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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The glory of our race is its power of communication. We share our strength and knowledge and rise as one; we share our failure and weakness and help each other bear it.“
Charlotte Perkins Gilman,"Our Place Today," 1891
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935)
Famous American family
Aunt Harriet Beecher Stowe: Wrote 30 books (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
Aunt Isabella: Active in the women's suffrage movement
Henry Ward Beecher: Active in abolitionist movement
Catharine Beecher: Founded many schools for young women & was a prolific author
Marriage and Motherhood
Born in 1860 Committed suicide in 1935 when
cancer prevented her from working
Father abandoned her & her mother Financial strain on them
Educated herself Married Charles Walter Stetson, a
painter They had a daughter
Marriage and Motherhood
Post-partum depression Stay at home cure
Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper
Friendly divorce in 1894 Daughter lived with father
Married G. Houghton Gilman in 1900
Other Relationships & Influences
Jane Addams: Both supported democracy & education for social improvement
Both rejected conflict & revolution for equality
Gillman disagreed with Addams’ focus on underprivileged & pathology
Gillman’s focus was all people in society
Other Influences
George Bernard Shaw British Fabian Socialist
An upper middle-class intellectual group
Sought social improvement through:Education of a few powerful British
government officialsNot revolutionLead reforms from within government Work within the social structure rather than building a new one
Sidney & Beatrice Webb
Gilman was influenced by Webbs’ writings on the economy
Webbs’ views on non-revolutionary change
They were also Fabian Socialists
Gilman’s Ideas
Democracy & education for social reform Supported cooperative socialism
Emphasized education for all
Social reforms:Child-rearing professionalsMeal preparation professionals
Gilman’s Ideas
Views on Gender: Three Themes1) Excellence of women’s values &
abilities
2) Belief in biological & evolutionary origin of women’s superior attributes
3) Socialist’s vision of political & social equality between men & women
Gilman’s Views on Gender
Men & women born equalDifference is socially created
Overemphasize women as:MaternalSex objects
Gilman’s Views on Gender
Society does not benefit from women’s other talents & qualities such as:
Cooperation Peacefulness
Gilman’s Ideas
Reform Darwinism Social Darwinism combined:
Survival of the fittest with support for status quo, individualism, & capitalism
Reform Darwinism emphasized the evolution of cooperation and caring (not survival of fittest)
Cooperation is good for society & produces progress
Progress includes gender cooperation
Gilman’s IdeasCultural Feminism
Historically women were equal or superior to men
Five stage theory of societal evolution1. Asexuality to sexuality (appearance of
males)
2. Males become superior in size & strength
3. Society changes from matriarchy to patriarchy
4. Monogamous mating
5. Eventually (future), women become free economically & socially
Gilman’s IdeasSocialism:
Gillman agreed with Marx that work was basic
Women needed to be economically independent
More a critic of capitalism than proponent of socialism
Professionals should do parenting rather than amateurs
Food should be mass-produced in cooperative kitchens
Focus on collective & cooperative activity
Gilman’s IdeasFunctionalism
Society is made of individual parts
Interrelated
Specialized functions
Society is based on cooperation
Gilman’s Ideas Summary
Gillman wanted men & women to experience fulfillment
Possible to make society good Society was cooperative, evolutionary, & could be reformed
Supported women’s right to vote Writings encouraged people to change their behavior