U.S. Involvement in WWII and U.S. Involvement in WWII and the Home Frontthe Home Front

FDR, again!!!FDR, again!!!2 more terms…2 more terms…

1936-19441936-1944Vice President:Vice President:Harry TrumanHarry Truman

(21) Presidential Election of 1940(21) Presidential Election of 1940 Democratic Candidate: Franklin D.

Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented third term

Republican Candidate: Wendell Willkie

Electoral Count: FDR 449 to Willkie Electoral Count: FDR 449 to Willkie 82. Popular vote much closer.82. Popular vote much closer.

FDR and Wendell WillkieFDR and Wendell Willkie

Electoral Map of 1940Electoral Map of 1940Red = FDRRed = FDR

Blue = WillkieBlue = Willkie

U.S. Foreign Policy- Pre WWII entryU.S. Foreign Policy- Pre WWII entry By 1940, France had fallen to the By 1940, France had fallen to the

Germans and Britain was in great Germans and Britain was in great financial crisisfinancial crisis

Washington was questioning the wisdom Washington was questioning the wisdom of neutrality…of neutrality…

(22) (22) Congress passed the first peacetime Congress passed the first peacetime draft on September 6, 1940, a draft on September 6, 1940, a preparation for an imminent war- preparation for an imminent war- The The Selective Training and Service Act (1940)Selective Training and Service Act (1940)

From Cash and Carry to Lend-LeaseFrom Cash and Carry to Lend-Lease As a result of Britain’s financial crisis, the As a result of Britain’s financial crisis, the

U.S. passed the Lend-Lease Bill, patriotically U.S. passed the Lend-Lease Bill, patriotically number HR 1776, in March of 1941number HR 1776, in March of 1941

(24) The Lend-Lease Bill (24) The Lend-Lease Bill eventually eventually provided over $50 billion worth of provided over $50 billion worth of arms and equipment to those nations arms and equipment to those nations fighting aggressor countriesfighting aggressor countries

This was a direct change in the Neutrality This was a direct change in the Neutrality Laws of the 1930sLaws of the 1930s

FDR Signs the Lend-Lease BillFDR Signs the Lend-Lease Bill

The US in an Undeclared WarThe US in an Undeclared War The Axis Powers viewed the The Axis Powers viewed the

Lend-Lease Bill as an Lend-Lease Bill as an unofficial declaration of warunofficial declaration of war

German U-Boats began German U-Boats began attacking U.S. merchant ships attacking U.S. merchant ships and U.S. destroyers in the and U.S. destroyers in the AtlanticAtlantic

Robin MoorRobin Moor – a US Merchant ship sunk by u-boat – a US Merchant ship sunk by u-boat USS GreerUSS Greer- Destroyer, attacked- Destroyer, attacked USS KearnyUSS Kearny – Destroyer, crippled but not sunk – Destroyer, crippled but not sunk USS Ruben JamesUSS Ruben James – Destroyer – sunk with a loss of over 100 – Destroyer – sunk with a loss of over 100

menmen Congress provided for the legal arming of merchant ships Congress provided for the legal arming of merchant ships

(25) Atlantic Charter (25) Atlantic Charter Secret meeting between FDR and ChurchillSecret meeting between FDR and Churchill

on a warship in the Atlantic off the coast of Newfoundlandon a warship in the Atlantic off the coast of Newfoundland Both leaders agreed that the people had the right to choose their Both leaders agreed that the people had the right to choose their

own form of government and own form of government and proposed a new League of proposed a new League of Nations Nations (many other factors were included) and is the foundation (many other factors were included) and is the foundation for many of the international treaties and organizations that for many of the international treaties and organizations that currently shape our world. currently shape our world. (the UN)(the UN)

it would detail the goals and aims of the Allied powers concerning it would detail the goals and aims of the Allied powers concerning the war and the post-war world. Additionally, it might also be seen the war and the post-war world. Additionally, it might also be seen as a "changing of the guard" from Britain to as a "changing of the guard" from Britain to the US as the the US as the world's leading power.world's leading power.

(26) Pearl Harbor(26) Pearl Harbor Japan joined the Berlin-Rome Axis in Japan joined the Berlin-Rome Axis in

June of 1940June of 1940 Late 1940, Washington imposed Late 1940, Washington imposed

the first of many embargoes on the first of many embargoes on Japan Japan – Japan was VERY – Japan was VERY dependent on U.S. steel, scrap dependent on U.S. steel, scrap iron, and oil and we cut them off!iron, and oil and we cut them off!

Negotiations between Japan and Negotiations between Japan and Washington took place in Washington took place in November and early December November and early December of 1941of 1941

U.S. State Department insisted U.S. State Department insisted the Japanese leave China – if the Japanese leave China – if they complied the U.S. would they complied the U.S. would began some tradebegan some trade

Japan refused to leave China– Japan refused to leave China– which meant warwhich meant war

U.S. officials were aware of this U.S. officials were aware of this decision early – cracked the code decision early – cracked the code of the Japanese diplomats to of the Japanese diplomats to JapanJapan

As a democracy the U.S. could As a democracy the U.S. could not strike firstnot strike first

U.S. knew the Japanese would U.S. knew the Japanese would attack in the Pacific – they did attack in the Pacific – they did not know wherenot know where

DECEMBER 7, 1941 – Sunday DECEMBER 7, 1941 – Sunday morning without warning – morning without warning – Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii – over 2,000 Americans diedHawaii – over 2,000 Americans died

““A date which will live in infamy” A date which will live in infamy” – – FDR addressed Congress the FDR addressed Congress the following day – Congress was one following day – Congress was one vote shy of a unanimous decision for vote shy of a unanimous decision for warwar

(27) December 11, 1941 – (27) December 11, 1941 – Italy and Germany declared war on the Italy and Germany declared war on the

U.SU.S.. The US is officially at war with the Axis The US is officially at war with the Axis

powers:powers:Germany Germany && Italy Italy && Japan Japan

After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan thought America would avoid further thought America would avoid further conflict with themconflict with them

The The Japan TimesJapan Times newspaper said newspaper said America was “trembling in their America was “trembling in their shoes”shoes”

But if America was trembling, it was But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fearwith rage, not fear

““Remember Pearl Harbor” was the Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWIIrallying cry as America entered WWII

AMERICANS RUSH TO AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLISTENLIST After Pearl Harbor five After Pearl Harbor five

million Americans million Americans enlisted to fight in the enlisted to fight in the warwar

The Selective Service The Selective Service expanded the draft and expanded the draft and eventually provided an eventually provided an additional 10 million additional 10 million soldierssoldiers

ALL AMERICANS FOUGHTALL AMERICANS FOUGHTDespite discrimination at Despite discrimination at home, minority populations home, minority populations contributed to the war effortcontributed to the war effort

1,000,000 African Americans 1,000,000 African Americans served in the militaryserved in the military

300,000 Mexican-Americans300,000 Mexican-Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans33,000 Japanese Americans 25,000 Native Americans25,000 Native Americans 13,000 Chinese Americans13,000 Chinese Americans

These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944

Wartime Production and the EconomyWartime Production and the Economy

(32) War Production Board - (32) War Production Board - took charge took charge of American industry, to insure fast of American industry, to insure fast efficient wartime productionefficient wartime production

1942 production: 1942 production: 40 billion bullets; 40 billion bullets; 300, 000 aircraft; 300, 000 aircraft; 76,000 ships; 86,000 tanks, 76,000 ships; 86,000 tanks, and 2.6 million machine gunsand 2.6 million machine guns

A PRODUCTION MIRACLEA PRODUCTION MIRACLE Americans converted their Americans converted their

auto industry into a war auto industry into a war industryindustry

The nation’s automobile The nation’s automobile plants began to produce plants began to produce tanks, planes, boats, and tanks, planes, boats, and command carscommand cars

Many other industries also Many other industries also converted to war-related converted to war-related suppliessupplies

MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTSMOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS In 1941, FDR created the In 1941, FDR created the

Office of Scientific Office of Scientific Research and Research and Development (OSRD) to Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the bring scientists into the war effortwar effort

Focus was on radar and Focus was on radar and sonar to locate sonar to locate submarinessubmarines

Also the scientists worked Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides on penicillin and pesticides like DDT like DDT

(34) MANHATTAN PROJECT(34) MANHATTAN PROJECT The most important The most important

achievement of the OSRD was achievement of the OSRD was the secret development of the secret development of the atomic bombthe atomic bomb

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein wrote to FDR wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop were attempting to develop such a weaponsuch a weapon

The code used to describe The code used to describe American efforts to build the American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan bomb was the “Manhattan Project” Project”

Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration Took control of inflation of scare Took control of inflation of scare

goodsgoods Rationing of meat and butter held Rationing of meat and butter held

down consumption- remember down consumption- remember “Meat-less Monday’s” and “Wheat-“Meat-less Monday’s” and “Wheat-less Wednesday’s” and “Sweet-less less Wednesday’s” and “Sweet-less Saturday’s???”Saturday’s???”

FEDERAL GOVERNMENTFEDERAL GOVERNMENTTAKES CONTROL OF TAKES CONTROL OF

INFLATIONINFLATION With prices of goods With prices of goods

threatening to rise out threatening to rise out of control, FDR of control, FDR responded by creating responded by creating the Office of Price the Office of Price Administration (OPA)Administration (OPA)

The OPA froze prices on The OPA froze prices on most goods and most goods and encouraged the encouraged the purchase of war bonds purchase of war bonds to fight inflationto fight inflation

(32 cont.) War Labor Board(32 cont.) War Labor Board Imposed ceilings Imposed ceilings (the most allowed) (the most allowed) on wage on wage

increases to keep war costs down increases to keep war costs down (from (from labor union) labor union)

Labor walkouts increased due to the resentment of wage Labor walkouts increased due to the resentment of wage restrictionsrestrictions

Wartime cost – over $330 billionWartime cost – over $330 billion 2/5 of the cost were paid from current revenue (taxes, 2/5 of the cost were paid from current revenue (taxes,

tariffs, etc…)tariffs, etc…) Remainder was borrowed – Remainder was borrowed –

The US national debt went from The US national debt went from $49 billion 1941 to $259 billion in $49 billion 1941 to $259 billion in

1945 today’s debt- $12, 284, 1945 today’s debt- $12, 284, 691,708,207.83. (691,708,207.83. (each American’s each American’s share of the debt is share of the debt is $39,934.94)$39,934.94)

What else could you buy with your $39 thousand?What else could you buy with your $39 thousand?

2010 Infiniti FX35 2010 FORD F150 Harley-Davidson2010 FORD F150 Harley-Davidson

Office of War MobilizationOffice of War Mobilization

WWII Poster encouraging conservation- if you carpool, you save gas for the war!!!

Be careful what you say about your country, you never know who is listening and spying- Remember in WWI the Espionage and Sedition Act

"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism." - October 12, 1915 – Woodrow Wilson

(33) Japanese Internment (33) Japanese Internment Washington feared that some Washington feared that some

Japanese-Americans mightJapanese-Americans might act as spies for Japan, or join the Japanesejoin the Japanese war-cause on US soil

Over 110,000 Japanese-Americans (2/3 Over 110,000 Japanese-Americans (2/3 were American born U.S. Citizens) were were American born U.S. Citizens) were forced into internment camps in 1942forced into internment camps in 1942

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

America wanted to be sure they didn’t cause riots or spy on us!

Notice: most are out West!... Closer to Japan… across the Pacific.

Supreme Court upheld this Supreme Court upheld this decision in 1944 – decision in 1944 – Korematsu v. Korematsu v. U.S.U.S.

1988 the U.S. Government 1988 the U.S. Government officially apologized for its officially apologized for its actions and approved payment actions and approved payment of reparations of $20,000 to of reparations of $20,000 to each survivor each survivor

(28) “Rosie the (28) “Rosie the Riveter”Riveter”

Encouraged women Encouraged women to help the war to help the war efforteffort

The armed services The armed services enlisted 216,000 womenenlisted 216,000 women

6 million women worked 6 million women worked outside of the homeoutside of the home

WomanpowerWomanpower The armed services enlisted over 15

million men and 216,000 women WAACS (army), WAVES (navy),

SPARS (coast guard) – noncombat duties

Governmental day-cares were created to care for over 3,000 children

Migration Shifts Migration Shifts War industries created major migration

shifts and boomtowns such as Los Angeles, Detroit, Baton Rouge

The South received a large amount of defense contracts – origins of the postwar “Sunbelt”

Origins of the Sunbelt resulted from Origins of the Sunbelt resulted from WWII Migration ShiftsWWII Migration Shifts

1.6 million African-Americans left the South 1.6 million African-Americans left the South to find jobs in the West and Northto find jobs in the West and North

Racial tensions erupted across the countryRacial tensions erupted across the country A. Philip Randolph threatened a march on A. Philip Randolph threatened a march on

Washington in 1941 to demand equal Washington in 1941 to demand equal employment opportunitiesemployment opportunities

FDR responded with the creation of the FDR responded with the creation of the FEPC and an executive order to forbid FEPC and an executive order to forbid discrimination in defense industriesdiscrimination in defense industries

(23) On June 25, 1941, FDR signed the (23) On June 25, 1941, FDR signed the Fair Fair Employment Practices Committee Employment Practices Committee (FEPC). (FEPC).

The order banned racial discrimination in any The order banned racial discrimination in any defense industry receiving federal contracts defense industry receiving federal contracts by by declaring "there shall be no discrimination in the declaring "there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin." national origin."

TaftTaft HartleyHartley actact of 1947 of 1947It monitors the It monitors the Activities and powerActivities and powerof labor unions. The of labor unions. The act, still effective, was act, still effective, was Called the "slave-labor Called the "slave-labor billbill” while President while President Truman argued itTruman argued itwould conflict with would conflict with Important principles Important principles of our democratic of our democratic society," society,"