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WASCON 2012 Conference proceedings.

M. Arm, C. Vandecasteele, J. Heynen, P. Suer and B. Lind (Editors)

© 2012 ISCOWA and SGI. All rights reserved.

Rogbeck et al. 1

Use of alternative materials in civil engineering –

Handbooks, experiences and future development in a

Swedish context Yvonne ROGBECK

1, Bo SVEDBERG

2 and Nanna HÅKANSSON

2

1Swedish Geotechnical Institute, 581 93 Linköping, Sweden; [email protected]

2Luleå University of Technology/Ecoloop AB, Mosebacke Torg 4, 116 46 Stockholm, Sweden;

[email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

In early 2000 and during some years forward the transport administrations in Sweden and Norway and

several material suppliers as well as authorities initiated and performed works in order to develop

handbooks on the use of alternative materials such as waste and by-products. Do the handbooks and

guidance documents change the use of alternative materials? Are there technical or environmental

issues that need to be further elaborated to either promote or limit the use? Are there any key success

factors where the provided guidance has supported the key stakeholders? In this paper the authors

give an overview on the work performed upon a Stakeholder opinion assessment. All in all the study

indicates that co-operation, communication and information are key factors for a successful use of

alternative materials. A key baseline is that the material provides good technical function to the end-

user. With good quality assurance of such materials, an improved material supplier perspective on

client needs, an open mind to development of new constructions, a developed use of life cycle per-

spective in practice and a policy on assessment of hazardous substances and resource aspects is a key

for optimizing the future material supply for the built society.

Keywords: material supply, recycling/ reuse, by-products, waste, life cycle perspective

1 Introduction

In early 2000 and during some years forward the national road administrations in Sweden and Norway

and several material suppliers initiated and performed works in order to develop handbooks on the use

of alternative materials. In parallel to this work authorities in Sweden also began works in order to

develop guidance on the use of waste for civil engineering purposes. In this paper alternative material

is defined as waste or by-products, such as recycled glass, slag, ash and tyre shred, excavated soil,

contaminated soil and others. The materials properties as such can be utilized with more or less refin-

ing in civil engineering constructions to achieve functions such as thermal insulation, increased bear-

ing capacity, light weight fill, soil stabilisation, and noise or vibration reduction or for basic fill and

material substitution purposes.

Has the handbooks changed the use of alternative materials? Are there technical or environmental

issues that need to be further elaborated to either promote or limit the use? Are there any key success

factors where the provided guidance has supported the key stakeholders? In this paper the authors

gives an overview on the work performed, presents the results from a limited stakeholder opinion

assessment and finally propose key issues to take into account.

2 Global and Swedish perspectives on handbooks

In order to describe the location of the handbooks in the complex context with several organizations,

decision levels and outputs we have an overview to address the context of the handbooks. The major-

ity of the handbooks brought forward in this paper are used on a so called project level where materi-

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WASCON 2012 Conference proceedings

2 Rogbeck et al.

als are manufactured and used in civil engineering applications. Furthermore the use is monitored and

supervised by authorities, mainly local and regional. Directives & Legislation, Policies and Projects &

Development on global, transnational (EU) or national level are here described in a general way over-

arching the activities on the project level (Toller, 2012), se Figure 1. This context could also be used in

order to identify stakeholder ability to deal with problems on the management of resources. From an

environmental, including a resource perspective, landfilling is often considered an inappropriate

method of managing waste materials where they can be recovered for other reuse, recycled or inciner-

ated for energy (SEPA, 2005), (SEPA, 2011) and (Council Directive 99/31/EC).

Figure 1. The use of alternative materials in

infrastructure applications on a project level put in the

context of a multi-level decision perspective.

2.1 Policies

UN has an international policy that is developed under the Agenda 21, (UNCED, 1992), and the

Brundtland report (UNCED, 1987) that also address resource management. The Agenda 21 policy

requires governments, industry and public to make efforts to reduce the amount of waste that arise and

also increase the reuse and recycling where applicable (EUSDS, 2006). The UN report on Resilience

People Resilience Planet argues the globalization and the pressures on our natural resources implicates

an increasing need to manage resources better since individual choices can have global consequences

(UN, 2012). On the topic of policies, we are also currently looking forward to the outcome of the Rio

2012 Conference (UNCSD, 2012).

The Swedish environmental objectives (SEPA, 2012) are also a base for Swedish authorities on devel-

oping policies and legislation, environmental monitoring and supervision. Currently the Swedish

National Board of Housing, Building and Planning are developing indicators on the environmental

impact of the construction industry. The study shows that the construction sector has a significant

environmental impact in a national scale related to use of materials, transport and hazardous sub-

stances (Toller et al., 2011).

2.2 Directives & Legislation

There are several examples of directives and legislation that has an impact on the use of alternative

materials here a few of them is shown. Swedish legislation is based on the common directives of EU,

such as the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC), REACH (EC 1907/2006) and the Landfill

directive (1991/31/EEG) other important are the EU Water framework directive (2000/60/EC) and the

Drinking water directive (98/83/EC) and Construction Products Regulation (CPR) (305/2011).

According to Article 6 (1) and (2) of the Waste Framework Directive, certain specified waste shall

cease to be waste when it has undergone a recovery (including recycling) operation and complies with

specific criteria to be developed in line with certain legal conditions. European List of Waste


Rogbeck et al. 3

(Commission Decision 2000/532/EC) is meant to be a reference nomenclature providing a common

terminology throughout the Community with the purpose to improve the efficiency of waste manage-

ment activities. The List of Waste (LoW) is currently being updated and implemented in the Swedish

Waste regulation (SFS, 2001:1063).

Furthermore there are national laws that the Swedish stakeholders are required to follow. The

Environmental code (SFS, 1998:808), Law on Roads (SFS, 1971:948) and Law on Planning and

Construction (SFS 2010:900) are examples of legislation in Sweden that has an influence on the use of

alternative materials.

2.3 Projects and Development

There are several projects on different decision levels running to develop policies, legislation and daily

management of alternative materials in projects. Today, there is for example a substantial effort made

to further develop the end-of-waste criteria for priority waste streams. The first criteria for scrap iron,

steel and aluminium has been made (Council Regulation (EU) No 333/2011). Next waste streams to be

addressed include copper waste metal, recovered paper, glass cullet, plastics and biodegradable

waste/compost. In parallel Sweden through SEPA is currently working on a national waste manage-

ment plan (SEPA, 2011). Another upcoming activity that has an impact on the use of materials is the

Swedish government proposal on research to be launched in 2013-2016 (IQ Samhällsbyggnad, 2011).

The research program closing the loop (Andersson, 2011) is another example of improving recycling

and reuse.

3 Handbooks – Authorities, Clients and Material Suppliers

There are several stakeholders involved in the use of materials for construction purposes, from public,

NGOs through transport sector, state & government, authorities and construction industry. In this

paper we propose the primary stakeholders to be categorized in three main groups: Authorities, Clients

and Material Suppliers. Each group has to deal with different tasks within their primary operation,

such as supervision and permitting, quality assurance and corresponding manufacturing, providing

infrastructure for the society. Some tasks may integrate or in other ways be closely related to the work

of other stakeholders, see Figure 2.Technical requirements are described in handbooks with advise-

ments used on a regional and local level to investigate the access and economic use of material for

construction applications.

As indicated in Figure 2 ovals, the interaction between stakeholders is controlled through more or less

established practice and routines. For example the Clients are responsible consider obtaining, amongst

other permits, an environmental permit for the intended use of materials in civil engineering applica-

tions or for the project as a whole. In the last case the Swedish Transport Administration has devel-

oped practice on Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA. In some cases the permitting process also

requires certain action if the materials in use are classified as waste. The material supplier, in some

case through trade organisation agreements such as BASTA (Basta, 2011), provides the client with

information regarding the material properties, intended use and quality assurance.


4 Rogbeck et al.

Figure 2. Overview of the proposed key

stakeholders concerning the use of alternative

materials in a civil engineering application

perspective.

In early 2000 the National Road Administrations of Sweden and Norway initiated and performed sev-

eral projects on the use of alternative materials. The work consisted of two parts, all-embracing studies

and reports on the use in general and the compilation of certain material specific handbooks. In paral-

lel to this material suppliers and trade organisations promoted work on additional handbooks.

The purpose of the handbooks was to create a common approach on the use of alternative materials

from a technical, environmental, and juridical perspective. In Table 1 several of the Swedish hand-

books are brought forward and arranged to show a functional perspective of the possible technical

benefits of each material. The handbooks were intended to increase the knowledge base and give guid-

ance for practical use in projects.

Table 1. An overview of the handbooks provided by material suppliers arranged in a functional perspective.

X = Function, (X) = Possible in some applications

The material handbooks were produced during several years and published during 2006-2010. During

this time REACH was introduced and some of the material suppliers respondents have chosen to reg-

ister their products and stop the work with the handbooks as the handbooks were meant primary for

waste and not by-products. Examples of handbooks additionally to the list are Jernkontorets handbook

for by-products from steel industry (Jernkontoret, 2010) including a clarification on waste legislation

and REACH. This handbook will be revised during 2012. Further there is a handbook currently being

introduced on ashes (Svenska Energiaskor, 2012).

In parallel to the work with above handbooks on materials the Swedish Transport Administration

(STA) published a document on alternative material on road and railroad constructions (Vägverket

2007:110) for the Client actor group. This document is a compilation of technical and environmental

requirements and regulations that should be considered when using alternative materials. It also pro-


Rogbeck et al. 5

vides examples of alternative materials and their use. More information about the STAs work with

alternative materials can be found in (Lindgren et al, 2012)In Norway the Norwegian Road

Administrations (NRA) results from their project about alternative materials has been incorporated in

the Handbook 018 (Statens Vegvesen, 2005).

As a national authority, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) has published a com-

mon handbook on the use of waste for construction purposes (SEPA, 2010). The intention is to

increase the proportion of waste that is recycled without risk of adverse environmental or health risks,

and provisions that may result from the use of waste in construction. SEPA will assess the effect of

this handbook. In Norway work is ongoing by the national environmental authorities (KLIF) to

develop guidelines for crushed concrete and recycled asphalt. The counties have developed supporting

documents for local practice, for example concerning excavated soils (Miljösamverkan, 2010).

All in all there are several handbooks and documents provided by the different stakeholders on use of

alternative materials. In Figure 3 the publications are presented in the context of the three proposed

stake holders on a project level; Authorities, Clients and Material Suppliers. Please let it be noted that

some STA has provided both general documents and material specific documents on the use of alter-

native materials such as on blast furnace slag and crushed concrete.

Figure 3. General overview of handbooks provided by

authorities, clients and material suppliers covering the

management of alternative materials on a project level.

4 Stakeholder Opinion Assessment

In order to study the impact of the handbooks a so called stakeholder opinion assessment (SOA) as

proposed by Frostell (2006) was used. A SOA consists of six steps, and starts with formulating key

questions and identifying stakeholders, then perform interviews with a certain number of respondent

usually about 15-25, derive a first draft of a report with conclusions that are referred to the respond-

ents for consideration and discussed on a workshop and thereafter finalized. In the work for this paper

we decided to a delimitation of number of respondents initially of 12 persons and derive questions that

would take about one hour to answer. Based upon the early result and interest of the respondents we

will decide upon increasing the number of the respondents and further elaborate the questionnaire and

make a workshop on future development. The primary stakeholders were proposed to be representa-

tives of authorities, clients and material suppliers including trade associations. The questionnaire con-

sisted of three parts concerning 1) experiences of the practical use of the handbook, 2) the impact from

policies and legislation and 3) challenges for the future.


6 Rogbeck et al.

4.1 Experiences of the practical use of handbooks

All the respondents indicated that the technical part was satisfying over all. This conclusion is some-

what obvious, as the function of a material should be useful for the intended civil engineering applica-

tions. This aspect is also addressed as a key issue to be achieved when using materials and stipulated

by STA (Vägverket, 2007:110) and Statens Forurensnings Tillsyn, (SFT, 2002)

The material suppliers claimed that the handbooks are a useful base for communication with authori-

ties and clients. The procedures are documented and it gives support for actors within construction and

maintenance. One client saw handbooks as useful for the contract situation and how to use different

materials. A client saw material handbooks produced by the Swedish Transport Administration as

easier to use in their own procurement routines.

From the material suppliers view the work with the handbooks gave an awareness of the importance

with independent data and quality assurance of material properties. But even if they provide this kind

of information some of the suppliers thought it is difficult in many cases to get acceptance for use.

Some material suppliers and clients saw a key problem in what they considered a fact, that the same

requirements on properties and testing is placed on alternative as on traditional materials this causing a

situation where their function or aimed use is not accounted for. Since some years have gone since the

handbooks were published some later applications and examples from Sweden are also lacking. In

Norway the environmental demands are not clarified in the handbooks other than clean materials

should be used. Furthermore the practice of a life cycle and resource perspective in decision situations

is not clarified in Sweden or in Norway.

The respondents were asked to give their comments on how other handbooks have influenced their use

of materials. Almost all comments concerned the SEPA Handbook on recycling of waste in construc-

tion (SEPA, 2010). SEPA’s experience with the handbook is that it gives advice for materials that are

classified as waste, which it includes and is produced for. It is used by different categories like envi-

ronmental authorities, clients and material suppliers. They think the handbook has given more advice

and transparencies about when permit is needed. The environmental authorities have been helped by

the handbook. However some of the client and material suppliers saw some complications with the use

of the handbook because it is attended for waste but they thought some environmental authorities used

the handbook also for other materials e.g. by-products. They considered that the SEPA handbook did

not provide enough guidance on the assessment between hazardous substances and resources and how

to provide applications for a permit.

4.2 Impact of legislation and policies

All the respondents were asked whether the current legislation has given a certain impact on the use of

the materials. Some of the material suppliers replied that the discussion on waste or non-waste is an

often arising issue. Some manufactures on the other hand claimed that this was not an issue but that

results on material specification based from investigations in other countries were not sufficient and

additional investigations had to made nationally although the same material.

Some of the material suppliers mentioned that the definitions of “end of waste” and by-products could

be helpful for promoting their materials. Some of them also lifted CPR and REACH as crucial for the

use of by-products as they give a proper control of the material and show that they are not hazardous.

An aspect brought forward from a client is that REACH still has not got any practical effect on their

valuation of materials to their constructions in Sweden and the registration of a material is not equal

with a sufficient solution in their applications. Most of the respondents from the different categories

pointed out the problem with assessments of different objectives e.g. how to assess a non-toxic envi-

ronment compared to resource aspects. They thought approval for use of waste is a question of inter-

pretation and different authorities make different interpretations. Many regional or local authorities are

reluctant to allow use of waste or by-products due to uncontrolled risk of hazardous substances.


Rogbeck et al. 7

Clients proposed that choice of material should be highlighted in earlier stages. Furthermore they pro-

posed that alternative materials should also be compared with the influence from the whole road con-

struction and not only assessed for itself. On the other hand, in a legislative perspective, the use could

bring forward the need for a permit and that might cause delays and use of traditional materials not in

need for certain permits.

4.3 Challenges for the future

The respondents were asked about their view on the marketing and applications today and for the

coming 5-10 years. Some of the material suppliers have by-products that have been used for decades

and for those materials the whole volume is used in constructions. They believe that they will continue

to get use of their materials. Most of the materials are used on a local market, except for the improved

by-products that are marketed nationally. Some material suppliers are going to improve their manu-

facture facilities in order to increase productivity and new products.

Many suppliers and clients believe in a growing market as they expect that legislation will promote

recycling and a higher recycling ratio will be achieved in the future. Some saw increased market

shares and number of businesses, with examples of 50-100% increase in turnover. The market value

on current sales will grow slowly but higher increase is expected on new products and applications.

Some pointed out that today there are a set of key applications developed, but in the coming years the

share of higher end value products will increase. At the same time applications with low function for

example filling purposes will be replaced by higher function applications as recycled materials will be

lacking. Today a lot of alternative materials are used on landfills as construction material. However as

the demand from this client group decreases new uses or solutions has to be found.

The client saw potential for e.g. clean combustion ashes for stabilization purposes and reuse of exca-

vated soils from remediation areas. The reuse is expected to take place in traditional applications such

as road constructions given that costs should not be higher than for traditional materials in a life cycle

perspective. The authorities think marketing may grow with improved praxis and independent data and

quality assurance of material properties, if the impact on the environment could be quantified and that

treatment technologies for remediated soils could be a potential resource.

4.4 Opportunities and threats to use of alternative materials

On this topic the respondents from material suppliers very much considered the provision of raw mate-

rial as both an opportunity and a threat. The worries considered a decreased supply or an increased

cost for processing the material where for example new by-products might cause difficulties as well as

increasing energy prices. On the other hand most of them considered that an applied life cycle per-

spective on the issue of recycled materials is a good opportunity for an increased market. Some of

them also mentioned the European market as a resource base either to establish new local businesses

or to import materials. The clients on the other hand considered that information internally and within

the construction industry (consultants, contractors and institutes) is a key issue to enable better deci-

sions in projects, especially in earlier stages. One action could be tendering and introduction of a life

cycle perspective thus testing weather recycled or traditional materials could prove sustainable.

Many of the respondents pointed out that a policy decision is needed for assessing the environmental

objective a non-toxic environment versus resource aspects such as climate, land and material use and

energy. If the resource aspects get a higher priority than today it is likely to give a better opportunity to

recycling. Some respondents thought that bringing cases to the higher court could be a model, how-

ever expected to be very costly. Another possibility for a better recycling is improved environmental

assessments and cost benefit analysis.

Some of the material supplier saw a risk with today’s use of materials on landfills instead of recycling.

They have met clients that could see a risk of contamination with new materials not known today and

then the client will be responsible for the construction in the future. There is a risk for project optimi-


8 Rogbeck et al.

zation on one hand, forgetting the view on the whole system, the built infrastructure. Some respond-

ents proposed that it should be easier to use waste or by-products on areas that already are influenced

by human activities. Some of the suppliers saw EU:s Resource Efficiency as an opportunity for a

growing market. In Sweden it has been possible to landfill waste because we have a lot of space.

Many of the respondents from the different categories highlighted that efforts should be made to in-

crease knowledge concerning materials, applications, legislation (waste and REACH). There is a need

of feedback from experiences with good results that shows that the material is suitable in the construc-

tion. Some material suppliers would like to see more follow-up studies in corporation with the road

owners and this may give opportunities for a growing market. Threats proposed are for example that

recycling/reuse gets too complicated or the quality assurance is not god enough.

The authorities often consider the driving force for material suppliers in many cases are to reduce the

costs for transport, landfill taxes and the landfill fee. Thus some of the materials e.g. excavated fill

from remediation areas are excluded from landfill tax and there is a risk that these masses will be land-

filled instead of cleaned and reused. Lack of enough volumes of materials can be a problem for use in

road constructions. There is also a need to improve the interaction between stakeholders, especially

between waste management organisations and the construction industry.

4.5 The stakeholders opinion on actions

As the final question the respondents was asked what actions they thought other stakeholders and them

self should bring forward. The answers has been elaborated and compiled in Table 2.

Table 2. Proposed actions to different stakeholders to improve reuse/recycling

Stakeholder Proposed action to improve reuse/recycling

Material

suppliers Develop and establish quality practice for materials for typical applications

Improve their knowledge on the client needs

Increase the information activities amongst stakeholders

Clients Improve and develop management plans on material supply including alternative

materials

Increase the information activities

Develop tools for LCA and implement them in practice

Establish a strategy to allow more development and demonstration of reuse/recycling

applications

Authorities Support and develop plans for management of material supply on national, regional and

local level

Propose policies for assessing life cycle perspective and comparing hazardous substances

to resource aspects (energy, climate, land, material/waste)

Establish a strategy to allow more development and demonstration of reuse and recycling

Improve the dialogue between the stakeholders

Universities

& Institutes Increase information activities concerning reuse/recycling, propose a node for

coordinating activities

Develop and introduce new applications

Develop and introduce tools for assessments in a life cycle perspective

Develop knowledge on material supply and logistics

Consultants

&

Contractors

Improve knowledge on new technologies

Dare propose new applications

Improve assessments of different applications (risk assessment, life cycle and functional

perspective)


Rogbeck et al. 9

5 Discussion

A limited stakeholder opinion assessment has been used thus giving a limited number of respondents

(12). The respondents have been chosen from three categories, material suppliers, clients and authori-

ties. A majority of respondents were represented by the material suppliers group as they primarily

were involved in the work with the handbooks. In the paper the view of each group has been shown

and we have also tried to give an objective view of the results and believe they give a rather good

description of the situation with alternative materials in Sweden. However the result may have been

different if a larger number of respondents had been included from other groups or if other categories

such as consultants and contractors had been interviewed. The environmental issue is highlighted in

this paper based upon the answers from three groups, but the issue would probably be even more elab-

orated if respondents representing several environmental authorities had been included. If more clients

had been interviewed the focus might have varied somewhat towards benefits, material properties,

permit procedures and promising applications.

In our work we have asked ourselves three questions about the handbooks:

Do the handbooks change the use of alternative materials?

The use of the handbooks differs a lot between the suppliers due to different material descriptions. For

many materials the handbooks have been useful for communication with clients and authorities. For

some of them opportunities has been given for development of new applications. For other materials

that already have been used for decades and on a local market in cooperation with the local authorities

the need of a handbook is limited. Despite the launched handbooks some materials still are landfilled

instead of recycled/reused in constructions. This could be a fact due to taxation of certain waste and

available applications. All in all some of the handbooks have provided a key for promoting and in-

creasing the use of alternative materials and in some cases not. The situation with a higher use seems

to derive from a clear and transparent offer to the clients, including high knowledge of the intended

use that is provided by the material supplier.

Are there any key success factors where the provided guidance has supported the key stakeholders?

The work with the handbooks have given the suppliers awareness of the importance of quality assur-

ance of the materials and provided them with requirements that have to be fulfilled in order to use the

materials in constructions. All categories that have been involved in the project with the handbooks

got improved knowledge. The handbooks have been useful for communication with clients, authori-

ties, consultants and constructors. However the interaction and communication between stakeholders

and education of different categories still needs to be improved.

Are there technical or environmental issues that need to be further elaborated to either promote or

limit the use?

Technical aspects in the handbooks are sufficient declared and the products should not have been used

on the market if they were not beneficial. The clients seem to be satisfied with the technical aspects.

The applications are in several aspects designed with secure margins, thus improvements should be

possible in order to optimize the use of the alternative material. Let it be noted that it seems to be a

situation where successful use are likely to be followed by higher end value applications developed in

close cooperation between the clients and suppliers.

The environmental issues, on the other hand, are considered a key aspect to be further developed by

the clients and the material suppliers, especially on applying life cycle assessment in practice as well

as support decisions on hazardous substances and resource-, energy- and climate aspects. On the other

hand this result could be considered expected as the material suppliers and pro recycling probably

would gain on including resource aspects. This situation could actually highlight the different views

and the complexity of comparing resource aspects versus impact of hazardous substances. All in all

there seems to be a need for further dialogue and guidance on this topic with different stakeholders.

Both SEPA and the suppliers would like policies on waste from the authorities and would also like the

waste hierarchy to be used. Using the proposed life cycle approach while assessing the waste hierar-

chy, could very well improve management of alternative materials.


10 Rogbeck et al.

6 Conclusions and further developments

The possibility to improve the use differs a lot between the suppliers due to different material proper-

ties and level of quality assurance. The trade organizations have an influence on the market and they

have different structure, views and possibilities to support their members. Larger quantities of mate-

rial, further improved properties and user perspective in marketing seems to be success factors for a

safe and sound use of materials in civil engineering. On the other hand, materials which represents

smaller quantities or unclear or almost no marketing towards clients are likely to have difficulties.

Providing good quality and quality assurance of the materials offered to the clients is a very important

aspect for material suppliers. The use of alternative materials in applications where they benefits from

traditional materials will probably increase in the future.

Despite the handbooks some materials still are landfilled instead of reused in constructions. This

seems to be the fact due to the demand of construction materials to close landfills. However this option

is likely to decrease substantially in the coming years. Many suppliers are aware of this situation and

have to look for other applications where some are likely to be designed for civil engineering pur-

poses. The technical aspects are normally not a problem to the use, neither are the methods for ana-

lyzing contents of substances lacking. However the assessment and comparison of different environ-

mental benefits seems to be a key issue for a majority of the respondents. Changed landfill tax and

depositing fee will probably also be a driving force for an improved management of alternative mate-

rials.

In order to establish a sustainable management, including reuse or recycling of waste or by-products

there are some aspects that need to be further improved according to the respondents.

Authorities should propose policies for assessing life cycle perspective; including supporting

decisions on hazardous substances and resource aspects (energy, climate, land, material use).

Such policies and requirements, based upon the proposed use of life cycle perspective in the

waste hierarchy will probably increase the use.

The transport administrations should continue to develop new applications for road construc-

tion purposes. Furthermore they should require the use of tools for risk assessment, life cycle

perspective (LCA, LCC) in all project phases, including procurement.

The material suppliers should look for beneficial applications and adapt to the client demands

on their constructions and functionality

Authorities and clients should develop material supply plans, on different decision levels,

nationally, regionally and locally or on the project level.

There is an obvious need of cooperation and exchange of information among the stakeholders

The influences from EU cooperation will probably change the view in a broader perspective on reuse

and recycling in Sweden. The management of material supply for the builtenvironment is an important

and large part of the construction industry that has a significant impact on the use of energy, climate

and use of hazardous substances. Further development is therefore needed to improve management,

logistics and material supply for resources such as construction and demolition waste, contaminated

soils and mineral extraction.

A key issue highlighted concerns the liability on the supplier-client-authority interaction. What are

responsibilities of the stakeholders on this issue? These questions should be further elaborated and

discussed. Another important outcome is that the handbooks can serve as a base for information and

communication concerning materials, proper applications and permitting. The majority of our re-

spondents also indicate that there is a need to further develop the daily practice of a life cycle perspec-

tive in civil engineering.

Cooperation, communication and information are key factors for a successful use of waste and by-

products. Never the less a material without beneficial technical properties nor function is unlikely to

be recycled/reused for civil engineering purposes. On the other hand though a material associated with

1) good technical properties and with good quality assurance of the material and function and 2) an


Rogbeck et al. 11

improved material supplier perspective on client needs are likely to be utilized. Furthermore 3) an

open mind and enabling development of new construction practices and a 4) developed use of life

cycle perspective in practice combined with a policy on assessment of hazardous substances and re-

source aspects (energy, climate, land, material/waste) is a key for optimizing the future material sup-

ply for the built society.

Acknowledgements

We would like to give our acknowledgements to all of the respondents that participated in this work

(you are all named at first in the references). You have all supported us and given valuable input to

this study. We are now looking forward to further elaborate the results and in that work include you

and additional stake holders whom have a keen and deep interest and knowledge in alternative materi-

als and material supply issues for the built society.

References

Respondents:

The respondents in this phase of our project were: authorities – Erika Nygren, Swedish Environmental

Protection Agency; Thomas Rihm, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, clients - Åsa Lindgren, the

Swedish Transport Administration; Gordana Petkovic, the National Road Administration in Norway;

Trade associations: Eva Blixt, Jernkontoret; Peter Flyhammar, Avfall Sverige; Claes Ribbing,

Svenska Energiaskor AB and material suppliers’ Michael Borell, Boliden Mineral AB; Evalotta Stolt,

Vargön Alloys; Anders Lindblom, Ragnsells AB; Stefan Nordahl and Bengt Sörling, Hasopor

Hammar AB.

References:

Andersson BI.: Closing the loop – från avfall till resurs (From waste to resource) (In Swedish) Mistra

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http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0060:EN:NOT

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0060:EN:NOT

use of alternative materials in civil engineering ...–vrigt/pdf/rogbeck_et_al.pdf · contaminated...

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