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ustani : [ d a r la l ne ru] ( listen ); 14 November 1889 27 May 1964) was the first PrimeMinister of India a nd a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th century. He emerged as theparamount leader of the Indian Independence Movement under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi and ruledIndia from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964 . [5] Nehru isconsidered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state; a sovereign , socialist, secular, and democratic

republic .[6] He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi , who served as thethird and sixth Prime Ministers of India, respectively.

The son of Motilal Nehru , a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman, Nehru was a graduate of TrinityCollege, Cambridge and the Inner Temple , where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his return to India, heenrolled at the Allahabad High Court , at the same time taking an interest in national politics. Nehru'sinvolvement in politics would gradually replace his legal practice. A committed nationalist since his teenageyears, Nehru became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became theprominent leader of the left-wing factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s, and eventually ofthe entire Congress, with the tacit approval of his mentor, Gandhi. As Congress President , Nehru called forcomplete independence from Britain and initiated a decisive shift towards the left in Indian politics. He was theprincipal author of the Indian Declaration of Independence (1929).

Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved towardsindependence. His idea of a secular nation state was seemingly validated when the Congress, under hisleadership, swept the provincial elections in 1937 while the separatist Muslim League failed to form agovernment in any of the Indian provinces. But these achievements were seriously compromised in theaftermath of the Quit India Movement in 1942, which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as apolitical organisation. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, for he haddesired to support the Allied war effort during the World War II , came out of a lengthy prison term to a muchaltered political landscape. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now btenoire, Muhammad Ali Jinnah , had come to dominate Muslim politics in India. Negotiations between Nehru andJinnah for power sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947.

Nehru was elected by the Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, although thequestion of leadership had been settled as far back in 1941, when Gandhi acknowledged Nehru as his politicalheir and successor. As Prime Minister, Nehru set out to realise his vision of India. The Constitution of India wasenacted in 1950, after which he embarked on an ambitious program of economic, social and political reforms.Chiefly, he oversaw India's transition from a monarchy to a republic, while nurturing a plural ,multi-partydemocracy . In foreign policy, Nehru took a leading role in Non-Alignment while projecting India as a regionalhegemon in South Asia.

Under Nehru's leadership, the Congress emerged as a catch-all party, dominating national politics and winningconsecutive elections in 1951 , 1957 , and 1962 . He remained popular with the people of India in spite of politicaltroubles in his final years and failure of leadership during Sino-Indian War . In India, his birthday is celebratedas Children's Day .

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