Hawaii, Cuba, & the Spanish American

WarU.S.A.P. - Chap. 21

1875: U.S. granted Hawaiian sugar free entry

Queen Liliuokalani retaliated for McKinley Tariff, attempted to reduce U.S. influence

1893: American settlers pulled off coup 1898: Hawaii made U.S. possession 1872: U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa 1899: U.S. shared control with Germany

The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa

Hawaiian Islands

Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for industrial surpluses

Large merchant marine, strong navy needed

1889: Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervised a program of naval construction

U.S. gained offensive capability at sea

The New Navy

The war increased overseas possessions It also gained the U.S. recognition as a

“world power” Americans became convinced they had a

special destiny

War with Spain

February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba "Yellow press" whipped up U.S. sentiment

to favor Cuban independence McKinley gained Spanish concessions February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine April, 19: Congress declared Cuba

independent, passed "Teller Amendment" April, 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

A War for Principle

Escalated by economic depression

American Interest◦ Some Sympathies◦ Annexation?◦ Overseas

investments

Cuban Revolution - 1895

Jose Marti

General Valeriano Weyler◦ Brought in by

Spanish to put down the revolution

Reconcentrado ◦ Concentration Camps◦ Cut ties between

rural workers and revolutionaries

Cuban Revolution

February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba "Yellow press" whipped up U.S. sentiment

to favor Cuban independence McKinley gained Spanish concessions February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine April, 19: Congress declared Cuba

independent, passed "Teller Amendment" April, 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

A War for Principle

Yellow Journalism

Drawings used to incense Americans

Style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers

De Lome Letter

U.S.S. Maine

U.S.S. Maine

U.S.S. Maine

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared Problems of equipment and supply

◦ Regulars possessed latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles◦ Guard units possessed old Springfield rifles

Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

"A Splendid Little War"

African Americans served in army Guard units

Black troops resisted segregation African American soldiers won 26

Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

“Smoked Yankees”

May, 1: Commodore George Dewey captured Manila Bay

June: Cuba invaded July: Santiago surrendered, Puerto Rico

occupied August, 13: Philippines surrendered

The Course of the War

Spanish-American War:Pacific Theater

Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

Battle of Manila Bay

Battle of Manila Bay

After Dewey destroyed the Spanish Fleet, 11,000 American troops joined the Filipinos who had been fight for independence.

The Filipinos were lead by rebel, Emilio Aguinaldo.

By August 1898, the Spanish troops surrendered.

Taking the Phillipines

Americans defeat the rest of the Spanish fleet near the harbor of Santiago

Cease fire on August 12, 1898 Fighting lasted only 16 Weeks

Treaty of Paris Spain freed Cuba Spain turned over Guam, Puerto Rico in the West

Indies to the US Spain sold Philippines to US for $20,000,000

End of the War

Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations

December, 1898: Treaty of Paris◦ Cuba independent◦ U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

Acquisition of Empire

Debate over annexation of the Philippines Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist

League◦ Against big armies, government, and debt◦ Republican ideals incompatible with imperialism

February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

The Treaty of Paris Debate

American Empire, 1900

The war increased overseas possessions It also gained the U.S. recognition as a

“world power” Americans became convinced they had a

special destiny

War with Spain

Spanish-American War:Pacific Theater

Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations

December, 1898: Treaty of Paris◦ Cuba independent◦ U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

Acquisition of Empire

Debate over annexation of the Philippines Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist

League◦ Against big armies, government, and debt◦ Republican ideals incompatible with imperialism

February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

The Treaty of Paris Debate

1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement

Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba

1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule ◦ Local self-government permitted◦ Schedule established for independence

July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines

The Filipino Insurrection February 1899, the

Filipinos revolted against American rule.

The rebels were lead by Emilio Aguinaldo

The Rebels turned to guerrilla tactics and we forced Filipinos into designated zones (Not all that unlike the Spanish in Cuba)

America’s 1st Iraq What do you think is meant by a “harsh and

philanthropic war”? Were the Filipinos better off with us being

there? Do you agree with Stanley Karnow’s

opinion? –Why or why not Is the policy of holding colonies in the spirit

of America? In your opinion, was Taft a racist?

Americans vs. Filipinos American soldiers looked down on

the Filipino people African American soldiers began to

question why they were fighting to oppress the Filipinos

Some even developed a bond with them and deserted

Capturing Aguinaldo

On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured when American Soldiers came into his camp posing as prisoners.

When Aguinaldo was captured, the rebellion fell apart

He swore an allegiance to America lived in the Philippines till his death in 1964

American Empire, 1900

1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement

Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba

1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule ◦ Local self-government permitted◦ Schedule established for independence

July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines