless Traction Machine use motor shaft directly connected to break wheel and driving

sheave more superior to a general machine because it operates quietly have fewer moving

parts, thus less maintenance needed and has longer life

Geared Traction Machine employs a worm and gear interposed between the driving motor and

hoisting sheave motor either dc or ac most motor rating is powerful from 3 to 100 hp

Parts of the Electric Elevator

Control Drum = it is the main control panel where all the electric current and that the

elevator

are connected. The system includes the computing of the load and speed of the car

automatically.

Electric Lifting Motor = the electric motor is powered by electrical current and that can

make

various speeds regardless of the loads. It is the main factors for lifting the car.

Guiding Rack = the guiding rack is the rails of the car where it was connected at one

side. This use to protect the car from acceleration while going up and down.

Revolving Drum (Winch) = the winch is connected to the motor. This is where the

hosting rope was wound, who are connected to the car. In the drum elevator, the length

of the hoisting rope is limited by the size of the drum.

Cable or Rope System =it is connected to the car up to the winch and down to the

counterweights. Its main function includes the pulling up and down of the car. It is a

layered rope and varies to the load it can hold. And the length of the rope depends on

the height of the shaft.

Elevator Shaft = the shaft is the space provided for the car. The shaft area varies to thesize of the car elevator that will be installed.

Elevator Car = the car is where the passengers are loaded. The main control panel of

the system is located inside.

Breaking System = the breaking system is one of the innovative parts of the whole

equipment. This safety device is provided for the controls of the speed of the car. When

the car is travelling at dangerous speed or whether the rope broke, the break is powered

by electromagnets and automatically stops the car from accelerating.

Counterweights = the counterweights help the motor from lifting the car and taking it

down. It is more helpful for the elevator provided for the skyscrapers.

Floor Buffer = the floor buffer is located at the bottom of the hoist way high speed carare buffered fitting into oil cylinders.

Car Panel = conveys passenger of freight between floors. If consists of a car

constructed with supporting platform and frames.

Plungers = pushes the platform from below by the action of pressurized oil in the

cylinder

Above Ground Cylinders = support the elevator car

Fluid Tank = the container holding the fuel supply in a motor vehicle

Hoist way =is a shaft way for the travel of one or more elevator. It includes the pit and

termites at the underside of the overhang machinery space floor or grafting or at the

underside of the roof where the hoist way does not penetrate the roof.


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Types of Elevator

Freight Elevator -A freight elevator or goods lift is an elevator designed to carry goods

rather than passengers. Vehicle Elevators - Vehicular elevators are used within buildings with limited space (in

lieu of ramps) to move into the parking garage.

Boat Elevators - In some smaller canals, boats and small can pass between different

levels of a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock.

Aircraft Elevators - On aircraft carriers, elevators carry aircraft between the flight dock

and the hanger deck for operations or repairs. These elevators are designed for much

greater capacity than any other elevator ever built.

Dumbwaiter - Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are not intended to carry

people.

Paternoster -A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain ofboxes.

Escalator -Are very efficient form of vertical transportation for very heavy traffic where

the number of floors served is limited, normally a maximum of five to six floors.

Escalators are not usually accepted as a required exit.


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SIGNAL SYSTEM

Telephone System = Telephone is a telecommunication device that is used to transmit

and received sound or speech.

Cable TV = It is a system of providing television to customer via radio frequency signals

transmitted to television through fixed optical fibers ort coaxial cables.

Fire Alarm System is an active fire proofs protection system that controls the fire alarm

components in a building.

Fire Alarm Control Panel = is also referred to as a fire alarm panel or FACP, normally

referred to as a panel within the active fire protection industry.

Conventional Panels = have been around ever since electronics became small enough

to make them viable. They are no longer used frequently in large buildings but are still

used in smaller buildings such as schools.

Smoke detector or Smoke Alarm = is an active fire protection device that detects

airborne smoke and issues an audible alarm, thereby alerting nearby people to the

danger of fire.

Fire Sprinklers = are an active fire protection measures. They are connected to a fire

suppression system that consists of overhead pipes, fitted with sprinklers heads

throughout the coverage area.


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Deluge = systems are pre-action systems that have open sprinklers, i.e. the fusible link

is removed so that every sprinkler served by the system will discharge water.

Surveillance and Security System

Magnetic detector =increasing gap between magnets triggers alarm. Can be used for

sliding doors.

Passive Infrared = detects object in heat range of body temperature detectors can

overlap coverage to eliminate blind spots.

Ultrasonic = detects change in sound wave pattern. Not recommended in areas with

high acoustical absorption or with equipment emitting high pitched noises.

Card Reader = access devices can operate a lockset directly with an electronic signal,

or through a computer to verify and record access card, code used, time and date, or to

notify security personnel to operate the lock.

Video Camera = available with remote controlled base and lens, high resolution, and

low light level capability.

Audio Detector / Microphone = alarm sensitivity can be set to reduce false alarm can

monitor remotely by radio or telephone.

BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Building Automation System = is an example of a Distributed Control System. Building

Automation describes the functionality provided by the control system. The control

system is a computerized, intelligent network of electronic devices, designed to monitor

and control the mechanical and lighting systems in a building.

Chilled Water System = is often used to cool a buildings air and equipment. The chilled

water system will have chiller(s) and pumps. Analog temperature sensors measure the

chilled water supply and return lines. The chiller(s) are sequenced on and off to chill the

chilled water supply

Condenser Water System = cooling tower(s) and pumps are used to supply cool

condenser water to chillers. The condenser water supply to the chillers has to be

constant so, speed drives are commonly used on the cooling tower fans to control

temperature. Proper cooling tower temperature assures the proper refrigerant head

pressure in the chiller.

Hot Water System = supplies heat to the buildings air handling unit or VAV box heating

coils along the domestic hot water heating coils. The hot water system has a boiler(s)

and pumps. Analog temperature sensors are placed in the hot water supply and return

lines.

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ACOUSTICS

Sound Source - nature, weather, instrument, traffic, etc.

Sound - is a form of energy that is both physics and biology.

PHYSIC: sound is a longitudinal pressure wave for humans; this wave is usually in AIR.

BIOLOGY: sound is how we perceived and respond to the pressure wave.

Source (Sound Power Level) Path (Sound Intensity Level) Receiver (Sound Pressure

Level)

Different Kinds of Feeling

-Relaxation -Excitement -Annoyance

Sound and Light are both waves.

Solids can transmit sound fastest followed by Liquid then Air

1.5 m radius critical range of sound waves transmits Energy and Information.

Intensity and Loudness decrease with distance

COMPRESSION - regions in the medium where the particles are closer together.

RAREFRACTION - regions in the medium where the particles are spreads out.

WAVELENGTH -is the distance between the centers of adjacent compression.

Effects of Physical Conditions

Temperature - sound travels faster in higher temperature.

Humidity - sound travels faster in high humidity.

Pressure - pressure has no effect on speed of sound.

Frequency affects Pitch

High Frequency - high pitch

Lower Frequency - lower pitch

Pitch perception of frequency

Human (Hearing) 20 - 20,000 Hz

Human (Making Sound) 85 - 1,100 Hz

Bats 1,000 - 120,000 Hz

Dog Whistle 20,000 - 24,000 Hz

Waves with frequencies greater than 20,000 Hzare called Ultrasonic.

Waves with frequencies less than 20,000 Hzare called Subsonic.

ECHOES - when sound hits a hard surface, it will bounce of the surface.

ECHO - sound that is reflected back to us.


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REVERBERATIONS is the prolonged sound due to the merging of many echoes.

DIFFRATION binding of sound waves around barriers; the change in direction of a sound

energy enters your ear.

INTENSITY measurement amplitude.

Hertz (Hz) unit of frequency

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic wave.

Intensity Levels greater than 90 dB can cause hearing loss.

Three Parts of Ear

1. Outer Ear (Pinna)

2. Middle Ear3. Inner Ear

Frequency higher than 20 kHzis known as Ultrasound.

Frequency lower than 20 kHzis known as Infrasound.

Absorption reduce sound levels within the room.

Flat effective in distribution of sound.

Concave not recommended.

Convex best surface.

NRC build-up of noise within space

STC sound transmission between spaces

Basic Principles of Noise

Controlling noise at its source

Controlling noise along its path

Controlling at the receiver

Any noise control problem may require that one, two or three basic control elements be

taking into consideration.

Common sources of Noise

Too much noise outside the building entering the space

Too much noise from adjacent space

Lack of sound control in the space itself

Masking Sound


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Adding of low level background noise to an environment to make intruding speech and

noise less intelligible. Based on principles that oral privacy actually a simple matter of

making speech unintelligible

If each person cannot understand what the other person is saying, then oral privacy is

achieved

Often used in open-plan offices where people can clearly hear activities in other offices&areaAny desirable sound can provide masking loudspeakers placed between dropped

ceiling and structural ceiling

Acoustic Comfort

Typically given little or no attention by designers during the project planning and design

phase

Designer focus on functionality and aesthetics

Too often over looked, lack of acoustics comfort in work place contributing to lowproductivity

Workplace comfort is a combination of factors that includes lighting, indoor

environmental quality temperature and acoustics

Solution to incorporating acoustics into the project development process is to employ an

integrated design approach

Issue on acoustic comfort or the lack of it, applies to classroom and offices

Although noise in classrooms, offices and conference rooms are not high enough level

to be harmful to human hearing, these noise can cause:

Distraction, Stress, Low Productivity, Low Learning Environment

Importance of acoustics in the design phase:

A design professional is responsible to consider not only aesthetics but also the

following:

Health and safety

Productivity

Comfort and human factors

Functionality

Noise has been linked to a number of ailments:

Headaches

Digestive issue

Ulcers

Negative fetal development

High blood pressure

Heart problem

Stress

Respiratory ailments

Exposure to excessive noise can cause:

Anxiety


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Stress

Antisocial behavior

Hostility

Violence

Spaces were quiet is a necessity:

Libraries

Museums

Health care facilities

Spaces were quiet vital to understanding speech:

Classrooms

Board rooms

Lecture halls Court rooms

Spaces were the BUZZ is not overwhelming, active environments such as:

Restaurant

Lobbies

Cafeterias

Malls

Food court

Spaces were public announcement must be audible:

Airports

Government facilities

Educational facilities

Public spaces

Spaces where speech privacy is key:

Open office

Call centers

Meeting area

Spaces where music environment is crucial:

Recording studios

Practice room

Concert halls

Performance spaces

Spaces where confidentially is essentially:

Doctors offices

Police faculties


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Human resources

Counseling offices

Spaces where music and speech must be considered:

Worship center

Theaters

Human resources

Counseling offices

Acoustic must be consideration in the design:

1. Reduce cost correcting an acoustic issue after construction is always more expensive

2. Don't sacrifice aesthetics issue after the design phase will compromise the design

concept and aesthetic value of a project

3. Limit your liability: architects and designers are being held liable/accountable for

acoustic issues not addressed in the design phase

4. Protect your clients for acoustics can cause discomfort and even lead to health and

safety issues.

TERMINOLOGIES:

Acoustics (1) the science of sound (2) of a room: those factors, which determine its

character with respect to the quality of the received sound.

Acoustical Treatment the application of design principles in architectural acoustics to

reduce noise or vibration and to correct acoustical faults in spaces.

Airborne Noise this refer to noise which is fundamentally transmitted by way of the air

and can be attenuated by the use of barriers and walls placed physically between the

noise and the receiver.

Decibel (dB) (1) degree of loudness. (2) A unit for expressing the relative intensity of

sounds on a scale from zero for the average least perceptible sound to about 130 for the

average pain level.

Direct Sound- sound that reaches a given location by direct, straight-line propagation

from the sound source.

Diffraction- bending of sound waves around barriers; the change in direction of a sound

wave around an object.

Echoeswhen this hard surface sound, it will bounce off the surface. The sound that isreflected back to us is called an echo.

Hertz (Hz) the unit of frequency, abbreviated as Hz. One hertz is equal to one cycle

per second.

Intensity measurement of amplitude.

Loudness perception of the rate at which sound energy enters your ear.

Noise- unwanted sound. any sound which is undesirable because it interferes with

speech and hearing, or is intense enough to damage hearing, or is otherwise annoying.

Noise Limit a maximum value imposed on a noise level.

Pascal a unit of measure equal to 1 N/m2

Reflection redirection of sound waves. Refraction change in direction of sound waves caused by changes in the sound wave

velocity.

Sabin unit of acoustic sound absorption, equivalent to the absorption by one square

meter of perfect absorber.

Sound pressure fluctuations in air within air and gas flow systems.

Sound Level a frequency-weighted sound pressure level, i.e., A-weighted value.


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Sound Power the sound energy radiated per unit time by a sound source, measured

in Watts (W).

Sound Pressure the fluctuations in air, measured on a decibel scale.

Sound Transmission the transfer of sound energy through a barrier from one medium

to another.

Spectruma quality expressed as a function of frequency, such as sound pressure

versus frequency.

Vibrations and Waves Waves transmit energy and information.

Watt (W) the unit of power when 1 joule is expanded in one second.

LIGHTING

Luminous Environment

- Light and dark are not antagonistic but rather complementary phenomena humans perceive

light as brightness and color.

- Without shade and dark, light loses much of it effectiveness as a communicating medium.

Perceptual Role of Lighting

-facilitate visual task

-define visual boundaries and hierarchy of spaces

Psychological Role of Lighting

-establish a sense of intimacy, cheerfulness, and somberness that is appropriate for the

intended background.

Importance of light and vision

-man is light depending being

-without light life on earth would be close to impossible

-approximately 80% of all information reaches our brain by the way we function

-lighting must be both functional and pleasant

Lighting Basis

luminous flux-time rate of flow of light as measured in lumens.It is measure of the total

light emitted by a source

illuminance-quantity of light reaching a unit area of surface and is measured in foot

candles or lux

luminance-of ten called brightness

Artificial Light-a poor substitute for daylight

Basic Quality Aesthetics


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Principal criteria on which every lighting installed is judge based on time on the function

ofthe lighted space with regard to visual perception

Lighting level

Luminance

Freedom from disturbing glare

Light directionality and shadows

Light color, appearance and color rendering

Aesthetic quality of the lighting installation

Lighting level

-often specified in terms of average illuminance

-illuminance refers to amount of light presence on the surface, of nearst expressed in lux

(a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per sq.m, 0.0029 foot candle)

indoors- it is measured on the working plane, usually an imaginary horizontal surface about

75cm above the floor

outdoors-the plane of interest is usually the ground

Lumen -overall light of a luminous source

-a unit of luminous flux

Daylight and Atificial lighting level

Outdoor luminance lux

Summer, under a cloudness sky in an open 100,000

Summer, but in the shade of tree 10,000

Summer in the open, under a heavily over 5,000

Cast sky

Indoors, by the window shady side on a 2,000

Fine day

Daylight -different eye task and the speed of work involved require different lighting level

-our visual acquity or sharpness of vision dependent upon the illuminance

Illuminance Range -illuminance range of 250 lux to 1000 lux covers the majority of work task

which can be subdivided according to the nature of the work as follows

Rough work in industry 25 lux

Average workshop tasks, shops and stores 500 lux

Offices ,laboratories 750 lux

Precision work, instrument assembly work, color assessment 1000 lux or higher


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Lighting Quality

interior surroundings include objects such as furniture, doors, windows, walls, ceilings

and floor

outdoor surroundings include objects such as house fronts, street, furniture, road

surface,

plants, trees and public lighting

the ease with which we can experience these object forms, Color, contrast and texture is

determine by part by the lighting level present

Luminance Distribution in the field of view

luminance is the technical term used in lighting for objective brightness and is measure

of the density of the radiation emitted by a luminous surface seen from specifieddirection

luminance is expressed in candelas per sq. meter

candela - is the unit of intensity, sometimes called "candlepower"

the higher the luminance of a surface the brighter it will appear to the human eye

Luminance Distribution

In the field of view

Glare causes discomfort,

psychological glare and can also lead to a marked reduction in visual performance

direct glare-is cause by excessive luminance

reflected glare-refers to the disturbing reflection of lamps, luminares or bright windows

found in reflective or glossy surfaces

reflected glare can be limited by the right choice and appropriate agreement of lamps

and luminares

Luminance Distribution- maraked differences in lumiance in the field of the vission impair

visual performance aand cause discomfort, so they need to be avoided. This applies as muchas outdoors.

luminance of the desktop should be not less than of the luminance of the document.

same ratio is recommended bet the luminance of the surface of the other areas further

away in the room.

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