use of by-products in construction in nigeria · • ensuring conversion of waste to wealth •...
TRANSCRIPT
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USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN
CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA
By
Olonade, Kolawole Adisa (PhD, Engr.)
Department of Civil Engineering
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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1. NIGERIA AT A GLANCE
2. OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA
3. USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA
4. USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION
5. CHALLENGES AND PANACEA
6. CONCLUSION
OUTLINE
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-as Salaam, Tanzania
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• Most Populous Black Nation: 170 million; 130 persons per sq. km (2014 World Bank);
• 1 Nigerian in 4 Africans (1:4)
• 6 Geopolitical Zones; 36 States and a FCT
• 123 Universities and Research Institutions related to Construction
• Abundant Natural and Human Resources
NIGERIA AT A GLANCE
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Fig 1: Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria
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OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA
• Civil engineering projects, real estates and their maintenance.
• Organised construction began in the early 1940’s.
• Construction Industries:
is a multi-billion dollars business.
contributes about 3.2% of the Nation’s GDP
Grows rapidly: Growth rate of 18.08%. May meet up with China by 2020
• It is dominated by foreigners
• More than 40% of Nation’s budget.
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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REASONS FOR RAPID GROWTH OF CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA
• Discovery of oil about 10 years after Independence
• Migration and urbanization
• Rise in middle class
• Societal needs for social infrastructure
• Need to foster inter-state and inter-regional trade and movement.
• Emergency of democracy
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA
National railway revival Bridge construction, Ogun State
Housing units, Bayelsa Township stadium, Jos
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA CONTD.
Hotel & Convention Centre, Onitsha Ado Bayero Mall, Kano
World Trade Centre, Abuja Law School, Yenegoa
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USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Construction Materials
2010 2011 2012
Cement 154,411.70 (919.12)
178,458.12 (1,062.25)
231,398.41 (1,377.37)
Blocks 65,801.33 (391.67)
61,347.73 (365.17)
53,266.71 (317.06)
Steel 596,312.79 (3,549.48)
706,411.87 (4,204.83)
778,632.24 (4,634.72)
Sand 519,012.35 (3,089.36)
651,362.34 (3,877.16)
700,294.15 (4,168.42)
Timber 308,416.40 (1,835.81)
368,658.76 (2,194.40)
416,315.5 (2,478.07)
Stone 94,522.12 (562.63)
194,503.86 (1,157.76)
244,647.96 (1,456.24)
Granite/Gravel 192,980.67 (1,148.69)
66,153.2 (393.77)
311,333.3 (1,853.17)
Table 1: Construction Materials Input in Construction in million Naira ($m)
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CONCRETE AS A MAJOR MATERIAL
CONSUMED
Concrete = Water + Cement +
Aggregate (Fine and Coarse) +
Admixtures
•The most widely consumed material
•Steel: Concrete = 1:4
•World consumption:11 billion tonnes/year
•1 tonne for every human being on earth
•Cement is essential to concrete production
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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CEMENT PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION:
WHERE LIES NIGERIA?
•Global cement demand in 2013: 3.9bmt (6.6% growth rate).
•Africa represented only 5% of world cement consumption
•Nigeria ranked amongst the world’s top 10 importers of cement in 2011
•Now, Nigeria’s production capacity was 29.2mmtpa in 2013 and was expected 38.2mmtpa in 2014
•It is now top 19 largest cement producing countries in the world) (Table 2)
•Demand > Supply Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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Table 3:Major Players in Cement Production in Nigeria
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Company Date Present mmtpa (2013)
Future mmtpa (2015)
Ranking
Dangote Cement Plc
2007 20.25 29.25 Largest Producer; 27th in the World
Lafarge Cement WAPCO Nig. Plc
1960 8.5 17 Second Producer
Ashaka Cement Plc. 1979 0.9 3.9 Third
Cement Company of Northern Nigeria Plc
1967 0.1 0.5 Fourth
Total 29.75 50.65
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Fig. 1: Distribution of Cement Products in Nigeria
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Cement is still Expensive in Nigeria
•Hence, low per capita consumption
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
USD178 in
Nigeria
USD158 other African Countries
USD65 World
Average
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
125 kg
World average: 560kg
South Africa: 233kg
Egypt: 554kg
Fig. 2: Per Capital Consumption of Cement (kg)
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AGGREGATE USED IN CONCRETE IN NIGERIA:
SOURCES & CONSUMPTION
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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NIGERIA OFFERS THE HIGHEST GROWTH OPPORTUNITY IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Figure 3: Projected Cement Consumption Growth Rate and GDP
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USE OF CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS IS NOT SUSTAINABLE
• Challenges of CH in concrete. (Fig.4)
• Next to automobile. (Fig. 5).
• Depletion of natural resources (Fig 6).
• High cost of materials: Cement, Sand and
Aggregate.
• High energy consumption
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USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION
By-Products include :
• Agricultural By-Products
• Industrial By-Products
By-Products are used as:
• Pozzolan
• Aggregates
• Reinforcement
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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BENEFITS USING OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION
• Improve concrete performance
• Reduce cost of construction
• Conserve energy
• Conserve natural resources
• Sustainable ‘Green’ construction
• Ensuring conversion of waste to wealth
• Local content development
• Sustainable environment
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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USE OF CASSAVA PEEL ASH AS POZZOLAN
Figure 1: (a). Cassava production distribution (b). cassava tubers (c). Heap of cassava peels
and (d). Cassava peel ash.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
60mmtpa
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PERFORMANCE OF CPA IN CONCRETE
•Combined Silica and Alumina > 70% (Table 4)
•Suitable replacement for cement = up to 15%
• Strength Activity Index > 75% (Table 5)
•Delay setting times = about 60%
•Limit drying shrinkage = about 10% (Figure 10)
•Heat resistance up to 200⁰C for 2 hours.
(Salau and Olonade, 2011; Salau et al., 2012; Salau et al., 2013; Olonade et al. 2013
and Salau et al. 2014)
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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USE OF STEEL SLAG AS AGGREGATE
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
c.145 mmtpa (Akinwumi et. al, 2012).
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Steel Slag
Content
(%)
Water-Cement Ratio
at Constant Slump of
60 mm
Density (kg/m3)
Curing Ages (Days)
7 14 28 56
0 0.62 2385 2388 2378 2389
25 0.57 2391 2396 2395 2397
50 0.53 2398 2401 2398 2404
75 0.52 2411 2408 2412 2413
100 0.50 2420 2424 2422 2423
Table 6: Water Demand and Density of SS Concrete
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Steel Slag
Content (%)
Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
Curing Ages (Days) Curing Ages (Days)
7 14 28 56 7 14 28 56
0 9.85 14.70 21.48 21.61 2.27 2.54 2.74 3.03
25 10.42 15.56 23.59 24.14 2.24 2.52 2.72 3.16
50 10.67 15.93 23.95 24.28 2.25 2.45 2.42 3.23
75 10.76 14.14 21.16 21.59 2.21 2.34 2.38 3.23
100 10.96 14.37 21.06 21.46 2.25 2.37 2.34 3.30
Table 7: Compressive and Flexural Strength of SS Concrete
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Figure 11: Compressive strength of SS Concrete
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COCONUT COIR AS FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE
(Olonade et al. 2013)
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Coconut Fibre
(CF) Content
(%)
Flexural Strength (𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 ) Strength Ratio (SR)
Curing Age (Days) Curing Age (Days)
3 7 28 56 3 7 28 56
0 1.52 1.96 2.54 2.73
0.173 0.136 0.132 0.131
1 2.1 2.44 2.73 2.92
0.222 0.149 0.133 0.133
2 2.31 2.72 2.79 3.01
0.256 0.206 0.154 0.157
3 2.41 2.84 2.88 3.09
0.311 0.239 0.183 0.184
4 2.51 2.85 3.01 3.23
0.367 0.253 0.213 0.212
Table 8: Flexural Strength of and Strength Ratio of CFRC
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
0% CC 1% CC 3% CC
3% CC 4% CC
Figure 12: Crack Pattern of Concrete with Various Content of CF
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Table 8: Some other By-Products used as Construction
Materials
Material Researcher Year % Replacement
Rice Husk Ash Tashima et al. 2004 20
Oyekan and Kamiyo 2008 15
Oyetola and Abdullahi 2006 15
Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash
Alabadan et al. 2005 10
Groundnut Husk Ash Ketkukah and Ndububa 2006 10
Corn Cob Ash Adesanya and Raheem 2008 8
Steel suave and steel-file particles
Salau et al 2014 25
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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CHALLENGES AND PANACEA
Challenges:
• Lackadaisical attitude to R & D
• Lack of policy
• Low participation of private sector
• Lack of adequate and modern testing material
equipment
• Dormancy nature of most research institutes
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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CHALLENGES AND PANACEA
Panacea
• Government should create an appropriate means for delineation and implementation of research results.
• A realistic National Policy for Scientific Research
• Promote science-based industries for commercial exploitation of inventions.
• Offshore Collaboration
• Government should evolve policy that will mandate private sector participation
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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CONCLUSION
• Nigeria offers the largest construction opportunities in Africa
• Conventional construction materials are available in adequate quantity but the use is not sustainable
• Large quantity of various by-products are available to utilize in Construction in Nigeria
• There is need to evolve policy to develop these by-products for use in life projects.
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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Thank you
Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
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Figure 5: Depletion of natural resources (Back)
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Figure 4: Air pollution from a cement plant (Back)
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Figure 3: Effect of alkali-silica reaction (Back)
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Table 4: Comparison of Chemical Specifications of Produced CPA with
other pozzolanic materials and ASTM Standard C618-03 (Back)
Chemical Requirement
ASTM RHAa SCSAb BLAc BGSAd GHAe CPA
Si2O + Al2O3 + Fe2O3,
min., %
70 91.18 75.32 81.25 37.32 76.35 72.22
SO3, max. % 4 0.25 4.35 1.06 6.40 0.94 2.18
Loss on Ignition (LOI),
max. %
6 2.49 0.52 na na na 4.18
Alkali content (Na2O),
max. %
1.5 1.00 3.10 0.21 9.30 na 0.03
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a Rice Husk Ash [Tashima et al., 2004]
b Sugar Cane Straw Ash [ Moises et al., 2006]
c Bamboo Leaf Ash [Dwivedi et al., 2006]
d Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash [Alabadan et al. 2005]
e Grounut Husk Ash [Ketkukah and Ndububa, 2006]
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Table 5: Comparison between Strengths of normal mortar/concrete and the strengths of 15% CPA mortar/concrete (Back)
39
Properties Mortar Concrete
Normal 15% CPA Normal 15% CPA
Compressive Strength
(28- day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐
41.1
37.1
18.7
14.7
Compressive Strength
(90- day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐
51.2
49.7
21.9
18.7 a28-day SAI (%) 90.3 78.6
Flexural Strength (28-
day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐
6.4
5.8
1.56
1.21
Flexural Strength (90-
day), 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐
7.1
6.7
2.2
1.95
SR (28-day) - - 0.083 0.082
a Minimum of 75% is recommended for 28-day strength (ASTM C 618-08). b Strength Ratio is the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength. (Shetty, 2006)
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Figure 10: Shrinkage strain vs. time for CPAC specimen. (Back)
40
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Shri
nka
ge S
trai
n (×
10
-6)
Time (Days)
0% CPA
5% CPA
10% CPA
15% CPA
20% CPA
25% CPA
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Coconut Fibre
(CF) Content (%) Flexural Strength (𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) Strength Ratio (SR)
Curing Age (Days) Curing Age (Days)
3 7 28 56 3 7 28 56
0 1.52 1.96 2.54 2.73 0.173 0.136 0.132 0.131
1 2.1 2.44 2.73 2.92 0.222 0.149 0.133 0.133
2 2.31 2.72 2.79 3.01 0.256 0.206 0.154 0.157
3 2.41 2.84 2.88 3.09 0.311 0.239 0.183 0.184
4 2.51 2.85 3.01 3.23 0.367 0.253 0.213 0.212
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Figure 7: Tuber Crops Production Distribution in Nigeria
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Figure 8: Heap of Cassava Peels in a Processing Centre in Ogun State, Nigeria
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Figure 9: Sample of Cassava Peel Ash
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Fig 1: Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria
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Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
•Source: Global Cement Directory 2013, USGS Mineral Program Cement Report (February 2014)
Table 2: World Cement Production in 2013 (Back)