using social information to improve opportunistic networking

Waldir [email protected]

Feb. 1st, 2012SITI Brainstorm Meeting

Using Social Information toImprove Opportunistic Networking

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Agenda

• Introduction

• Application Environments

• Routing over Opportunistic Networks

• Our Work

• Conclusions and Future Work

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Introduction

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Picture today

• Users are eager for retrieving/providing information

• Popularization of portable devices

OppNets are highly dynamic, composed of mobile and static nodes (i.e., devices) and take advantages of opportunistic time-varying contacts among users carrying them to exchange information

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Straightforward Definition

• Occasional contacts

• Intermittent connectivity

• Highly mobile and fixed nodes

• Power-constrained devices

• Possible nonexistence of e2e paths

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General OppNetsCharacteristics

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Application Environments

• Disruptive environments:

- Sparse scenarios where communication is established through sporadic contacts

• Urban environments

- Dense scenarios with communication suffering different interference levels

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Different Environments

• Purpose: provide communication means for manned/robotic exploration

• Main challenges: very long delays, sparseness, shadow areas and spacecraft lifetime

• Function: Information and commands are exchanged between landers/rovers and earth station through orbiters

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Disruptive EnvironmentsDeep Space Communications

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Disruptive EnvironmentsDeep Space Communications

[1] News on Deep Space Networking[2] Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

• Purpose: provide asynchronous Internet access despite the scarce/expensive infrastructure

• Main challenges: long delays and scarce/expensive infrastructure

• Function: data is sent/retrieved either through USB stick carried by a motorbiker or via dial-up connection

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Disruptive Environments Networks for Developing World

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Disruptive Environments Networks for Developing World

[3] S. Jain, K. Fall, R. Patra, Routing in a delay tolerant network, 2004[4] News on Pigeon Carrier

• Purpose: Study zebra movements through collars carried by them

• Main challenges: energy constraints

• Function: collars opportunistically exchange GPS location later then obtained by scientists

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Disruptive Environments Zebranet

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Disruptive Environments Zebranet

• Purpose: establish quick communication means among military soldiers, vehicles, and aircrafts

• Main challenges: high disruption and partition

• Function: information is relayed among military units

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Disruptive Environments Tactical Military Networks

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Disruptive Environments Tactical Military Networks

[5] MITRE Corporation (C2 On-the-Move Network, Digital Over-the-Horizon Relay)

• Purpose: gather information from sensing systems

• Main challenges: short contact times

• Function: sensor present in different devices gather information which is then collected mobile devices (i.e., custodian) to be transfered to the sensing system central

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Urban Environments Opportunistic Sensing

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Urban Environments Opportunistic Sensing

[6] CamMobSens - Cambridge University Pollution Monitoring Initiative

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Routing over Opportunistic Networks

Considers any contact among nodes and forwarding decisions are made using locally collected knowledge about node behavior to predict which nodes are likely to deliver a content or bring it closer to the destination

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What is it about?

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2000-2010 Analysis

[7] W. Moreira and P. Mendes, “Survey on opportunistic routing for delay tolerant networks,” SITI, University Lusofona, February, 2011

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Existing Taxonomies

[7]

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Major Routing Families

[7] W. Moreira and P. Mendes, “Survey on opportunistic routing for delay tolerant networks,” SITI, University Lusofona, February, 2011

• Since 2007

• Have shown great potential

• Use social relationship

• Much wiser decisions

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Social Aspects: The New Trend

• Community Detection: creation of communities considering people social relationships

- Bubble Rap

* Forwarding based on community and local/ global centrality

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Replication-based ApproachesSocial Similarity

[8] P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, E. Yoneki, BUBBLE Rap: Social-based Forwarding in Delay Tolerant Networks, 2011

• Shared Interests: nodes with the same interest as destination are good forwarders

- SocialCast

* predicted node’s co-location (probability of nodes being co-located with others)

* change in degree of connectivity (mobility and changes in neighbor sets)

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[9] P. Costa, C. Mascolo, M. Musolesi, G. P. Picco, Socially-aware routing for publish-subscribe in delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc networks, 2008

• Node Popularity: use of social information to generate ranks to nodes based on their position on a social graph

- PeopleRank

* Forwarding based on social ranking of nodes

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[10] A. Mtibaa, M. May, M. Ammar, C. Diot, Peoplerank: Combining social and contact information for opportunistic forwarding, 2010

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Our Work

• Community detection, shared interests, node popularity

• Communities are statically defined

• Do not consider the age of contacts when computing the centrality

• Strong assumptions

• Full knowledge on social information is not enough

• Some social metrics (e.g., betweenness centrality) can lead to node homogeneity

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Motivation

[11] T. Hossmann, T. Spyropoulos, F. Legendre, Know thy neighbor: Towards optimal mapping of contacts to social graphs for dtn routing, 2010

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dLife

People's daily life routine and their social ties to reach a clean representation of social interactions

Time-Evolving Contact Duration (TECD)

Weights social interactions based on statistical contact duration nodes have over time

TECD Importance (TECDi)

Estimates the importance of nodes

Our Proposal

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Our Proposal

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Promising results

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Promising results


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Promising results



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Functions in separate had good overall performance

Their combination sure provided improvements

dLife is able to transcribe the dynamic behavior found on users' interactions into clean social representations

Plans

Improve it by introducing randomness and a stale-data removal scheme

Conclusions and Future Work

[1] News on Deep Space Networking - http://www.engadget.com/2008/11/19/nasas-interplanetary-internet-tests-a-success-vint-cerf-triump/

[2] Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro-20060912.html

[3] S. Jain, K. Fall, R. Patra, Routing in a delay tolerant network, in: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM, Portland, USA, August, 2004.

[4] News on Pigeon Carrier - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1212333/Pigeon-post-faster-South-Africas-Telkom.html

[5] MITRE Corporation (US Marine Corps) (Presentation on C2 On-the-Move Network, Digital Over-the-Horizon Relay) - http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/65/slides/DTNRG-2.pdf

[6] CamMobSens - Cambridge University Pollution Monitoring Initiative - http://www.escience.cam.ac.uk/mobiledata/

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References

[7] W. Moreira and P. Mendes, “Survey on opportunistic routing for delay tolerant networks,” Tech. Rep. SITI-TR-11-02, Research Unit in Informatics Systems and Technologies (SITI), University Lusofona, February, 2011.

[8] P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, E. Yoneki, BUBBLE Rap: Social-based Forwarding in Delay Tolerant Networks, Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, 10 (11)(2011) 1576–1589.

[9] P. Costa, C. Mascolo, M. Musolesi, G. P. Picco, Socially-aware routing for publish-subscribe in delay-tolerant mobile ad hoc networks, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, 26 (5) (2008) 748–760.

[10] A. Mtibaa, M. May, M. Ammar, C. Diot, Peoplerank: Combining social and contact information for opportunistic forwarding, in: Proceedings of INFOCOM, San Diego, USA, March, 2010.

[11] T. Hossmann, T. Spyropoulos, F. Legendre, Know thy neighbor: Towards optimal mapping of contacts to social graphs for dtn routing, in: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego, USA, March, 2010.

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References

Waldir [email protected]

Feb. 1st, 2012SITI Brainstorm Meeting

Using Social Information toImprove Opportunistic Networking

using social information to improve opportunistic networking

Technology