using gis for exposure assessment j.r. nuckols, phd colorado state university, fort collins,...
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USING GIS FOR EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENTJ.R. NUCKOLS, PhD
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO, USA
http://ehasl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
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GOALS
• FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES– GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE
– HEALTH SCIENCE
– ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
• EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PROCESS - ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• STATE OF THE SCIENCE – GIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
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FUNDAMENTALS• GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE
– SCALE– RESOLUTION– VALIDATION
• ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE– GEOPHYSICAL PLAUSIBILITY– MEAUREMENT DATA– ALGORITHMS – VALIDATION
• EPIDEMIOLOGY– BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY– CONFOUNDING FACTORS– STATISTICAL POWER
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ENVIRONMENTAL = SPATIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: Evaluates associations between environmental
exposures and health outcomes, with the purpose of further understanding the etiology of disease
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COMMON SPATIAL FACTORSEPIDEMIOLOGY
CONTAMINANT OF INTEREST
STUDY POPULATIONDEMOGRAPHICS
INCIDENCE OF DISEASE
EXPOSURE ASSMT
SOURCE ID
SYSTEM BOUNDARYFATE/TRANSPORT
EXPOSURE METRIC
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GIS-Based Exposure Assessment:
Agricultural Chemicals
and
Childhood Cancer
Principal Co-Investigators:
Dr. Mary H. Ward, NCI-OEB
Dr. Peggy Reynolds, CDHS-EHIB
Mr. Robert Guiner, CDHS-EHIB
Mr. Ryan Miller, USDA-APHIS
Funding: USDHHS-NIH-NCI grants RO3 CA83071, RO1CA71745, and RO1CA92683, andUSDHHS-NIH-NCI Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch.
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San Francicso
Sacramento
Fresno
Kilometers
0 400200
STATE OF CALIFORNIA, USA
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The Problem… landscape trends
Highly integrated landscapes…
…with multiple applications to many fields.
Complex landscapes = Complex Processes …
… Pesticide Use Patterns are Complex
… Variable application method• Aerial• Ground• Orchard Blast• Fumigation• Chemgation
… Variable in time and space
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CONTAMINANT OF INTEREST
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
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Selection of Pesticides
• 850 Pesticides in California Pesticide Use Reporting Database
• Prioritized Study Pesticides based on:– Carcenogenicity– Transportability– Use in our study area
• 6 Pesticides in initial study, Approx 30 will be analyzed in validation study
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0 25 5012.5
Kilometers
Pounds of Chemicals Applied
1 - 250
251 - 500
501 - 750
751 - 1000
1001 - 20000
California Pesticide Use Reporting DatabaseFresno, Madera, Kings, and Tulare Counties
Fresno
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STUDY POPULATION
FATE/TRANSPORT
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CPUR Expossure Metric
Section A Section B
1,400 lbs - Methyl BromideApplied to Grapes
CASE/CONTROL RESIDENCE
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0 25 5012.5
Kilometers
California Department of Water Resources DatabaseFresno, Madera, Kings, and Tulare Counties
Row and Field Crops
RiceOrchards
Urban Land
PastureSurface Water
Vineyards
Fresno
Grain and Hay Crops
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CDWR Metric
Section A Section B
1,400 lbs - Methyl BromideApplied to Grapes
Vineyard
Spatial Refinement of Pesticide Use Data
Residences
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1
10
100
1000
Ave
rag
e P
esti
cid
e U
se (
lbs/
sq m
ile)
Trifualin Simazine Propargite Dicofol MethylBromide
Chemical
Predicted Pesticide Use Within Exposure Zone
CPUR Metric
CDWR Metric
0.4
1,230
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0
50
100
150
200
250
Nu
mb
er
Trifuralin Simazine Propargite Dicofol MethylBromide
Chemical
Study Population Classified as Exposed(Total N = 577)
CPUR Metric
CDWR Metric
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Per
cen
t o
f S
tud
y P
op
ula
tio
n
Low Medium High
Exposure Class
Exposure Classification
CPURCDWR
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RISK
EXPOSURE METRIC
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SENSITVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE PUR EXPOSURE METRIC USING THE CDWR METRIC AS THE “GOLD STANDARD”
Trifuralin Simazine Propargite DicofolMethyl
Bromide
Sensitivity 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Specificity 78% 72% 68% 87% 74%
Prevalence 2.1% 0.3% 3.8% 2.4% 2.1%
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Non-differential exposure misclassificationExample: 2% exposure prevalence, true RR = 2
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
1.0 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.98 1.97
0.8 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.00
0.6 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.00
0.4 1.03 1.02 1.00
0.2 1.02 1.00
Sp
ecif
icit
y
Sensitivity
Source: Norell SE, 1987
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VALIDATION
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LIN N
LEE
SAC
TAMA
ID A
SIOUXCLAY
IOWAPOLK
LYON
CASS
KOSSUTH
PAGE
JASPER
ADAIR
BENTON JONES
STORY
DAVIS
CLAYTONFAYETTE
CEDAR
CLINTON
BOONE
PLYMOUTH
MONON A
FLOYD
DALLASSHELBY
BUTLER
MILLS
O'BRIEN
WOODBU RYWEBSTER
WAYNE
HARD IN
WRIGHT
MARION
SCOTT
GREENE
KEOKUK
TAYLOR
JACKSON
GUTH RIEHARRISON
WARREN
UNION LU CAS HEN RY
JOHNSON
DUBUQUE
CRAW FOR D CARR OLL
MADISON
ADAMS
GRUND Y
FRANKLIN
CALHOUN
MAHASKA
LOUISA
HANC OCK
POTTAWATTAMIE
EMMET
DECATU R
ALLAMAKEE
HAMILTON
WINNESHIEKWORTH
CLARKE
FREMONT
MARSHALL
DELAWARE
HOWARD
CHER OKEEBREMER
PALO ALTO
BUCHAN AN
RINGGOLD
POWESHIEK
MONROE
MITCHELL
WAPELLO
AUDU BON
BUENA VISTA
BLACK HAWK
VAN BUREN
OSCEOLA
WASHINGTON
CHICKASAW
POCAHONTAS
APPANOOSE
HUMBOLDT
MUSCATIN E
CERR O GORDO
JEFFERSON
DICKIN SON
DES MOIN ES
WINNEBAGO
MONTGOMERY
Path 26 Row 31Path 27 Row 31
Residence Locations
Residence Locations#S 237 in the study area#S 407 not in the study area
Outline of Landsat Scene
IOWA NHL STUDY: Satellite image boundaries & residences (from Ward et al., 2003)
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750 m
500
250100
OR = 11.0
OR = 3.5
OR = 2.8
OR = 1.6**Not statistically significantRef: Ward et al. (2003)
Odds Ratio (OR) of detecting ≥ 1 of 9 herbicides in house dustResidences with vs without corn or soybean fields in buffer
N = 112 residences
Residence
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SCORECARD• GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE
– SCALE– RESOLUTION– VALIDATION
• ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE– GEOPHYSICAL PLAUSIBILITY– MEAUREMENT DATA– ALGORITHMS – VALIDATION
• EPIDEMIOLOGY– BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY– CONFOUNDING FACTORS– STATISTICAL POWER
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STATE OF THE SCIENCE
• EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
• INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
• RESEARCH
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INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT IN THE USA
• PROGRAMS– Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry– National Cancer Institute– Unites States Environmental Protection Agency– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• ISSUES– FEASIBILITY– COST– IMPLEMENTATION
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PROPOSED RESEARCH INITIATIVES
• MORE CASE STUDIES / METHODS DEVEL AND VALIDATION
• ROLE OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS
• UNCERTAINTY IN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
• RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS – INCORPORATING TEMPORAL ASPECT
• LONG TERM STUDY SITES
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• Understanding ecological phenomena over long temporal and large spatial scales.
• Create a legacy of well-designed and documented long-term experiments.
• Conducting major synthetic and theoretical efforts.
• Providing information for the identification
and solution of ecological problems.
NSF Long Term Ecological Research Network
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International LTER NetworkCurrently 21 Countries Actively Contribute
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Proposed NCI Geographic-Based Surveillance Project
DiseaseIncidence
EcologicalInformation
Understanding Long Term Influence of
Environmental Factors.
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CONCLUSIONS
• USE OF GIS IS FEASIBLE FOR EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT– USE OF GIS CAN IMPROVE EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT
• INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ESSENTIAL – MUST CONSIDER FUNDAMENTALS OF EACH
SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE
• NEED EXPANDED EDUCATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT