Type II Diabetes Education and Prevention Program

Rowan University

Cara Allen

Executive Summary

Type II diabetes is a chronic condition when the pancreas does not produce enough

insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Being diagnosed

with Type II diabetes can lead to even more health problems if not controlled properly, such as a

diabetic coma, damage to nerves in the feet and legs known as peripheral neuropathy, sleep

apnea, and inflammation. “29.1 million people in the United States have diabetes and of

these people, 8.1 million of them may be undiagnosed and unaware of their condition”

(“Healthline”, 2014). This Type II Diabetes Education and Prevention Program has been created

to increase participants knowledge of Type II Diabetes to help prevent a diagnoses and the

several other health problems associated with Type II Diabetes.

Program Rationale

Type II diabetes is a chronic condition when the pancreas does not produce enough

insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This then affects the

way your body processes sugar, which is an important source of fuel for your body. Being

diagnosed with Type II diabetes can lead to even more health problems if not controlled

properly, such as a diabetic coma, damage to nerves in the feet and legs known as peripheral

neuropathy, sleep apnea, and inflammation. Although Type II diabetes is a common and

widespread illness, it is very preventable. The amount of people being diagnosed with Type II

diabetes is rapidly growing. “29.1 million people in the United States have diabetes and of

these people, 8.1 million of them may be undiagnosed and unaware of their condition”

(“Healthline”, 2014). Type II diabetes is much more common than Type 1 Diabetes, with 90

to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases being Type II. As previously mentioned, Type II

diabetes is very common but very preventable. The more people become educated about

Type II diabetes and the affects it could have on their health, the easier it will be for them to

prevent a diagnosis.

In 2015, there was an article, “Effect of Diabetes Education Program on Type II

Diabetes”, published in the journal Value Health. This journal article gives proven evidence

that a diabetes educational program can be beneficial for Type II diabetes maintenance and

prevention. This study included 215 patients who attended a group-based educational

session about diabetes. To collect results a knowledge questionnaire was evaluated at pre

and post session. The results of this diabetes educational program were, “BMI was

decreased significantly after educational intervention, (from 32.1±5.76 to 31.23±5.8) (p

=0.000). Moreover, a significant decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin after educational

intervention were reported, (from 8.57± 1.21 to 7.95±1.42) (p = 0.000) a significant

increase in knowledge evaluation test scores were shown after educational intervention

(from 60.6±20.65 increased to 78.1±13.4) (p = 0.000)” (“Younis”, 2015). Implementing

programs like this educational program would improve health status, reduce health risk

and improve overall health behavior.

I would like to implement an educational program like the program previously

mentioned for the employees of my work, Core Care Techonoligies Inc. to prevent and

educate about Type II Diabetes. This population all work and live in New Jersey and in New

Jersey alone, in 2011, there was 16,383 diabetes hospitalizations, 14,395 diabetes

emergency department visits, 2,738 lower limb amputations related to diabetes, 1,971

diabetes deaths, and 1,562 diabetes-related end-stage renal disease cases (“Controversy in

New Jersey”, 2011). These numbers since have been on the rise and continue to rapidly

increase and that is why a program like this needs to be put in place to help decrease and

eliminate cases of Type II diabetes. Also, out of the sixteen Core Care employees, ten of

them answered on the survey that they have never been educated about Type II diabetes.

This is another reason why this program should be implemented, because the first step to

being able to prevent or control Type II diabetes is being educated about it.

Needs Assessment

To collect the needs of my target population, Core Care employees, I had each

employee complete a survey, which you can find in Appendix A. This survey included

demographic questions and questions about Type II diabetes and the knowledge each

individual had about this topic. 56.25% of the population is females and 43.75% is males,

with all individuals ranging from the age twenty to fifty-three. After collecting all the data

reported by the employees from the surveys they have completed, the results are as

follows: Half the population has a family history of Type II diabetes, three individuals have

been diagnosed with Type II diabetes, five employees said they believe they are susceptible

to Type II diabetes, three said they don’t know and the remaining eight said no, they do not

believe they are susceptible, ten of the employees reported having been educated about

Type II diabetes and the other six have not, half of the population stated they do not know

the ways to prevent Type II diabetes, out of the ten employees whom reported having been

educated about Type II diabetes, seven stated that they learned about it in school and the

other three were educated by their doctor because they have been diagnosed, ten

employees reported knowing the symptoms of Type II diabetes, and on a scale from 1-10

on how comfortable you feel about this topic, the three who have Type II diabetes rated

their comfort as 10, the other seven who reported being educated reported a range of

comfort from 6-9 and the remaining individuals rated their comfort level from a range of 2-

5. As you can see from the results of this survey, many individuals have a family history of

Type II diabetes, do not know the ways to prevent Type II diabetes, don’t believe they are

as susceptible as they really are, and rated their comfort level on the topic not very high.

This being said, an educational program about Type II diabetes to increase knowledge on

the topic and help prevent diagnosis would be perfect for this target population.

Goals, Objectives and Evaluation Procedures

Goals and Objectives

Goal 1: The first goal of this educational program is to highly increase the knowledge

individuals have on the topic Type II diabetes.

Process Objective:

1. In the next three months, the sixteen employees of Core Care will attend three educational

sessions on Type II Diabetes.

2. Within the first month, the sixteen employees of Core Care will download a PowerPoint

presentation on information about Type II diabetes to their computer.

Impact Objective:

1. After each month, the employees will be able to complete a short quiz on Type II diabetes

with no problem.

2. When asked throughout the three months if the employees are learning anything they will

confidently be able to say yes.

Outcome Objective:

1. Of the sixteen employees that attend these educational sessions, all will learn many things

about Type II diabetes.

2. After participating in this three-month program, participants will be able to decrease their

chances of being diagnosed with Type II diabetes.

Goal 2: The second goal of this educational program is to have the participants use the things

they learned to successfully prevent themselves from being diagnosed with Type II diabetes.

Process Objective:

1. During the next three months, the sixteen employees of Core Care will actively take part in at

least one of the many prevention techniques of Type II diabetes.

2. While taking part in some of the prevention techniques, they will take note of the one that

worked best for them and that they favored.

Impact Objective:

1. When asked throughout the three months, the employees will be able to name at least two of

the ways Type II diabetes can be prevented.

2. Throughout the educational program, the employees will be able to take what they have

learned and educate others on the ways to prevent Type II diabetes.

Outcome Objective:

1. Out of the sixteen employees, 100% of them will learn something about the ways to prevent

Type II diabetes.

2. At the end of the program, all participates will have the knowledge and skills to be able to

decrease their chances and prevent a diagnosis of Type II diabetes.

Evaluation Procedures

To evaluate the previous objectives that were mentioned, a second survey will be distributed to

the participants of the program. You can find this survey in Appendix B. The survey will include

some of the same questions from the preprogram survey and some similar questions, but that

relate more to the sessions they attended.

Program Description and Theory Base

The theory that would be the best guide for my Type II Diabetes Prevention/Education

program would be the Health Belief Model. The Health Belief Model includes the individual’s

perception of the health problem, modifying factors, and the likelihood the individual will take

action. Constructs of this theory include; cues to action, perceived susceptibility, perceived

seriousness, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, and likelihood of taking recommended

preventive health action.

The Health Belief Model would be the perfect theory for my program because an

individual must believe they are susceptible to being diagnosed with Type II diabetes and believe

that it is a serious health program so they can be interested in learning about the topic and take

the proper actions to prevent a diagnosis. Without thinking you are susceptible or that a health

problem is serious then you will have no interest in taking action in preventing the problem from

affecting you. Another big part of the Health Belief Model is that the benefits must outweigh the

perceived barriers or cost of taking action, which is without a doubt true with participating in this

program. This Type II Diabetes Prevention/Education program helps you prevent Type II

diabetes by reaching and maintaining a healthy body weight, making healthy food choices and

becoming physically active. These three steps of the program have several health benefits

including decreased cancer risk, increased heart health, better sleep, and decreased risk of

diabetes.

My Type II diabetes program is a three-month program that consists of educating the

participants about Type II diabetes and the prevention techniques they can take part in to

decrease their chances of being diagnosed with Type II diabetes. The participants of my program

will be the sixteen co-workers of mine at Core Care Technologies Inc. Core Care is a small

durable medical equipment provider located at 136 Hurffville-Crosskeys Rd. Sewell, NJ

08080. Core Care has one location and has been in business since 2000. The employees of

this organization range from twenty years of age to fifty-three years of age. 56.25% of the

employees are female and 43.75% are male. 99% of the employees are Caucasian, with 1% being

Hispanic. All the employees reside in the royal areas of either Gloucester or Cumberland County

and travel less then twenty miles to work. Out of the sixteen employees, five are married with

children, two are single mothers and the remaining nine are single with no children. Within the

first month of this program, these participants will download a PowerPoint presentation on

information about Type II diabetes and continue to download a new PowerPoint on more

information at the beginning of each month. After each month, the employees will be given a

short quiz on the information presented to them in the PowerPoint. During the three months

while taking part in this program, the employees will actively take part in at least one of the

many prevention techniques of Type II diabetes, such as adding an exercise program to their

daily routine or eating healthy/nutritious and they will track what they do along the way.

The lesson plan for one of the PowerPoint presentation required to be downloaded by

each participant of the program is as follows:

What is Type II Diabetes?

Type II diabetes is a chronic condition when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or

when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This then affects the way your body

processes sugar, which is an important source of fuel for your body.

What other health problems can having Type II diabetes cause?

A few of the health problems having Type II diabetes can cause are a diabetic coma, damage to

nerves in the feet and legs known as peripheral neuropathy, sleep apnea, and inflammation.

Effective ways to prevent the chances of being diagnosed with Type II diabetes:

1. Reaching and maintaining a healthy body weight

2. Making healthy food choices

3. Becoming physically active

Types of Diabetes:

Type 1 Diabetes: occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and kills the beta cells

of the pancreas. No insulin is released into the body. As a result, sugar builds up in the blood

instead of being used as energy. About five to 10 percent of people with diabetes have Type

1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes generally develops in childhood or adolescence. Type 1 diabetes

is always treated with insulin. (http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/types-of-

diabetes#sthash.I8M0ch9t.dpuf)

Type 2 Diabetes: occurs when the body can’t properly use the insulin that is released (called

insulin insensitivity) or does not make enough insulin. As a result, sugar builds up in the

blood instead of being used as energy. About 90 percent of people with diabetes have type 2

diabetes. Type 2 diabetes more often develops in adults, but children can be affected.

Depending on the severity of type 2 diabetes, it may be managed through physical activity

and meal planning, or may also require medications and/or insulin to control blood sugar

more effectively. (http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/types-of-

diabetes#sthash.I8M0ch9t.dpuf)

Gestational Diabetes : a temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy. It affects

approximately two to four percent of all pregnancies and involves an increased risk of

developing diabetes for both mother and child. (http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/types-

of-diabetes#sthash.I8M0ch9t.dpuf)

Common causes of Type II Diabetes?

Type II diabetes has several causes, however genetics and environmental factors (lifestyle,

excess weight, inactivity) are the two most common causes.

Type II Diabetes Management:

There's no cure for type 2 diabetes, but you may be able to manage the condition by:

Eating well

Exercising and maintain a healthy weight

If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage your blood sugar well, you also may need

diabetes medications or insulin.

Marketing Plan

The marketing strategies I will be using for my Type II Diabetes

Education/Prevention Program are word of mouth and fliers. You can find an example of

the flier in Appendix C. The four P’s of my marketing plan are as follows: product – Type II

Diabetes Education/Prevention Program, price – free, place – participants may watch the

PowerPoint presentation wherever is most convenient for them and the quizzes they are

required to take at the end of each month will be completed at work (Core Care

Technologies Inc.), promotion – the PowerPoint presentation, word of mouth, and the

fliers.

Budget Table and Explanation

The only personnel needed for this program is myself. I will create the curriculum

for the program and a PowerPoint presentation I will create will be used to implement it.

No space is needed for this program, the presentation may be watched anywhere with a

computer and the quizzes can simply be taken at each employees desk at work. The

equipment needed for this program is a computer. Participants may use their personal or

work computer; therefore it will cost me nothing. However, if a computer would have to be

purchased it would be around an estimated cost range of $500-$700 for a laptop. Supplies

such as paper and pens will also need to be purchased for the quizzes. The case of copy

paper would cost around $21.99 and a 60-pack of pens would be around $4.79. Considering

no computers will need to be purchases, the cost of the paper and pens will be paid by me.

Revenue and Support Amount

Contributions from sponsors 0

Gifts 0

Participant fee 0

Sale of curriculum material 0

Total income 0

Expenditures

Direct cost

Personnel 0

Supplies

Copy paper $21.99

Pens $4.79

Equipment

Computer $600

Total direct costs $626.78

Total of indirect costs 0

Total expenditures $626.78

Balance -$626.78

Timeline

Task Development Timeline

My timeline for my Type II Diabetes Education/Prevention program is as follows:

Months

Year 1 J F M A M J J A S O N DDevelop program rationale

✔✔Conduct needs assessment

✔Develop goals & objectives

✔Create intervention ✔Conduct formative evaluation

✔Assemble necessary resources

✔Market program ✔✔Pilot test program ✔Refine program ✔ ✔Phase in intervention #1

✔Phase in intervention #2

✔Phase in intervention #3

✔

Logic Model

Assumption

People may make excuses or come across barriers that will make the process of exercising, eating healthy, & maintaining a healthy body weight more difficult

Assumption

People change their behavior and follow the necessary steps in order to prevent Type II diabetes

Inputs

PersonnelEquipmentSupplies

Outputs

Educate public about Type II Diabetes & prevention techniques

Short-termOutcomes

Change in awareness and knowledge of Type II Diabetes

Mid-termOutcomes

Increase in number of people who exercise, eat healthy, & maintain a healthy body weight to help prevent Type II Diabetes

Long-termOutcomes

Change in health status and Type II Diabetes prevention

References

Santos-Longhurst, Adrienne. "Type 2 Diabetes Statistics and Facts." Healthline. N.p.,

2014. Web. 08 Mar. 2016. <http://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/statistics>.

Younis. "Effect of Diabetes Education Program on Type 2 Diabetes." N.p., 1

May 2015. Web.

<https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-

S1098301515004659?returnurl=null&referrer=null>.

"Controversy in New Jersey." Science 130.3367 (1959): 88-89. Web.

<http://www.state.nj.us/health/fhs/diabetes/documents/diabetes_in_nj.pdf>.

Appendices

Appendix A

Type 2 Diabetes Pre Education/Prevention Program

1. Male: Female:

2. Age: ________

3. Family history of Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No:

4. Have you been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No: Pre-diabetic:

5. Do you believe you are susceptible to Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No: I don’t know:

6. Have you ever been educated about Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No:

7. Do you know the ways to prevent Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No:

8. Where did you learn about Type 2 Diabetes?

__________________________________________________________

I don’t know anything about Type 2 Diabetes

9. Do you know the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No:

10. On a scale 1-10, how comfortable do you feel with the topic Type 2 Diabetes? _____

Appendix B

Type 2 Diabetes Post Education/Prevention Program

1. Male: Female:

2. Age: ________

3. Family history of Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No:

4. Have you been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No: Pre-diabetic:

5. Do you believe you are susceptible to Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No: I don’t know:

6. Did you think the educational sessions about Type 2 Diabetes were helpful?

Yes: No:

7. Do you now know all the ways to prevent Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No:

8. Did attending these sessions make you rethink your lifestyle and make you want to change some habits?

Yes: No:

9. Do you now know the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes: No:

10. On a scale 1-10, how comfortable do you feel with the topic Type 2 Diabetes? _____

Type II Diabetes can cause:

Diabetic coma Damage to nerves in the feet and legs Sleep apnea Inflammation

Are YOU susceptible to this???

Learn how to prevent Type II Diabetes today!

Have a computer?

Get started today and email allenc2@students.rowan.eduto have a PowerPoint presentation emailed to you on Type II Diabetes education/prevention and begin your journey to a happier and healthier lifestyle!