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Hardness testing with Zwick

Intelligent testing

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Contents

The Zwick Roell Group – over a hundred years' materials testing experience ......................................................... 3

Innovative hardness testing .................................................................................................................................. 4Basic principles, methods, standards .................................................................................................................... 5

Hardness testing machines and instruments ........................................................................................................15

Zwicki-Line universal hardness testing machine ....................................................................................................16ZHU topLine hardness testing machine – up to 3000 kg test load .........................................................................18ZHU 187.5 and ZHU 250 universal hardness testing machines .............................................................................19Zwick 3106 universal ball indentation hardness tester ..........................................................................................20

ZHV1 micro Vickers hardness tester ....................................................................................................................21ZHV10 low-load Vickers hardness test .................................................................................................................22ZHV/zwicki-Line Vickers hardness tester ..............................................................................................................23

ZHR Rockwell hardness tester ............................................................................................................................24

Zwick portable hardness testers ..........................................................................................................................25Zwick MIC10 hardness tester (UCI method) .........................................................................................................25Zwick DynaPocket digital rebound hardness tester ...............................................................................................25Zwick Sclerograph mechanical rebound hardness tester .....................................................................................26Zwick Webster hardness testing pliers .................................................................................................................26

Zwick PZ3 Brinell clamp ......................................................................................................................................26Zwick Barcol hardness tester ..............................................................................................................................26

Zwick testXpert® testing software - intelligent and reliable .....................................................................................27

Selection chart: hardness testing machines and devices ......................................................................................30

Zwick service ......................................................................................................................................................31

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The Zwick Roell Group –over a hundred years' materials testingexperience

Mechanical testing is the oldest branch of materialstesting and one which has continued to gain inimportance. As early as the 15th and 16th centuries,Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei were consideringmatters such as the bending load and elastic propertiesof materials. The first such testing machines appeared inFrance in the middle of the 18th century.

The Swiss, later German company Amsler began materi-als testing in the mid-19th century, followed by Roell &Korthaus in 1920, while mechanical-testing specialistsZwick had been making hardness testers and materialstesting machines and systems since 1937. In July 2001the group was reorganized as a corporation under thename of Zwick Roell AG, which today includes Zwick,Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd and Acmel Labo.

Zwick Roell AG's expertise in the field of force andextension measurement was reinforced by the acquis-ition in 2006 of the Austrian company Meßphysik,followed by the German firm GTM in 2007. Together,these companies provide a comprehensive, co-ordinated component and function-testing programme –from manually operated or fully automated hardnesstesters to static and dynamic integrated laboratorytesting systems for process-parallel applications.

Zwick's comprehensive and innovative hardnesstesting solutions

The success of our hardness testing machines andinstruments is founded on many years' experience, onour role as a global supplier and on maintaining closecontactwith our customers. The versatility and highlevelof 'intelligence' of our testing systems are theproduct of up-to-date engineering, powerful electronicsand application-orientated software.

But the Zwick Roell Group is far more than just asupplier of testing equipment, having receivedEN ISO 9001 certification as long ago as 1994 – aguarantee of product and service quality.

Zwick hardness testing systems

Cost-effectiveness:• co-ordinated solutions for standard applications• universal application – goods inwards, production

control, research and development• optimum cost/performance ratio in any situation

Flexibility through modular construction:• modular design of hardness testers, machines and

accessories offers optimum custom-made solutions toany testing assignment

• upgrading/retrofitting options make our systems futureproof

• robust delivery times

Versatile accessories:• hardness-testing devices to standard and customer-

specified requirements• indentors to suit any established testing method• a range of prismatic specimen supports and holders• manual and motorized compound tables• a range of specimen vices• certified hardness comparison platens

Support before and after purchase:• expert on-the-spot help and advice• testing in our applications laboratory• hotline support and service• comprehensive customer-focused cover provided by

more than 56 agencies worldwide

Fig. 1: Zwick Roell AG/Zwick GmbH & Co. KG Administrationbuilding, Ulm

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Innovative hardness testing

Zwick has been supplying stationary hardness testingdevices for all standardized methods for many years,plus a wide range of portable hardness testers. Throughour active involvement in national and internationalstandards committees we are helping to shape modern,innovative hardness testing – for both today andtomorrow.

A policy of innovative development has seen ourhardness product range greatly expanded, particularly inthe last few years. The Zwick Roell Group has probablythe most comprehensive selection of hardness testingmachines and instruments available – for almost anysituation.

Stationary hardness testing machines andinstruments for the following methods:• HV – Vickers• HB – Brinell• HK – Knoop• HM – Martens (instrumented indentation

testing,formerly HU – universal hardness)• HR – Rockwell (scales A...K, N, T)• H – ball indentation hardness• HVT – modified Vickers method• HBT – modified Brinell method• testing hardness of special materials, e.g. carbon-

based materials, carbon brushes, plaster, asphalt;hardness of resilient floor coverings

Portable hardness testers for the following methods:• Shore, IRHD• HL – Leeb• HB – Brinell• HR – Rockwell

Zwick solutions - customer benefitsZwick offers a complete range of hardness-testingmachines and instruments, from fully automated systemsto basic instruments for standard applications. Ourhardness testing machines use innovative technologiesfrom our materials testing range in conjunction withhardness testing add-ons and Zwick's testXpert®

software.

Flexibility and upgradability, particularly with the zwicki-Line test frame, allow tailor-made, customer-orientedsolutions using:• hardness testing devices for optical testing• hardness measuring head for indentation

depthmeasuring

• combination of hardness measuring head with a high-precision measuring microscope, giving hardnesstesting with optical indentation measurement anddigital depth measurement

• compound tables with manual or motorised control• application-orientated master and standard testing

programs in testXpert®

Features of our hardness testing machines:• modular design allowing flexible combinations• virtually unlimited upgradability and expandability• can be automated and integrated into automatic

testing systems• state-of-the-art digital measuring and control

technology as standard• used in production control, quality assurance and

research and development• your guarantee of a secure, future proof investment

Hardness testers – a broad spectrum of uses:• standardised applications• with line display and integrated standardized

conversion functions to other hardness scales forstandard applications

• with touchscreen, extended functions and comfortableoperation for a wide range of testing assignments,including batch testing and production control

Our hardness testers are characterized by:• straight forward operation• automatic test cycle• manual or automatic load changing• flexible/large test area height• high precision• robust construction with play-free ball-bearing lead

screw• a wide range of accessories

Fig. 2: Different specimen for hardness tests

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Fig. 1: Overview of hardness testing methods

Hardness testing – basic principles,methods and standards

Basic principles

Around 1900 Martens proposed the following definition:“Hardness is the resistance of a body to penetration bya second (harder) body.“ This simple, graphic definitionbecame accepted in technical circles and is still usedtoday. Technical hardness is a mechanicalcharacteristic used to describe a material or the stateof a material.

Hardness cannot be measured directly, but is derivedfrom primary measured variables including:• test load• indentation depth• indentation area.

Depending on the test method, the hardness value isdetermined from one of the following:• test load plus a geometrical value describing the

indentation, e.g. indentation depth• solely via a length characterizing the indentation• through a different material response, e.g. scorability.

Hardness values can only be compared if they havebeen determined by the same test method usingidentical test parameters.

An unequivocal hardness value can only bedetermined using the following criteria:• definition of hardness value• indentor geometry and material• size of test load and duration of effect plus means of

application• condition and surface quality of specimen

Selecting hardness testing method –principal factors:• cost-effectivenesss• cost/effort involved in specimen preparation• availability of machines and instruments• standardized specifications

Additional factors:• specimen material and hardness• shape, dimensions, weight• accessibility of specimen• nature of test (e.g. series or hardness sequence

testing)• permissible measurement uncertainty

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For metals, methods involving static force applicationare usually employed. An indentor (ball, cone orpyramid) made of steel, hard metal or diamond ispressed into a specimen supported on a firm base. Thetest load is applied perpendicularly, without shock, andwith a defined initial application time and duration.With many test methods, the indentation is measuredafter removal of the load. The length measurementvalues(indentation depth, diagonals, diameter) are usedto calculate the hardness value.

Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU0.2/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machine withHU measuring head, microscope and motozried compound table.

Fig.1: Zwick/ZHV1 micro Vickers hardness tester with motoroperated cross-table.

In practice the Rockwell, Brinell and Vickers (Knoop)hardness testing methods are used, with the moderninstrumented indentation method (Martens hard-ness) gaining steadily in significance. This method isseeing increasing use in research and developmentand industry, as it offers the capability to determineother materials parameters in addition to hardness.Moreover, this method can be employed with anymaterial.

Zwick is playing a leading role in this innovative testingmethod, in collaboration with the German Institute ofMaterial Research (BAM), and is actively involved innational and international standards committees in thisfield.

Hardness testing methods featuring dynamic forceapplication often require portable devices, particularlywhen large components are being tested. Zwick hasa range of potable hardness testers for this purpose.

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Hardness testing methods and standards

Rockwell hardness testing(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)

Measured quantityRockwell hardness HR.Indentation depth h in mm

DefinitionHR = N - h/SN ... numerical value (specifiedfor each Rockwell method)h ... residual indentation in mmS ... scale value in mm.This value is the change inindentation in mm corre-sponding to one Rockwell unit.

Explanation of test result display:e.g. 61,2 HRC

Code letter for selected Rockwell methodCode letters for Rockwell hardnessHardness value

Advantages• test requires little time as the hardness value can be

read off directly following indentation (or is displayed)• capable of automation• low capital cost of testing machine as no optical

measuring unit is required• no operator influence - hardness value displayed

directly

Disadvantages• possibility of error during test sequence due to

permanent displacement of specimen and othercomponents in force flow

• limited capability for testing specimens with hardenededge layers due to high test loads involved

• diamond indentor sensitive to damage, withconsequent risk of measuring errors

• poor hardness differentiation• influence of indentor on test result when using a

conical indentor

Relevant standards• EN ISO 6508• ASTM E 18

Vickers hardness testing

Measured quantityVickers hardness HV. Lengthsof both diagonals of residualtest indentation measured.

DefinitionHV = 0.102 F/A= 0.1891 F/d²F ... test load in NA ... indentation surface in mm2

d ... arithmetic average valueof diagonal lengths.in mm

Explanation of test result display:e.g. 230 HV 10/20

Indentation duration in s (not required forstandardised duration)Code number for test load corresponding toF in N · 0.102Code letters for Vickers hardnessHardness value

Advantages• virtually no limit imposed on use of method due to

specimen hardness• can be used for tests on thin sheet-metal, small speci-

mens or test areas, thin-walled pipes and electroplating• hardness value not dependent on test load in macro

range (test loads > 49 .03 N)• no measuring errors due to limited specimen elasticity

in effective test force direction

Disadvantages• difficult to obtain adequate surface quality• measurement of diagonals time-consuming• diamond indentor sensitive to damage• susceptible to vibrations, especially in micro range• operator influence on hardness value

Relevant standards• EN ISO 6507• ASTM E 92

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Knoop hardness testing

Measured valueKnoop hardness HK. Lengthof long diagonals fromresidual test indentationmeasured.

DefinitionHK = 0.102 F/A= 1.451 F/d²F ... test load in NA ... projection area of testindentation in mm²d ... length of long diagonalsin mm

Brinell hardness testing

Measured valuer Brinell hardness HB. Twodiameters (at right angle)s ofthe residual indentation inthe specimen surfacer measured.

DefinitionHB = 0.102 F/A= 0.102 · 2F/ (p D(D- vD²-d²))F ... test load in NA ... indentation surface in mm²D ... Ø of ball indentor in mmd ... arithmetical average oftwo measured indentationdiameters in mm

Explanation of test result display:e.g. 1240 HK 0,5/30

test duration in s (n/a for 10 - 15 s)code number for test load correspondingto F in N · 0.102code letters for Knoop hardnesshardness value

Advantages• suitable for narrow specimens due to high diagonal

length ratio of approx. 7:1• superior to Vickers method for thin specimens or layers,

owing to reduced indentation depth (by a factor of 4)for the same diagonal length

• suitable for brittle materials due to low risk of cracking• suited to investigation of anisotropy of a material, as

Knoop hardness in such cases is dependent on thedirection selected for the long diagonals

• no impairment of test surface functionality due toshallow indentations

Disadvantages• considerable time required to obtain a sufficiently fine

test surface• hardness dependent on test load• diamond indentor susceptible to damage• time-consuming alignment of test surface to obtain

symmetrical indentations

Relevant standards• EN ISO 4545

Explanation of test result display:e.g. 205 HBW 10/3000/30

test duration in s (n/a forstandardised durations of 10 - 15 s)code number for test load,corresponding to F in N · 0.102diameter of ball indentor in mmcode letter for indentor ballmaterial (hard metal)code letter for Brinell hardnesshardness value

Advantages• suitable for hardness tests on inhomogeneous

materials (owing to large indentation), provided theextent of the inhomogeneity is small in relation to theindentation

• suitable for hardness tests on large unfinishedcomponents such as forgings, castings, hot-rolled,hot-pressed and heat-treated items

• no measuring errors due to specimen elasticity ineffective force direction

• simple, robust indentors

Disadvantages• range of applications limited at a maximum Brinell

hardness of 650 HBW• of limited use for testing small or thin-walled specimens• measuring indentation diameters is time-consuming• relatively high level of damage to specimen during

indentation

Relevant standards• EN ISO 6506• ASTM E 10

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hp hr hmax h

F max

F

a

c

b

1 2

3

h p

h c h max

Instrumented indentation testing (Martens)

Measured valueTest load and associated(synchronous) indentation depthduring loading and load removalare measured.

Definition1 indentor2 surface of residual plastic

indentation in specimen3 surface of indentation at

maximum indentation depthand test load

a test load applicationb test load removalc tangent to curve b at Fmax

This testing method is also referred to as an instrum -ented test to determine hardness and other materialsparameters. The result of the test is the continuousload-indentation depth curve during the complete testcycle. By analyzing this curve at several points,comprehensive mechanical materials properties can bedetermined – within the scope of a single test.

Derivable materials parameters• Martens hardness HM• volume hardness HM S• indentation hardness H IT• elastic indentation modul us EIT• creep CIT• relaxation R IT• indentation work (elastic, plastic)• local Martens hardness via indentation depth

Zwick Martens testing systems offer you:• use in the macro range with test loads from 2N to

2500 N with indentation depths > 6 µm and indentorswith various geometries (Vickers, Berkovich, variousball shapes, …)

• flexible testing parameters with regard to loadapplication, holding and load removal – position orload-controlled

• standardized assessment criteria for calculation ofresults – definitions of the approximation curve,beginning and end of elastic resilience, and interval forvolume hardness

• automated cyclic indentation testing to determinemachine compliance – evaluation of all unloadingsurges in the testing cycles

• automatic determination of machine elasticity, withgraphic presentation

• testing program (optional) for cyclic indentation testingto obtain experimental data as the basis of the newR&D field 'Simulation of strength values frominstrumented indentation testing'

Explanation of test result display:e.g. HM 0,5/20/20 = 8700 N/mm²

hardness valuetest load dwell time in stest load application time in stest load in N

Advantages• suitable for all materials• capable of automation• determination of hardness value from elastic and

plastic deformation• additional characteristics data on mechanical material

properties available (material relaxation/ creep, elasticand plastic proportion of indentation work, plastichardness, elastic indentation modul us)

Disadvantages• decreasing the degree of indentation places increas –

ed demands on the quality of the specimen surface(indentation depth = 20 · average surface value)

• susceptible to vibrations, particularly in indentationrange h < 15 µm

• possibility of error due to elastic and permanentdisplacement of specimen and of components in theforce flow during test cycle

Relevant standards• EN ISO 14577

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Modified Brinell HBT method

Measured valueModified Brinell hardness HBT.Residual indentation depth hfrom test indentation underpre-load measured in mm.

DefinitionHBT = hardness value,converted from indentationdepth using a referencespecimen.

Explanation of test result display:e.g. 205 HBT 10/3000

calibration method for reference specimencode letters for test methodhardness value

Advantages• only short time required for test, as hardness value can

be read off / is displayed directly following indentation• capable of automation• no operator influence -hardness value displayed directly• test surface requires little preparation

Disadvantages• conversion ratio has very restricted validity• possibility of error during test cycle due to permanent

displacement of specimen and other components inforce flow

• comparison measurements on different machinesassume a common conversion factor

• method not standardi zed

Non-standardized method to:VDI/VDE 2616-1

Modified Vickers HVT method

Measured valueVickers hardness from HVTdepth measurementIndentation depth h under testload.

DefinitionHVT = 0.102 F/A= 0.102 F/ (26,43 h²)F ... test load in NA ... indentation surface inmm²h ... indentation depth undertest load in mm

Explanation of test result display:e.g. 320 HVT 10/20

indentation duration in scode number for test load correspondingto N · 0.102code letters for Vickers depth hardnesshardness value

Advantages• suitable for all materials• capable of automation• can be used in production control• determination of hardness value from elastic and plastic

deformation

Disadvantages• decreasing degree of indentation places increased

demands on quality of specimen surface (indentationdepth = 20 · average surface value)

• susceptible to vibrations, particularly in indentationdepth range h < 15 µm

• sensitive to shape deviations in indentor, particularly intip area

• method not standardi zed

Non-standardized method to:VDI/VDE 2616-1

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Rebound hardness test

Measured valuesRebound hardness. Impactvelocity va and rebound velocityvr (or height) of impact bodyare measured.

DefinitionRebound hardness = c · vr / vac ... constantvr ... rebound velocity ofimpact bodyva ... impact velocity of impactbody

Explanation of test result display:e.g. 540 HL

code letters for rebound hardnesshardness value

Advantages• portable device, simple to operate• automatic test sequence; very short test time• testing in any position, e.g. overhead

measurement possible using correction factors

Disadvantages• testing thinner specimens or specimens with

low mass poses problems• high level of operator influence possible

Relevant standards• ASTM Standard A 956

dynamic measuring methods: quotient ofrebound (Rp) and impact (Ap) velocity withhardness expressed in Leeb: HL

• DIN 50156

UCI method (Ultrasonic Contact Impendance)

Specimen hardness calculatedfrom known test load,measured frequency shift andstored adjustment values, withreference to the E modulus.

A rod is excited into longitudinal oscillations. At oneend there is a Vickers diamond, which is pressed intothe material under test. The defined load F is mostlyapplied via a spring. The rod oscillates at its naturalresonance frequency, which essentially depends onits length. Pressing the Vickers diamond into thespecimen causes damping of the oscillation. Linked tothis is a shift in the resonance frequency, which ismeasured. The damping of the rod, and the associatedfrequency shift, depends on the contact area betweendiamond and specimen and, given a fixed test load, onthe hardness of the specimen. The E modulus of thematerial under test also influences the frequency shift.

Advantages• mobile, flexible in use• testing in any position• simple to operate

Disadvantages• testing thinner specimens or specimens with low mass

can be difficult. The testing requires a minimumthickness as well as a minimum mass in order toachieve reliable results. In certain cases the acousticattatchment onto larger masses could improve theresults.

Relevant standards• The Ultrasonic Contact Impedance method is

standardised to ASTM A 1038• DIN 50158

Load F

F

Sender

Receiver

Osc

illat

ion

Diamond

Hardness HVHardness = f (F, Δf)

ΔfCalibrationline

Resonance-amplifier

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Summary chart: hardness testing on metals

Table 1: Overview of metals standards and methods

Method

RockwellScale A

Scale B

Scale C

Scale D

Scale E

Scale F

Scale G

Scale H

Scale K

15 N30 N45 N

15 T30 T45 T

Standard

EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1EN ISO 6508-1

EN ISO 6508-1

Test load

98.07 N

98.07 N

98.07 N

98.07 N

98.07 N

98.07 N

98.07 N

98.07 N

98.07 N

29.42 N29.42 N29.72 N

29.42 N29.42 N29.42 N

Abbre-viation

HRA

HRB

HRC

HRD

HRE

HRF

HRG

HRH

HRK

HR 15NHR 30NHR 45N

HR 15THR 30THR 45T

Indentor

Diamond cone

Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm(1/16 inch)Diamond cone

Diamond cone

Ball, Ø 3.1750 mm(1/8 inch)Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm(1/16 inch)Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm(1/16 inch)Ball, Ø 3.1750 mm(1/8 inch)Ball, Ø 3.1750 mm(1/8 inch)Diamond coneDiamond coneDiamond cone

Ball, Ø 1.5875 mm(1/16 inch)

Totaltest load

588.4 N

980.7 N

1471 N

980.7 N

980.7 N

588.4 N

1471 N

588.4 N

1471 N

147.1 N294.2 N441.3 N

147.1 N294.2 N441.3 N

Measurand& rangeRockwell hardness HR20 ... 88 HRA

20 ... 100 HRB

20 ... 70 HRC

40 ... 77 HRD

70 ... 100 HRE

60 ... 100 HRF

30 ... 94 HRG

80 ... 100 HRH

40 ... 100 HRK

70 ... 94 HR 15 N42 ... 86 HR 30 N20 ... 77 HR 45 N

67 ... 93 HR 15 T29 ... 82 HR 30 T1 ... 72 HR 45 T

Rockwell testing method ApplicationsHRA Can test hardened and hardened tempered steels with low thickness or thinner edge layer than HRC

Reduced material stress and specimen damage compared with HRC. Hard metals .HRD Surface-hardened parts with medium hardness layers.HRC Hardened and hardened tempered steels (tools, high-strength mild steels).HRF Cold-rolled thin steel sheet,annealed copper-zinc alloys and annealed copper .HRB Soft mild steels (sheets, non-ferrous metals ).HRG Phosphor-bronze, beryllium copper, low-hardness malleable cast iron .HRH Aluminium, zinc, lead.HRE Cast iron, aluminium and magnesium alloys, bearing metals.HRK Bearing metals and other metals with very low hardness.HR 15/30/45 N Steels as per HRA, HRD und HRC, provided thin parts or edge layers are involved.HR 15/30/45 T Soft steels and non-ferrous metals as per HRF und HRB, provided items are thin (e.g. deep-drawn sheets)

Table 2: Overview of applications for Rockwell testing

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Summary chart (continued): hardness-testing on metals

Table 1: Overview of metals standards and methods

Degree of loading 30 10 5 2.5 1Indentor ball Ø in mm Test load F in N10 29420 9807 4903 2442 980.75 7355 2452 1226 612.9 245.22.5 1839 612.9 306.5 153.2 61.291 294.2 98.07 49.03 24.52 9.807Recordable hardness range 96-650 32-218 16...109 8...55 3...22Examples Steel, (mallea- Aluminium, brass, Aluminium, zinc Aluminium Lead, tin

ble) cast iron copper, bronze

Method

Brinell

Abbreviation

HBW

Indentor

Ball,Ø 1/2.5/5/10 mm

Testpre-load

-

Totaltest load

9.8... 29420 N

Measurand& range

Brinell HB

Standard

EN ISO 6506-1

Method

Instrumented indentation test (Martens hardness)

HVT method

HRT method

Abbreviation

HM

HM

HVT

HBT

Indentor

Diamond pyramid,face angle 136°Berkovichdiamond pyramid,hard-metal balls

Diamond pyramid136°

Ball,Ø 2.5/5/10 mm

Testpre-load

-

-

~1.96

1961 N;980.7 N;490.3 N;98.07 N

Totaltest load

2...2500 N

2...2500 N

1.961 ...980.7 N

29420 N ...612.9 N

Measurand& range

HMin N/mm2

HMin N/mm2

VickersHVT

Brinell HBT,≤ 650 HBT

Standard

EN ISO14577

Method notstandardized;HVT accordingVDI/VDE 2616-1

Method notstandardized;HBT accordingVDI/VDE 2616-1

Method

VickersMicroLow-loadMacro

Knoop

Abbreviation

HV 0.01...≤ 0.2HV 0.2...≤ 5HV 5...100

HK

Indentor

Diamond pyramid,face angle 136°

rhombic diamondpyramid

Testpre-load

---

-

Totaltest load

0.098...1.9611.961...49.0349.03...980.7 N

≤ 9.807 N

Measurand& range

Vickers HVVickers HVVickers HV

Knoop HK

Standard

DIN ISO 4516,EN ISO 6507-1

ISO 4545DIN ISO 4516

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Converting hardness valuesSometimes it is necessary to convert values obtained byone method into those of another method. This isgenerally because a testing machine for the desiredmethod is not available, or when, for example, thereis not enough room on the specimen for indentationsusing the preferred method.

Given the locally differing hardnesses in many materials,such conversions only provide a rough indication of theactual hardness and should only be used when there is asufficient certainty of obtaining an accurate conversion.

Empirical conversion ratios exist between the Brinell,Vickers and Rockwell methods and between hardnessand tensile strength. These are for certain materials onlyand have limited accuracy. General conversion ratios donot exist.

Details are available from Standard EN ISO 18265(formerly DIN 50150). For non-ferrous metals, furtherinformation can be found in ASTM E 140.

Summary chart (continued): hardness testing on metals

Rule-of-thumb (for estimations)1:HB ↔ HV: HB ≅ 0,95 x HVHRB ↔ HB: HRB ≅ 176 - 1165/√–

HBHRC ↔ HV: HRC ≅ 116 - 1500/v–HVHV ↔ HK: HV ≅ HK (low load range )Rm ↔ HB, HV: Rm ≅ c HB (oder HV), Rm in N mm-2

Factor c for estimation of tensile strength Rm

given in most literature as:c ≅ 3.5 for steel (bcc-Fe-matrix )c ≅ 5.5 for Cu and Cu-alloys (annealed)c ≅ 4.0 for Cu and Cu-alloys (cold-formed)c ≅ 3.7 for Al and Al-alloys

1... from: Blumenauer, H.: Werkstoffprüfung, 6th edition, 1994

Fig. 1: Comparison of various hardness scales

Method

Rebound hardness testing (Leeb)

UCI-Method

Abbreviation

HL

-

Indentor

spherical,radius 1.5 ... 2.5 mm

Diamond pyramid

Testpre-load

-

-

Total-pre-load

E = 3.0 mJ ...90.0 mJ

10, 49, 98 N

Measurand& range

Reboundhardness

UCI

Standard

conforms toVDI/VDE 2616-1ASTM A 956DIN 50156

DIN 50158

Table 1: Overview of metals standards and methods

diamond

topaz

corundum

quartz

orthoclase

apatitefluorite

calcite

gypsum

hard metals

chromium-hardenedtool steel

material

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Hardness testing machines andinstruments

Hardness testing machines comprise zwicki-Linematerials testing machines with a range of hardnesstesting add-ons plus Zwick's testXpert® software. Loadapplication is controlled by the testing machine and thetestXpert® software in closed loop mode.

Digital measuring and control technology comes asstandard with the hardness testing machines andenables test sequence parameters to be reproducedwith a high level of precision. Options providingoptimization of individual test cycles are a highlyimportant aspect of testing machine automation.

Zwick hardness testing machines can be divided into twomain groups:

1. Machines based on the zwicki-Line and focusedto use in research and development and qualityassurance:

• ZHU0.2/Z2.5 – universal hardness testing machinewith HU measuring head up to 200 N

• ZHU2.5/Z2.5 – universal hardness testing machinewith HU measuring head up to 2500 N

• ZHV20/Z2.5 – low-load Vickers tester up to 20 kgf• ZHV30/Z2.5 – low-load Vickers tester up to 30 kgf

2. All-purpose group of testing machines are alsobased on closed -loop technology and cater for qualityand production control:

• ZHU250 – universal hardness tester ( matt screen) upto 250 kgf

• ZHU250top – universal hardness tester(TFT, PC technology) up to 250 kgf

• ZHU750top - universal hardness tester(TFT, PC technology) up to 750 kgf

• ZHU3000top - universal hardness tester(TFT, PC technology) up to 3000 kgf

Our self-contained hardness testing instrumentscan be set up for a particular testing method. They areused in R&D and for production control and qualityassurance:

• ZHV1/ZHV2 – micro Vickers hardness tester up to 1 (2) kgf• ZHV10 – low-load Vickers hardness tester up to 10 kgf

(optional 30 kgf)• ZHV30 – low load Vickers hardness tester up to 30 kgf• ZHR – Rockwell hardness testers

Zwick Roell Group's hardness testers and testingmachines are your guarantee of a secure, long-term,futureproof investment.

Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU250top universal hardness testing machine indark field mode with testXpert® II link

Fig. 3: Zwick/ZHV1 micro Vickers hardness testingin strument withmotor-operated compound table and testXpert®

Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHV20/Z2.5 low-load Vickers hardness testingmachine with motor-operated compound table and testXpert®

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ZHU/zwicki-Line universal hardness testingmachines

The ZHU/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machines canbe used for all the classical testing methods, includingRockwell, Vickers, Knoop, Brinell and ball indentationhardness. They are also well-suited to the innovativeinstrumented indentation testing method. This is used todetermine hardness plus additional metallic materialsparameters and is referred to as Martens hardness (ENISO 14577).

The ZHU/Z2.5 features a patented hardness measuringhead (resolution 0.02 µm) with integrated digital depth andforce measuring system, mounted in a zwicki-Line materialstesting machine with modified drive. Add to this our state-of-the-art measuring and control electronics testControland our intelligent test software testXpert® and the resultis a well-balanced, high precision measuring system.

Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU2.5/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machine withhardness measuring head

• Rockwell hardness HR scales R, L, M, E, K, a• Vickers depth measurement HVT• Brinell depth measurement HBT• Ball indentation hardness H (for plastics)

Optical methods using the Zwick ZHU optical unit• Vickers HV• Brinell HB• Knoop HK

Two different test areas are available with the ZHU/zwicki-Line: 350 mm or 850 mm.

To facilitate high-precision measurements in variousapplication areas, 2 hardness measuring heads withexchangeable indentors and transducer foot areavailable:2 N … 200 N or 5 N … 2.5 kN

Also available is an add-on optical unit which, whenused with the hardness measuring head, allows anycurrent hardness method to be employed. The opticalunit consists of a measuring microscope with up to 4lenses. It also has a manual operated linear displacementunit designed to allow microscope and load assembly toexchange positions. This avoids the need to movecomponents waiting to be tested. The ZHU/zwicki-Linecan be upgraded to an fully-automated hardness testerusing the motorized linear displacement unit (MLDU),actively controlled by testXpert®. Therefore potential userinfluences are totally eliminated.

Depth measurement methods• Martens hardness HM, instrumented indentation

testing (formerly universal hardness HU, DIN 50359-1)• Rockwell hardness HR in scales A to K, N, T , plus

HMR5/250

The application of the intelligent testing softwaretestXpert® supports the innovative testing systeme instandard tasks (e.g. quality assurance) as well as inresearch and development for very sophisticated tasks.

The ZHU/zwicki-Line range is complemented by acomprehensive, standardised range ofaccessories. This includes a highly varied selection ofindentors, hardness comparison blocks, clampingsystems, ring light and compound tables with manual orfully automatic control up to 2.5 kN.

Fig. 1: General layout of HU hardness measuring head

housing

load measuring system(1% fnom, class 1)indentation depthmeasuring system

indentor

sensor foot

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Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHU0.2/2.5 in hot cell for testing radioactive material

The ZHU/Z2.5 range features:

• user-friendly one-button operation• universal application for practically any hardness testing

method using indentation depth measurement,regardless of material

• fast, automatic approach, even with varying specimenheights

• automatic test sequence and evaluation• shortest possible testing times• minimum changeover time from one method to another

or when exchanging indentor and transducer foot• high level of precision and reproducibility of measured

values due to high test data resolution and constanttesting conditions

• additional materials data obtained from force/indentation test profile

• versatile result presentation: single and statisticalvalues, graphics, on-screen display, and print-outs canbe varied as required

Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHU2.5/Z2.5 universal hardness testing machine withhardness measuring head and optical add-on unit

• multiple curve overlay for direct comparison of seriestests

• configuration of user-specific test sequences; evenspecial test sequences are easy to define and execute

• can be used for production-line testing.

Fig 3: Fully-automated universal hardness tester Zwick/ZHU2.5/Z2.5with motorized linear dispacement unit (MLDU)

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Fig 2: ‘Revolver’ holding 4 indentors and 2 lenses

Zwick/ZHU topline universal hardnesstesting machine (up to 3000 kgf test load)

Today's modern all-purpose hardness testing machinesare based on technologies making innovative use ofmechatronic components. Their high level of precisiongives them a wide range of applications, particularly inquality assurance, production-line checks and in thelaboratory environment.

Zwick manufactures three ZHU topLine hardness testers:ZHU250top (1 – 250 kgf / 9 .8 – 2452.5 N)ZHU750top (3 – 750 kgf / 29 .4 – 7357.5 N) undZHU3000top (20 – 3000 kgf / 196 .2 – 29430 N) .All use innovative optical zoom technology, thus eliminatingthe need for frequent lens changes. The closed loop/loadcell load application technology provides solutions for bothoptical and depth measurement testing in accordancewith recogni zed testing methods.

Optical methods• Vickers (HV) EN ISO 6507• Brinell (HB) EN ISO 6506• Knoop (HK) ISO 4545

Depth measurement methods• Rockwell (HR) EN ISO 6508• Vickers (HVT)• Brinell (HBT)• Ball indentation hardness (H) ISO 2039-1for plastics

Users quickly become familiar with the intuitive, easy-to-use operating system. Test sequences can be configuredindividually or easily stored or loaded. In addition to manualindentation measurement, ready integrated, fully automaticimage analysis is optionally available, providing intelligent,high-precision measuring and reducing operator influenceto a minimum.

Ringlight option

Fig 3: Zwick/ZHU250top universal testing machine with testXpert® IIconnection

A further option available is a ringlight using LEDtechnology. This produces a special contrast image toallow more precise, automatic indentation measuring,particularly with softer materials (e.g. < 200 HB),unaffected by loss of clarity due to edge bulging.

'Revolver' option

Fig 1: Ringlight option

An integrated RS232 interface allows transfer of test datato Zwick's testXpert® II software for evaluation and straightforward documentation – or direct connection with qualityassurance systems.

One very special feature is the 'Revolver' motorisedturretavailable with the ZHU250top und ZHU750top. Thiscan hold 4 different indentors and 2 lenses (2.5 / 4 / 10 /20-fold). Add to this a motorized lead screw (instead of ahandwheel) and the result is a top-of-the range hardnesstester with a comprehensive range of accessories to suitany application.

Intelligent testing with testXpert® II (option)

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Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHU250 universal hardness tester linked to testXpert® II

Zwick/ZHU 250 universal hardness tester

ApplicationsThe Zwick/ZHU250 universal hardness tester is used forthe following methods:

• Vickers (HV) EN ISO 6507, ASTM E 92• Knoop (HK) ISO 4545, 4546• Brinell (HB) EN ISO 6506, ASTM E 10• Rockwell (HR) EN ISO 6508, ASTM E 18• Vickers depth measurement HVT VDI/VDE 2616-1• Brinell depth measurement HBT VDI/VDE 2616-1• Ball indentation hardness (H) (ISO 2039-1) (plastics)

The Zwick/ZHU250's robust design guarantees manyyears of high-precision testing in a wide range ofapplications requiring a test load up to 250 kgf. Itfeatures quick, easy, precise handling.

Optical measuring of indentations uses a digital precisionmeasuring system on a highly tempered, non-reflectivematt screen. A comprehensive range of lenses(magnifications from 15x up to 520x) and accessories isavailable to suit any testing situation.

Connection to testXpert® or testXpert® II via an RS232interface.

Zwick/ZHU 187.5 universal hardness tester

The Zwick/ZHU 187,5 is available in versions to suit testloads between 29.4 N and 1839 N (187.5 kg) for thefollowing methods:• Vickers hardness (macro)• Brinell hardness (up to 1839 N)• Rockwell hardness (classic method).

Fig. 2: The Zwick/ZHU 187,5 universal hardness tester is available invarious versions to suit different load stage combinations.

Features of these instruments include weight-loading, anautomatic test cycle and an indentor-carrier providinghighly flexible test positions. They are available with anLCD line display. Load-change is by means of side-mounted rotary knobs; the test method is selected viathe line display. The microscope has adjustable graticulesand the hardness value is transmitted to the testXpert®

software at the touch of a button, to appearautomatically on the display. Statistical evaluations andconversions conforming to testing standards can beperformed in addition to entering tolerance limits.

An RS 232 interface plus a wide range of accessories(indentor, support table, hardness comparison blocks) areincluded as standard.

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Table 1: Overview of standards and methods for special materials

Summary of applications: Zwick 3106

Zwick 3106 universal ball-indentation hardnesstester

The Zwick 3106 hardness tester has universal applicationfor all depth-measurement tests.The following can be tested to standard:• Rockwell hardness (EN 10109-1, EN ISO 6508),• Rockwell hardness for carbon-based materials (DIN

51917, DIN IEC 413)• Ball indentation hardness for plastics and hard rubber

(ISO 2039-1),• Hardness test: plaster (DIN 1168-2),• Indentation test: asphalt (DIN 1996-13),• Indentation test: resilient floor-coverings (EN 433).

The Zwick 3106 is equipped with a digital gage and anupgrade allows data output to printers and PCs. It isemployed in research, development, quality control andfor goods inwards.

Fig. 1: Zwick 3106 with integrated digital display and electronicmeasuring

Method

Rockwell hardnessof carbon-basedmaterials

Indentation methodon carbon brushes

Hardness testingplasterIndentation testingasphalt

Indentation teston resilientfloor coverings

Stan-dard

DIN51917

DIN IEC413

DIN1168-2DIN 1996Teil 13

DIN EN433

Abbreviation

HR 10/20HR 10/40HR 10/60HR 10/100HR 10/150HR 10/20HR 10/60HR 10/100HR 10/150H in MN/m²

-

-

-

Indentor

Hardened ball,Ø 10 mm (5 mm)

Hardened ball,Ø 10 mm

Ball, Ø 10 mm

Cylinder L = 30mmØ 11.3 mmØ 25.2 mmCylinderØ11.3 mmØ 15.97 mm

Testpre-load98.07 N

98.07 N

10 N

25 N

3 N-

Totaltest load196.1 N392.2 N588.4 N980.7 N1471 N196.1 N588.4 N980.7 N1471 N200 N

525 N

500 N1000 N

Application

Carbon, graphite,metal-graphite materials(carbon brushes)

Natural/metal/electrographite,hard carbon

Stucco, plaster

Mastic/rolled asphalt

Elastomers, embossedmaterials, cork

Optional accessories: Zwick 3106Indentor: normal/short (120° diamon d pyramid)Balls: ø 1/16’’, ø1/8’’,ø1/4’’,ø1/2’’ (Rockwell)Indentor balls: ø 5/10 mmCompression die: ø 11.3/25.2/15.97 mmCircular support table : ø 9/48/155 mm

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Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHV1-PC manual micro Vickers hardness tester withtestXpert® connection

Vickers hardness testers

Zwick has a range of Vickers hardness testers to suit everyapplication, covering a wide load range and offering variouslevels of operator comfort.

Zwick/ZHV1 and ZHV2 micro Vickershardness testers

Zwick's micro Vickers hardness testers are available intwo versions to suit different load ranges: ZHV1 forweights from 10g to 1000g, and ZHV2 for weights from25g to 2000g. They conform to the following standards:• Vickers (HV) EN ISO 6507, ASTM E 92• Knoop (HK) EN ISO 4545, ASTM E 384

For both load ranges there is a choice of operatingconcept:ZHV-m (manual) – measuring is performed manually bythe operator, using a microscope. The automatic turretallows one-button control of lens and indentor position-change. The automatic test sequence and predeter-mined time frame eliminate operator influence during holdtime.ZHV-PC - the ZHV1 and ZHV2 can be retrofitted with aCCD camera for optical evaluation on a PC system.Optical measurement of the indentations is thenperformed manually, or automatically via testXpert®.

ZHV1-A / ZHV2-A fully automatic:• Automatic focussing of the indentation controlled by

testXpert®

• 2 versions: 2 different motorised compound tables• Control of 3 axis (x-y-z)

ZHV1-S / ZHV2-S semiautomatic:• Manual focussing of the indentation• 3 versions: one digital or two different motorised

compound tables• Control of 2 axis (x-y)

Motorized load-change, automatic indentationmeasuring, automatically controlled turret (via testXpert®)for changing indentor position and lens positions,motorized compound table and fully automatic testsequences – uses include hardness profile tests withmultiple sequences.

Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHV2-a fully automatic micro Vickers hardness testerwith motorized compound table

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Zwick/ZHV10 low-load Vickers hardness tester

The Zwick/ZHV10 Vickers hardness tester has a proventrack record, especially with:• Vickers hardness• Knoop hardness• Brinell hardness• case-hardening, hardening and nitriding depth• scratch hardness according to Mohs (analog unit only).

Loading weights from 0.2 kg to 10 kg (option up to 30 kg)and exchangeable lenses for various magnifications andimage areas are available for both versions.

Hardness tables are used to evaluate the hardness valuewhen using the analog unit.

The PC version uses the testXpert® software. As wellas being simple to operate, testXpert® adapts to varyingtest conditions with great flexibility. The indentation ismeasured on the monitor by adjusting the graticules(manually or automatically) and is then evaluatedautomatically. A master test program for seriesmeasurement for Vickers, Knoop and Brinell hardnesstesting is available and , with add-ons for hardnesssequence tests and automatic indentationmeasurement. A wide range of further accessories isavailable in addition to manual compound tables.

Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHV10 low-load Vickers hardness tester withautomatic indentation measurement via testXpert®

Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHV30 manual low-load Vickers hardness tester

Zwick ZHV30 low-load Vickers hardness tester

The Zwick ZHV30 manual low-load Vickers hardnesstester covers Vickers (HV) applications EN ISO 6507 andASTM E 92. With a load range of 0.2 to 30 kg, it canalso optionally be equipped for K noop (HK): EN ISO 4545,ASTM E 384 and Brinell (HB): EN ISO 6506 ASTM E 10also.

As with the Zwick micro Vickers hardness testers,measuring on the Zwick/ZHV30 is performed manually bythe operator, using a microscope. One-button control oflens/indentor change is made possible by the automaticturret, while operator influence during hold time iseliminated by a fully automatic test sequence to aspecified timeframe. A CCD camera can be retrofitted tothe ZHV30 to enable optical evaluation via a PC system.Optical measurement of the indentation is thenperformed either manually or automatically withtestXpert® .

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Fig.1: Zwick/ZHV20/Z2.5 Vickers hardness testing machine withmotorized compound table, linked to testXpert®, with automaticindentation measurement

Zwick ZHV20/Z2.5 Vickers hardness testingmachine

The ZHV/zwicki-Line Vickers hardness testing machine isthe result of integrating the Zwick hardness testingdevice used for optical methods with a testing machinefrom the zwicki -Line range. The integrated load cellpermits electro-mechanically applied test loads in closedloop mode between 2 and 200 N (ZHV20/Z2.5) and 3and 300 N (ZHV30/Z2.5). A high-resolution CCD camerais attached to a microscope angled at 90°. Indentorcarrier(s) and lenses are integrated in the turret; rotatingit brings them into the correct position to make ormeasure the indentation respectively. The turret has fourcarriers in total, allowing various different lenses to beused with one indentor.

A testXpert® master test program contains series testsfor the Vickers, Knoop und Brinell methods. Optionaladd-ons are available for automatic indentationmeasurement and focusing and for hardness sequencetests (including multiple sequences), as are manual ormotorized compound tables.

Principal features:• flexible adaptation to test parameters , e.g. approach

and test speeds• manual/automatic indentation measurement• selectable 5% diagonal monitoring• selectable pre-check of sequence position• selectable automatic focusing on any indentation• freely definable im/exportable sequence tests suitable

for all methods

Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHV30/Z2.5 Vickers hardness testing machine withmotorized compound table

ZHV20/Z2.5: optional accessoriesLens carrier for indentorLenses (50x, 100x, 200x, 400x, 600x)Indentors: • diamond pyramid 136° (Vickers)

• diamond pyramid 172° (Knoop)• HM ball (Ø 1 mm, Ø 2 mm)

Adapter plate for compound tableCompound table: • manual

• manual & digital display &RS 232 interface

• motorized controlHardness comparison block

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This range of hardness testing instruments featuresmodular design, with a wide variety of equipment,allowing the ideal combination to be produced for eachapplication.

A special feature of our Rockwell hardness testers is anindentor carrier for testing difficult-to-access measuringpositions, with straight forward operation thanks to:• automatic test cycle• automatic loading and unloading• automatic evaluation, including conversion• loading weight selection using rotary knob or via

touchscreen (automatic load changing).

These testers are of rugged construction, with a playfree,ball-bearing spindle, test area up to 292 mm in height forlarge workpieces and an integ rated RS 232 interface forconnection to testXpert®.

Zwick can even provide a standardized solution – usingthe Zwick/ZHR tester – for the Jominy end quench test(Rockwell sequence testing).

Fig. 2: Zwick/ZHR 8150SK for series testing small batches

Zwick/ZHR Rockwell hardnesstesting machine

The Zwick/ZHR Rockwell hardness testing range catersfor the following methods:• classical Rockwell methods: Zwick/ZHR 4150

(pre-load:10 kg; test load: 60; 100; 150 kg), ScalesA B C D E F G H K L M P R S V;

• super Rockwell method: Zwick/ZHR 4045 (pre-load:3 kg; test load: 15, 30, 45 kg), Scales N T W X Y

• combined Rockwell and super R ockwell method:Zwick/ZHR 8150 ( pre-load: 3, 10 kg; test load: 15, 30,45, 60, 100, 150 kg), Scales A B C D E F G H K L MP R S V N T W X Y

• Jominy method for sequence testing to Rockwell.

The instruments are available with various levels ofoperating convenience:• models with one-button operation for simple testing

situations (Type AK, Type BK)• models with line-display and integrated conversion

functions for standard applications (Type LK)• models with Touchscreen, expanded functions and

high level of operating convenience for wide-rangingtest situations. Used for batch-testing (Type SK) andproduction control (Type TK).

Fig. 1: Zwick/ZHR 4150AK for simple test situations Fig. 3: Jominy test to Rockwell sequence testing with Zwick/ZHR

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Zwick portable hardness testers

Increasing interest is being shown in portable hardnesstesters, which are used in various ways. Stationaryhardness testers in the laboratory are not suitable forlarge or non-transportable components and plants.Zwick has a comprehensive range of portable hard -ness testing products for the most varied applications.

Zwick MIC10 hardness tester (UCI method)

The Zwick MIC 10 provides quick, handy, on-the-spothardness testing in conformity with the UCI method(Ultrasonic Contact Impedance, standardized toASTM A 1038). In what is known as the comparativemethod, the indentation made by the diamond in thesurface of the material is measured electronically andhardness value is immediately shown on the display.

Test probes for loads between 1 N (HV 0.1) and 98 N(HV 10) are available for the portable tester. Theautomatic conversion function allows results to beexpressed in various hardness scales or converted totensile strength. A ready-integrated statistics functionenables individual values or average values to be shownwithin a series of tests.

The handy Zwick MIC 10 can be used almost anywhere –on scaffolding for testing large containers and pipes, orfor component testing wherever it is needed. The UCImethod is particularly suited to testing hardened surfacesand fine-grained materials of various shapes and sizes.Thanks to the small, slender probe, measurements canbe made in hard-to-reach locations.

Zwick DynaPocket –digital rebound hardness tester

The Zwick DynaPocket is an extremely handy integrateddigital hardness-testing instrument which uses thedynamic rebound hardness method (Leeb) (standardizedto A956). Its compact design allows easy on-the-spottesting of bulky, non-transportable components such asforgings or castings, even at locations which would bedifficult for other testers to reach. Fast, reproduciblemeasurements can be obtained regardless of impactdirection thanks to patented signal processingtechnology. Operation is straight forward via 2 buttons,with settings and hardness values shown on a digitalLCD display.

Fig. 1: Zwick MIC 10 portable hardness tester Fig. 3: Zwick DynaPocket rebound hardness tester with patentedimpact direction

The tester already contains standard conversion tablesfor nine materials groups, enabling conversion ofhardness values for hardness scales HV, HB, HRC, HRB,HS, HL und N/mm2. It is therefore extremely well-suitedto material identification in such locations as goodsinwards or a raw materials store.

Fig. 2: DynaPocket digital rebound hardness tester plus accessories

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Zwick Sclerograph – mechanical reboundhardness testerThe portable Sclerograph is based on the dynamicrebound height method. This analog device can be usedto determine the hardness of steel, non- ferrous metalsand rubber. The rebound height is read off and thehardness value is taken from the comparison chartsupplied with the instrument. This contains Shore D,Rockwell B and C plus Brinell hardness.

Fig. 2: Zwick Webster hardness testing pliers

Fig. 1: The portable Zwick Sclerograph

Zwick Webster hardness testing pliersPortable, easy-to-use pliers with built-in indentor andspring. Squeezing the grips together presses the indentor(via the spring) into the material to be tested (thickness0.6 mm ... 8 mm) and the indentation depth is shown onthe scale. The value is read off and converted toRockwell hardness using the chart supplied. Thesetesting pliers are used for aluminium, aluminium alloys,brass, copper alloys and steel in the following range:Rockwell E20 to E110 (max.).

Zwick PZ3 Brinell testing clampThis unique portable hardness tester is suitable forstandardized static Brinell ball indentation tests up to29420 N (3000 kg). Hardness tests can be performed onmaterials and workpieces unsuitable for testing in thelaboratory. Examples include stored steel stocks, finishedstructures, machines and larger metal components.

Fig. 4: Zwick Barcol hardness tester with digita lmeasuringelectronics

Fig. 3: Zwick PZ3 Brinell clamp for tests up to 3t

Zwick Barcol hardness testerThis digital hardness tester is especially suitable fortesting flat or lightly curved specimens, includingfibreglass-reinforced plastics, duroplasts, hardthermoplasts, finished and semi-finished goods andaluminium, to EN 59 and ASTM D2583.

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testXpert® – intelligent and reliable

testXpert® is the universal testing software for materials,component and function-testing. Its range of use is vast –in Zwick materials testing machines and hardnesstesters, pendulum impact testers, extrusion plastom –eters and automatic testing systems, to name a few. It isalso used for modernizing testing machines of widelyvarying design and manufacture. It handles data, userand test program administration, plus communicationwith the test system and other peripherals.

The testXpert® concept is your guarantee of maximumflexibility, operational reliability and simplicity in use. It alsohas clear advantages in an international context –language-swapping with just one click of the mouse.Regardless of which language the test was performed in,a test report can automatically be printed and mailed in adifferent language.

Tasks and functions

testXpert® controls and monitors:• testing system setup and reset• test/test series preparation• test execution• evaluation and documentation,• data management and IT network interface• quality management

special features of testXpert® :• standardized operating platform for all applications• standard and master test programs provide a modular

system for test sequences, however straight forwardor demanding.

Standard test programs are ideal for standardized large-series testing under constant testing conditions:• extremely simple and intuitive in use, requiring the

minimum number of entries• pre-tailored to the current application• industry-oriented• 100 % standard-compliant.

Master test programs are designed for frequently chan-ging or complex tests. Little effort or previous knowledgeis required to:• create and alter test programs• arrange on-screen layouts individually• create test-specific reports.

Intelligent software wizards guide you quickly and safelythrough every menu and perform consistency tests.

testXpert® – for hardness testing products

testXpert® provides a standardized operating platform,so using the software is the same no matter whichhardness tester is in use.The test assistant helps you toconfigure the test parameters and select the results andtolerances plus the data for the test report.

The actions relevant to the test are already incorporatedinto an easy-to-read toolbar. Various layouts for the test,the results (with statistical evaluation), a video layout foroptical indentation display (and evaluation) and standardprotocols are implemented – all in testXpert® .

For hardness testers with optical measuring devices, atestXpert® master test program is available coveringstandard-compliant Vickers, Knoop and Brinell testing.This provides control of hardness testers, whethermanual or fully automatic, for series and sequencetesting.

Also available to the user are manual, digital andmotorized (controlled by testXpert® ) 2-axis compoundtables. Fully automatic testing systems have the option ofa motorized Z-axis for auto focusing. To reduce operatorinfluence – a possible source of errors – on opticalevaluation, the residual indentation can be evaluatedautomatically with innovative, pre-implemented imageanalysis algorithms.

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Fig. 1: testXpert® automatic image analysis

Overview of principal software functions foroptical methods

• video layout with live camera image and results displayfor hardness and diagonals

• applying measuring lines to indentation – manual orautomatic via integrated image analysis algorithms

• test labelling (retrospectively if required) – valid or invalid• free measuring in video layout with calibrated lens data• indentation images in BMP format – save and load, re-

measure, incorporate in test report• focusing specimen surface (motorized Z-axis) -

manually using scroll bar/mouse or automatically viaintegrated image analysis

• easy-to-read results and statistics in tabular form -produced automatically

• auto-measuring function with multi-stage algorithms forwide range of applications – extremely high level ofaccuracy and reproducibility

• standard-compliant hardness profile testing todetermine CHD, NHD,

• standard-compliant conversion to EN ISO 18265• standard-compliant curvature correction• teach-in indentation co-ordinates and test• multiple profile testing with motor-controlled 2-axis

compound table• multiple sequences with identical or different samples –

save and load from templates

For zwicki-Line based hardness testers with depthmeasuring devices, additional test programs are availablefor standard-compliant Rockwell and ball indentationhardness tests and for the new standard forinstrumented indentation test, ISO 14577 (Martenshardness). This machine is equipped as standard with aload cell and digital depth measuring system with aresolution of 20 nm .

The hardness tester with the latest testControlelectronics has been designed as a top-loader – thespecimen is approached from above, without being

Fig. 3: Typical results – instrumented indentation test on cylindricalspecimen

Fig. 2: testXpert® with language-swapping on sample report(English/Polish)

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raised. An optical measuring device can also be fitted,allowing the Vickers, Knoop and Brinell methods to beincluded also.

A further benefit is that continuously recording the load/indentation depth curve – during loading and unloading –allows additional material properties to be determinedwhich would not have been available with conventionalhardness testers. This is a unique feature of the ZwickZHU/zwicki-Line - a truly innovative hardness testingmachine.

Principal software functions for methodsinvolving depth measurement, particularlyinstrumented indentation testing

• universal application range – all standardized methodsfor metals and plastics are covered

• instrumented indentation testing – recording andevaluating force/indentation curve regardless ofmethod in use

• determine Martens hardness and Vickers hardnessfrom same indentation and test sequence

• accurate Rockwell testing, even without diamondcorrection

• excellent repeatability thanks to application-orientedtestControl digital measuring and control technology

• derivable materials parameters: Martens hardnessHM,volume hardness HMS, indentation hardness HIT,elastic indentation modulus EIT, creep CIT, relaxationRIT, indentation work (elastic, plastic), local Martenshardness via indentation depth

For the Zwick ZHR Standalone hardness tester(Rockwell), ZHU250 (universal hardness testing machineup to 250 kg) and the ZHU topLine range (1-3000kg),customers have the option of testXpert® II as their Zwicktesting software. The software supports data readout viathe serial ports:

• transfer of test results via RS232 interface andISO 9001 standard-compliant test reports

• easy-to-read tabular presentation or results andautomatic test report production and archiving

• conversion to EN ISO 18265 with all steel and non-ferrous metal charts

• easy integration with laboratory information systems(LIMS).

Fig. 2: Touch PC with testXpert® or testXpert® II and small deviceprogram

Fig. 1: Screenshot showing multiple sequences

• flexible test parameters regarding load application, holdand load removal – position or load-controlled

• standardized evaluation criteria for result calculation –specifications for approximation curve, beginning andend of resilience and volume hardness interval

• determination of machine compliance with automatedcyclic indentation testing – evaluation of all unloadingsteps from test cycle

• automatic determination of machine compliance withgraphic representation

• new field: 'simulation of strength values frominstrumented indentation testing' uses Zwick cyclicindentation program (optional) to obtain experimentaldata.

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Overview: Hardness testing machines and hardness testers

Test load Variants

Hardness testing machines

ZHV20/Z2.5 1,96...196 N • - - o - - - - - - • • • o ➀ ZHV30/Z2.5 to 30 kgZHUx.y/Z2.5 4,9...2452 N • o - • • • • • • • - - - - ➀ ZHU0.2/Z2.5 or ZHU2.5/Z2.5

(1,96...196 N)4,9...2452 N • o - • • • • • • • • • • • ➀ with supplementary unit „optics“

ZHU topLine 9,8...29430 N • • - - - • • • o • • - o • ➁ 250/750/3000 kg, zoom-opticsZHU250 9,8...2452 N • • - - - • • • • • • • • • ➀/➁ non-reflective matt sreen,

digital precision measuring system

Hardness testers

Zwick/ZHV1(2) 10(25)...1000(2000) g • - - o - - - - - - • • • - ➀ ZHV1-m/-PC/-s/-aZwick/ZHV10 1,96...98 (294) N • • - o - - - - - - • • • o ➀ analogue/PC-variantZwick/ZHV30 1,96...294 N • • - - - - - - - - • • • o ➀ ZHV30-m/-PC

Zwick/ZHU187,5 29,43...1839,4 N • o - - - • - - - - • - - o ➀ manual, PC

Zwick/ZHR4150 Pre-load: 98 N • • - - - • - • - - - - - - ➀/➁ one button operation, line display,Test load: 588,4; touchscreen basic,980,7; 1471 N touchscreen advanced

Zwick/ZHR4045 Pre-load: 29,4 N • • - - - - • - - - - - - - ➀/➁ one button operation, line display,Test load: 117,7; touchscreen basic,264,8; 411,9 N touchscreen advanced

Zwick/ZHR8150 Pre-load: 29,4; 98 N • • - - - • • • - - - - - - ➀/➁ one button operation, line display,Test load: 117,7; 264,8; touchscreen basic,411,9; 588,4; 980,7; touchscreen advanced1471 N

Zwick3106 Pre-load: 3; 10; 25; 98 N • • • - - • - • • - - - - - ➀ loading weights,Test load: 200; 500; 525; integrated digital display and196,1; 392,2; 588,4 electronic measuring980,7; 1471 N

• ... fits perfect Applicable testing software:o ... suitable, however limited load range/material dependencies ➀ testXpert ®

- ... not suitable ➁ testXpert ® II

Table 1: Overview hardness testing machines and hardness testers

Meta

lsP

last

ics

Specia

l mate

rials

Cera

mic

sM

arte

ns

har

dness

Rock

well

A...C

Rock

well

N...T

Rock

well

L, M

, RB

all i

ndenta

tion

HV

T, H

BT

Vic

kers

Sequence

test

ing

Knoop

Bri

nell

Test

ing s

oft

war

e

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Zwick service

Worldwide service

Customer satisfaction is our first priorityat Zwick Roell AG. Local serviceorganizations in over 56 countrieswork to ensure optimum utilizationand maximum availability of yourtesting system.

Engineering services

New testing assignments withchanging requirements, building orupgrading a testing laboratory – onlywith the aid of specialists can you besure of getting what you want.Experienced Zwick engineers adviseat the planning stage of complexprojects and then help you achievethe reality.

Demonstration

There are many factors to considerbefore deciding to acquire a materialstesting system and accessories.To make that decision easier, theapplication laboratory at Zwick'sheadquarters offers you the oppor-tunity to experience various solutionsto a wide range of testing situations.

Pretesting

For new, altered or highly complexapplications, Zwick offers you theopportunity to carry out a practicaltest. The application technologylaboratory's experts and compre-hensive range of equipment are atyour disposal.

Contract testing

Whether it's complex new testingassignments with new specimengeometry or materials, Zwick'scontract testing laboratory will deliverthe desired test results quickly andregardless of the customer's mech-anization levels – or the absence ofsuitable grips.

Testing applications - seminars

Active co-operation with associatesassociates in research and technol-ogy enables the Zwick Academy toorganize seminars on the basicprinciples of materials testing, itsapplications and the current level ofknowledge.

Pre-delivery inspection

Before final delivery of a machine,customers have the opp ortunity tocarry out a pre-delivery inspection atour premises, where they can satisfythemselves regarding scope ofdelivery and try out the functionsstipulated in the order. We alsoprovide an introduction to operatingthe system.

Transport

If required, Zwick Service will, aspart of the commissioning process,provide full transport supervision.We can also provide business tobusiness transport and deliver themachine to the desired location atyour premises.

Modernization

New from old – Zwick' s skilledmodernization service will bring yourold machines up to state of the art.Whatever the original brand – ZwickService has a conversion kit to suit itand an experienced team ofspecialists to do the job.

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Installation

With several thousand successfulcommissionings under our belt, youcan rely on Zwick Service to providethe best possible installation servicefor machine and/or accessories.Pre-handover function test in thecustomer's presence help makeinstallation trouble-free.

Hardware familiarization

Nothing is left to chance at ZwickService when a new system iscommissioned. Professional, sys-tematically constructed checklistshelp you get the most out of ourproducts.

Software familiarization

Specially produced checklists usingconcrete examples from everydaypractice help you become familiarwith our software, with results beingsaved for later use. Alternatively, weoffer a 2-stage induction course,consisting of a basic introduction aspart of the commissioning process,followed by an expanded inductionat a later point in time.

Relocation

Zwick Service will organize therelocation of your testing machinefrom start to finish. Our experiencedproject management team will takecare of the detailed planning ofdisassembly, transport andrecommissioning. Zwick will see to itthat your testing machine is readyand waiting at your new premises.

Software adaptation

With our software engineers' depthof expert knowledge and manyyears of experience, you can rely onZwick to deliver programmingperfectly adapted to your individualrequirements. Working closely withour customers, we identify theirtesting requirements and – still inclose collaboration – deliver the rightpackage for the job.

Product training

Qualified trainers with industryexperience provide product trainingWe also offer individual trainingtailored to customers' requirements.This is available in-house or at ourpremises.

Hotline

First priority is for your testingmachine to be in perfect workingorder. Should faults develop in yourmachine or software, in spite of theirhigh quality, our expert staff areready to help you via the ZwickHotline. Your call will be returned inthe shortest possible time.

Support Desk

For further advice or assistance,such as technical support, softwareadaptation or training, the ZwickSupport Desk is in many cases abetter option than an on-the-spotvisit. Our experienced staff will usetheir wide-ranging technicalknowledge to provide you with ananswer speedily and effectively.

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Upgrading or udating to testXpert® II allowsZwick's customers to profit from the latestdevelopments.

1) DKD: Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst2) UKAS: United Kingdom Accreditation

Service3) COFRAC: Comité Français

d´Accréditation4) A2LA: American Association for

Laboratory Accredition

Rental

Whether for short-term testingrequirements or just to try them outZwick Service has the specimengrips you need.

Maintenance

Zwick Service can perform thenecessary scheduled maintenanceof machines and accessories asdetailed in the operating manual andwill also ensure that service intervalsare maintained.

Servicing

Zwick Service helps you reducedowntime significantly throughregular servicing of your testingmachines.The condition of themachine is recorded at the serviceand necessary repairs are carriedout and wear parts replacedimmediately, where possible. Theservice engineer will also advise onpreventive and/or precautionarymeasures.

Repairs

If, in spite of careful servicing andmaintenance, a fault develops in amachine, one of our many serviceengineers will be with you in theshortest po ssible time, while spareparts can be delivered within 24hours.

Calibration

Zwick's calibration service isaccredited by DKD1), UKAS2),COFRAC3) and A2LA4) to DIN ENISO/IEC 17025 for on-site calibrationof materials testing machines. Thereference measuring equipmentused is regularly recalibrated.Depending on the customer'srequirements, either a workscalibration (Zwick calibrationcertificate), ISO calibration (Zwickcertificate with documentationshowing measuring equipmentsupervision to ISO 9001) or DKDcalibration (DKD certificate) isperformed. If necessary, the testingmachines and associated sensorswill be adjusted during calibration.

Software Upgrade/Update

An update gives you access to theongoing development of testXpert®

software and opens the door to anexpanded range of functions.Changes to testing standards arealso incorporated into the latestversions.

Upgrading from an old DOSoperating system to the latestWindows equivalent provides asecure route to the new technology.Upgrade from testXpert® totestXpert® II and enjoy access to allthe latest testXpert® developments,with their many benefits for everydayuse.

34

Notes

35

Notes

Zwick Asia Pte Ltd.25 International Business Park#04-17 German CentreSingapore 609916 · SingaporePhone ++65 6 899 5010Fax ++65 6 899 5014www.zwick.com.sginfo@zwick.com.sg

Zwick USA1620 Cobb International BoulevardSuite #1Kennesaw, GA 30152 · USAPhone ++1 770 420 6555Fax ++1 770 420 6333www.zwickusa.cominfo@zwickusa.com

Zwick Testing Machines Ltd.Southern AvenueLeominster, Herefordshire HR6 OQH Great BritainPhone ++44 1568-61 52 01Fax ++44 1568-61 26 26www.zwick.co.uksales.info@zwick.co.uk

Zwick France S.a.r.l.B.P. 45045F-95912 Roissy CDG Cedex FrancePhone ++33 1-48 63 21 40Fax ++33 1-48 63 84 31www.zwick.frinfo@zwick.fr

Zwick Ibérica Equipos de Ensayos S.L.Marcus Porcius, 1Pol. Les Guixeres, s/n Edificio BCIN08915 Badalona (Barcelona) - SpainPhone ++34 934 648 002 Fax ++34 934 648 048www.zwick.escomercial@zwick.es