REFERENCE STYLE FOR IS

Stealing is wrong, citing is recommended Using references or citations is something that is expected in the literary assignments in academic studies. When using citations, the most important thing is to actually refer to other peoples work when an idea, expression or text is not originally created by the author; plagiarism is a serious violation of academic ethics. References or citations can be used in many ways. Direct quotations (a copy of the original text and quoted exactly as it is even including spelling errors) should be used rather scarcely. If the author paraphrases somebody elses material, (s)he rewrites it so that the idea remains the same, but the choice of words and style are the authors own. A quite popular alternative is to use summaries. However, the aim of this guide is not to present these techniques but to recommend a consistent method for referencing the sources that have been used. The most important thing is to actually make references. Another important issue to bear in mind is to be accurate and careful when making references. References are used in order to give credit to the original source as well as in order to enable the readers to find the original source. The citation format itself is less important; the guiding principle is to make sufficient, accurate and consistent references. Even though a universally accepted method for using references does not exist, using a generally accepted way for making references facilitates the readers work. The reference style used in this guide is a version of the style generally known as the Harvard system or author-date style, especially popular in social sciences. This reference system consists of two parts: in-text references and end-text references (reference list). There are also different formats for references. The three most common citation formats are parenthetical format, author-date format, and the note format. The rules below follow the principles of APA (American Psychological Association). This guide includes three parts. Part I describes instructions and examples concerning in-text references. Part 2 presents different formats needed in the list of references. Part 3 is a short summary of parts 1 and 2 (that is, start there and take a look at parts 1 and 2 when needed). The guide also contains a list of sources used.

1. IN-TEXT REFERENCES Basic requirements: - The citation is placed in parenthesis. The citation includes the authors surname and

publication year. - The citation is placed at the end of the passage where the source has been used, before the

fullstop. The in-text reference is placed before the full stop also when the passage consists of several sentences.

- If the in-text reference is a direct quotation, the reference should include page number besides author and year; it should be noted that the same principle is applied on ideas (that is, the page number is inserted if the idea stems from specific pages of an article/book).

- If the authors name is used in the text, the in-text reference includes only the publication year and possibly the page number in parenthesis. In this case, the publication year in parenthesis is placed directly after the authors surname and the page number at the end of the passage.

- p. is used when the citation refers to one page only; pp. is used when the reference is made to several pages.

More detailed requirements:

Single author: authors surname and publication year (Roscoe 1975)

Two authors: in-text citation includes both surnames and publication year Checkland and Holwell (1998) described an ...in an information system (Checkland and Holwell 1998).

More than two authors: surname of the first author + "et al." and publication year (Horngren et al. 1999, p. 33)

Several sources from the same author from different years: separate them with a semicolon, do not repeat the author's name

(Kohonen 1997, p. 47; 2001, p. 49)

References to more than one work in a year from the same author are distinguished by attaching a lower-case letter of the alphabet to the publication date. The order is determined by the alphabetical order of the titles, ignoring words such as the, an and a.

(Walsham 1995a) (Walsham 1993; 1995a; 1995b)

Referring to two or more texts by different authors: separate them with a semicolon (Fitzgerald and Howcroft 1998; Iivari 1991; Nissen et al. 1991).

Secondary referencing: both the original source and the source you have should be mentioned [N.B. the list of references should contain only the source you have access to, in this case Jrvinen 2001]

(Kling 1987, cited in Jrvinen 2001).

Anonymous article: use the title (of the newspaper/magazine) in the in-text citation. (The Economist, 2005, p. 76).

Websites: The in-text citation of a statement specific to an individual document or page requires that you follow the author/date conventions presented in this guide: the author being the name of the person or organization responsible for the site and the date being that of the site creation or most recent update.

The history of the Internet can actually be traced back to 700 BC (Anderberg 2005). If the web page includes pages numbers or chapters, use them in the in-text citation.

(Doe 2005, p. 3) (Doe 2005, chap. 4).

Websites (whole site): put the URL in parenthesis; when you do not refer to any specific page or part of that site, an entry in the list of references will not be required.

Google (http://www.google.com) is a search engine... - Please note that direct quotations which are longer than two lines of text should follow

quotation-layout (short direct quotations can be written in text in quotation marks): o Long direct quotations are separated from the paragraph o Long direct quotations should have decreased left- and right-hand side indent and

be typed in smaller font size o Long direct quotations do not use quotation marks (short ones do). o The in-text reference for long direct quotations includes authors name, publication

year and page numbers. For short quotations only the page number is needed, if the authors name is used in text (see the following examples).

Ex. (short direct quotation, authors name is not used in the text) Information systems science deals mainly with managing data and information with information technology in companies, non-profit organizations etc. This information should be relevant to the

ever-changing activity of the organization and/or its members (Checkland and Holwell, 1998, p. 39). Ex. (short direct quotation, authors name is used in the text) According to Checkland and Holwell (1998), information systems science deals mainly with managing data and information with information technology in companies, non-profit organizations etc. This information should be relevant to the ever-changing activity of the organization and/or its members (p. 39). Ex. (long direct quotation) With regard to the information systems field, Checkland and Holwell (1998) state:

we take the core concern of the field to be the orderly provision of data and information within an organization using IT, that information being relevant to the ever-changing activity of the organization and/or its members (Checkland and Holwell, 1998, p. 39).

2. REFERENCE LIST Basic requirements: 1) Every in-text reference should appear in the reference list (and vice versa). (A reference list including references to relevant sources that are not used in text is called a bibliography.) 2) The spellings should be the same in the reference list and in in-text references. The same goes for the dates (publication years). General issues:

- The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. - If an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list alphabetically

by the first significant word of the title. - In order to emphasize the alphabetical order, the second and subsequent lines of the

reference should be indented. - An entry in the reference list includes: Author(s) (date or year of publication). Title. Details. - Titles of books and journals are written in italics. - Journal title must include volume, number, and page numbers of article.

More detailed instructions: The following instructions have been grouped by publication type: books, articles, articles in conference proceedings, web pages, interviews, and software and CD-ROM. BOOKS Author/editor(s). (Year of publication). Title of book. Edition of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Book with a single author

Roscoe, J.T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioural sciences. New York, NY: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

Yin, R.K. (1994). Case study research: design and methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Book by more than one author Checkland, P. and Holwell, S. (1998). Information, systems and information systems: making sense

of the field. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Horngren, C.T., Bhimani, A., Foster, G. and Datar, S.M. (1999). Management and cost accounting. London: Prentice Hall Europe.

Book with an editor or an edited collection Galliers, R.D. and Baets, W.R.J. (Eds.) (1997). Information technology and organizational

transformation: innovation for the 21st century organization. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Detouzos, M.L., and Moses, J. (Eds.) (1979). The computer age: A twenty-year view. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Book by an unknown author (use title in place of author) Svenska Akademiens ordlista ver svenska sprket (SAOL). (1998). (Tolfte upplagan). Stockholm:

Nordstedts. Webster's new biographical dictionary. (1988). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Article or chapter in a book Heath, C. (1997). The analysis of activities in face to face interaction using video. In D. Silverman

(Ed.), Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice (pp. 183-200). London: Sage Publications.

Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.) (pp. 163-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Article in a reference book Suber, H. (1981). Motion picture. Encyclopedia Americana.

A government document Konsumentverket. (2003). Konsumentverkets anvisningar fr frmjande av skerheten i simhallar

och badinrttningar. (Dnr: 2002/52/3709). Helsingfors: Konsumentverket. (Finnish Consumer Agency. (2003). Consumer Agencys guidelines for the promotion of safety at

swimming pools and family spas. (Dno: 2002/52/3709). Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Consumer Agency.)

A book by an agency or corporation CGR-Freningen. (2004). Introduction to financial statements in Finland. Helsingfors: KHT-Media

Oy. (Finnish Institute of Authorised Public Accountants. (2004). Introduction to financial statements in

Finland. Helsinki, Finland: KHT-Media Oy.)

Published doctoral dissertation : cited as a book Majlender, P. (2004). A normative approach to possibility theory and soft decision support. TUCS

Dissertations No 54. Turku, Finland: Turku Centre for Computer Science.

Research report Johnson, M. (2004). A case study in balanced software process development. Technical Report No.

599. Turku, Finland: Turku Centre for Computer Science. JOURNAL ARTICLES Author of journal article. Year of publication. Article title. Title of journal, Volume(Issue number if known), Article pages. Article in scholarly journal, each issue paginated separately

Suitt, H. (2003). A blogger in their midst. Harvard Business Review, 81(9), 30-36.

Article in scholarly journal with continuous annual pagination Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J. and Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems

Research. MIS Quarterly 28, 75-105. Lee, A.S. and Baskerville, R.L. (2003). Generalizing generalizability in information systems

research. Information Systems Research, 14, 221-243. Walsham, G. (1995a). The emergence of interpretivism in IS research. Information Systems

Research, 6, 376-394. Walsham, G. (1995b). Interpretive case studies in IS research: nature and method. European

Journal of Information Systems, 4, 74-81.

Article from a daily newspaper Mykknen, P. (2005, June 12). Tutkijat: Entist harvempi kuolee sodissa. Helsingin Sanomat, p.

A15.

Article from a weekly or biweekly magazine Anttila, P. (2005, April 15). Pomo ja sen auto. Suomen Kuvalehti, pp. 36-43. Salminen, M. (2005, May 12). Pyhien asioiden rell. Kauppalehti Optio, pp. 35-37.

Anonymous article Band and blame. (2004, May 15). The Economist, pp. 76-77. Virtual fun: There are plenty of ways to amuse yourself online. (2004, May 15). The Economist,

section Survey: e-commerce, pp. 11-12.

Article from a montly or bimontly magazine (or several times a year) MayDolnick, E. (1990, July). What dreams are (really) made of. Atlantic, pp. 41-61. Telknranta, H. (2005, issue 3). Mik teki ihmisen? Tiede, pp. 16-20.

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Author (Year of publication). Article title. In Publication title, Place, Date, Pages. Publisher. Paper from published conference proceedings without editor(s)

Fitzgerald, B. and Howcroft, D. (1998). Competing dichotomies in IS research and possible strategies for resolution. In Proceedings of International ACM Conference on Information Systems, Helsinki, Finland: Association for Information Systems, pp. 155-164.

Kaymak, U. and van den Berg, J. (2004). On constructing probabilistic fuzzy classifiers from weighted fuzzy clustering. In Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN04), Budapest, Hungary, July 25-29.

Ong, C.-S. and Lai, J.-Y. (2004). Developing an instrument for measuring user satisfaction with knowledge management systems. In Proceedings of 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-37), Big Island, Hawaii: IEEE.

Published conference proceedings with editor(s): Fayyad, U., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G. and Smyth, P. (1996). Knowledge discovery and data mining:

towards a unifying framework. In E. Simoudis, J. Han and U. Fayyad (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD96) (pp. 82-88). Portland, Oregon, August 2-4: AAAI Press.

INTERNET SOURCES The principle is the same as above (author, date or year is possible, title, publication). Besides these, references to Internet sources should tell when the author has accessed the source and the source as URL. It is especially important to be careful: in order to have the correct address (URL), copy it from your browser and paste it into the word processing program. Full text from the Internet (not from a scholarly electronic database such as ScienceDirect or EBSCO)

Berman, D. (1999, November 1). Is the bell tolling for door-to-door selling? Businessweek online. Retrieved June 14, 2005, from http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_44/ ebiztoc.htm.

Ruskeat kpit ruiskuttelevat kuin thdet. Tiede.fi (2005, June 13). Retrieved June 14, 2005, from

http://www.tiede.fi/uutiset/uutinen.php?id=2182.

World Wide Web page, author (or meaningful publisher) known Anderberg, A. (2005). History of the Internet and Web. Retrieved June 14, 2005, from

http://www.anderbergfamily.net/ant/history/. Finnish Forest Industries Federation (2004). Main Global Forest Industry Companies Turnover in

2003, bill. EUR. Finnish Forest Industries Federation. Retrieved May 13, 2004, from http://english.forestindustries.fi/figures/.

World Wide Web page, author unknown A history of information technology and systems. (1998). Retrieved June 14, 2005, from

http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm.

World Wide Web page, date unknown Institutionen fr informationssystem. (n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2005, from http://iis.abo.fi.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION Since personal communication cannot be recovered by the reader, you do not need to list personal interviews in your list of references. Instead, a reference should be put as an in-text citation: cite the person's name, "personal communication, " and the date in parentheses in your text.

(J. Doe, personal communication, September 9, 1999). Published interviews (e.g. in journals) are treated as articles. COMPUTER SOFTWARE

SSH Secure Shell Version 3.2.9. (2003). [Computer software]. Helsinki, Finland: SSH Communications Security Corp.

Yet another previewer (Yap) Release 2.4.1803. (2004). [Computer software]. MiKTeX. If you can find the authors/programmers of the piece of software in question in the programs About, use the names as well.

Smart, J. (2005). The Program Release 1.0. [Computer software]. San Francisco, CA: The Company.

In references to CD-ROM, the format is similar to the one used for computer software, but instead of Computer software, write CD-ROM.

3. OVERVIEW

A short version of the instruction with fictive examples: End-text reference In-text reference* Book, one author Doe, J. (1989). Wonderful thoughts (3rd ed.). Sebastopolis,

CA: OReilly & Associates. (Doe 1989)

Book, two authors Doe, J. and Smith, D. (1898). All you ever wanted to know about writing essays. New York, NY: Owl Books.

(Doe and Smith 1898)

Book, several authors

Doe, J., Henderson, M.K. and Smith, D. (1998). Even more wonderful ideas. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International.

(Doe et al. 1998)

Chapter in an edited collection

Doe, J. and Smith, D. (2000). Nice paradigms. In G.R. Graham and F. Anderson (Eds.) Handbook of theories (pp. 110-133). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

(Doe and Smith 2000)

Journal article (scientific/academic)

Doe, J. (1980). Research methods for the unwilling. Theoretical Review, 52(4), 21-34.

(Doe 1980)

Conference paper Smith, D. and Doe, J. (2004). On writing research reports. In Proceedings of International Conference on Research and Other Fun (ROF2004), Neverville, France, January 10-20.

(Smith and Doe 2004)

Web page Henderson, M.K. (1996). How to change a light bulb in 1001 ways. Retrieved December 24, 2003, from http://www.unnecessarysite.org/light/documents/ story.htm.

(Henderson 1996)

*) In these examples, it is assumed that page numbers are not necessary in the reference.

BE THOROUGH, CAREFUL AND CONSISTENT!

SOURCES American Psychological Association (2001). Electronic references. Accessed June 30, 2005 at http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html. Rise, B.A. and Cooper, C.R. (1991). The St Martins Guide to Writing. New York, NY: St. Martins Press. Universitetsbiblioteket, Lunds universitet (november 2003). Informationskompetens, 4: Citering och referenser. Accessed June 30, 2005 at http://www.lub.lu.se/ub/distans/infokompetens/ referens/.