us in wwii
TRANSCRIPT
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THE UNITED STATES
IN WORLD WAR IIAMERICA TURNS THE TIDE
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US in WWII (Outline)
I. War in Europe
A. Battle of the Atlantic
B. Invasion Italy
C. Operation Overlord (D-Day)
D. Retaking France
E. The Battle of the Bulge
F. Battle of Berlin
G. VE Day
War in Japan
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I: War in Europe
Days after Pearl Harbor,British Prime MinisterWinston Churchillarrived at the White
House and spent threeweeks working out warplans with FDR
They decided to focuson defeating Hitler firstand then turn theirattention to Japan
Europe First
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THEEASTERN FRONT &
MEDITERRANEAN In the summer of 1942,
the Germans took theoffensive in thesouthern Soviet Union
By the winter of 1943,
the Allies began to seevictories on land as wellas sea
The first great turningpoint was the Battle ofStalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory
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BATTLEOF STALINGRAD
For weeks the Germans pressed in on
Stalingrad
Then winter set in and the Germans were
wearing summer uniforms and under-supplied
The Germans surrendered in January of
1943
The Soviets lost more men in this battle
than the US lost in the whole war
Wounded in the
Battle of Stalingrad
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THENORTH
AFRICAN FRONT
Operation Torch an invasion
of Axis -controlled North Africa --was launched by American GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower in 1942
Allied troops landed inCasablanca, Oran and the Algiers
in Algeria They sped eastward chasing the
Afrika Korps led by GermanGeneral Edwin Rommel
American tanks roll in the
deserts of Africa and defeat
Axis forces
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Allied
troops
landed
in Casa-
blanca,
Oran
and the
Algiers
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I. THE AR INEUROPE
A. THEBATTLEOF THEATLANTIC
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THEBATTLEOF THEATLANTIC After Americas entry
into the war, Hitler wasdetermined to preventfoods and war suppliesfrom reaching Britain
and the USSR fromAmericas east coast
He ordered submarineraids on U.S. ships onthe Atlantic
During the first fourmonths of 1942Germany sank 87 U.S.ships
The power of the German U
Boats was great, and in two
months' time almost two million
tons of Allied ships were restingon the ocean floor. Efforts were
soon made to restrict German
subs' activities.
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http://www.rac.ca/
The Battle of the Atlantic was "the only thing that ever
frightened me."-
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ALLIES CONTROLU-BOATS
In the first seven months of1942, German U-boats sank 681Allied ships in the Atlantic
Something had to be done orthe war at sea would be lost
First, Allies used convoys ofships & airplanes to transportsupplies
Destroyers used sonar to trackU-boats
Airplanes were used to track the
U-boats ocean surfaces With this improved tracking,
Allies inflicted huge losses onGerman U-boats
U-426 sinks after attack from the
air, January 1944. Almost two-thirds of all U-boat sailors died
during the Battle of the Atlantic.
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ALLIES APTURETHE ENIG A
In 1941, the British captured several
German ships.
Some had working code deciphering
machines on board.
The German Enigma was the code
breaking machine used to break coded
messages from German commanders.
After the capture, the Allies could
decipher all German messages in realtime.
This helped to end the Battle in the
Atlantic.
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CASABLANCA CONFERENCE
FDR and Churchillmet in Casablancaand decided theirnext moves
1) Plan amphibiousinvasions of Franceand Italy
2) Onlyunconditional
surrender would beaccepted
MONUMENTSMEN.COM
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I. THE AR INEUROPE
B. INVASION ITALY
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ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
ANOTHERALL
IED
V
ICTORY The Italian Campaign got off to a
good start as the Allies easilytook Sicily
At that point King Emmanuel IIIstripped Mussolini of his powerand had him arrested
However, Hitlers forcescontinued to resist the Allies in
Italy until 1945 Heated battles ensued and itwasnt until 1945 that Italy wassecured by the Allies
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TUSKEGEEAIRMEN
Among the brave menwho fought in Italy werepilots of the all-black 99th
squadron the TuskegeeAirmen
The pilots madenumerous effectivestrikes against Germanyand won twodistinguished UnitCitations
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On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American
pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa
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I. THE AR INEUROPE
C.D-DAY, INVADING FRANCE
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OPERATIONOVERLORD
As the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramaticinvasion of France
It was known as Operation Overlord and the commander was AmericanGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower
Also called D-Day, the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troopsand was set for June 6, 1944
Allies sent
fake coded
messages
indicating
they would
attack here
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Normandy, France
Normandy is one of the five regions of France Normandy
Brittany
Loire Valley
Western Loire
Cognac County
Normandy was an important strategic point because it led
to Paris and had the least distance between it and Great
Britain.
It includes a 360 mile coastline
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D-DAYJUNE 6, 1944 D-Day was the largest
land-sea-air operation
in military history
Despite air support,
German retaliationwas brutal especially
at Omaha Beach
Within a month, the
Allies had landed 1million troops,
567,000 tons of
supplies and 170,000
vehicles
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5Beaches That Were Invaded
Omaha -USA
Utah - USA
Sword - BRITAIN
Gold - BRITAIN
Juno - CANADA
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OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44
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Landing at Normandy
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lanes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France
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I. THE AR INEUROPE
D. RETAKINGFRANCE
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Retaking France:
Opera
tio
n Dra
goo
n August 15, 1944 Invasion of southern France Objective: First, draw German forces from northern France
and allow the forces from Overlord to push east. Second, seize
Marseille, Frances largest port
Troops that fought in Italy were used in this operation
94,000 Allied troops landed on day one
Within two weeks, Allies captured 57,000 German troops at a
cost of 7,000 Allied casualties
Ports of Toulon and Marseille were open to Allied shipments The forces then linked up with Normandy troops within 30
days
Considered an outstanding success when measured against its
military objectives
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Alli d landing inSouthernFrance OperationDragoon
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Encirclementat Falaise
The battle of the Falaise Gap (also known as the Falaise Pocket
and Chambois Pocket) was the area between the four cities of
Trun, Argentan, Vimoutiers and Chambois near Falaise, France,
in which the remnants of the German Wehrmacht (Army)
were trapped and effectively destroyed as a fighting force. The battle of the Falaise Gap marked the end of the Battle of
Normandy, which started on June 6, 1944, and ended on
August 22, 1944. Although perhaps 100,000 German troops
succeeded in escaping the allies due to the delay in closing the
gap, they left behind 150,000 prisoners and wounded, over10,000 dead, and the road practically impassable due to
destroyed vehicles and bodies.
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Battle forNormandy
Allied losses
On D-Day: appx. 10,000
casualties including
2,500 initially confirmeddead
Recent research
uncovered that more like
4,500 were KIA on June 6
Total: 209,000 casualties
Axis losses
On D-Day: 4,000-9,000
dead
Most figures have to beestimated
Total: 200,000 KIA appx.
20,000F
rench civilians were also killed during this time
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FRANCE FREED By September 1944, the
Allies had freed France,
Belgium and Luxembourg
That good news and the
Americans peoples
desire not to change
horses in midstream
helped elect FDR to anunprecedented 4th term
General George Patton (right)
was instrumental in Allies
freeing France
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VS.
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Questions fromreading.You must write in complete sentence form.
1. How did the Battle of the Bulge get its name?
2. How many total men were involved in the battle?
3. How long did the battle last?
4. Which country did most of the battle occur?
5. What was Hitlers objective with this offensive?
6. Throughout the night before the battle, what did German soldiers doto confuse American troops in the area?
7. What town did the German army surround American forces in?
8. How did some soldiers keep their weapons from freezing?
9. What were Allied soldiers ordered to do to SS officers following theMalmedy Massacre?
10. When did American forces counterattack to close the Bulge?
11. In the American offensive, how many Germans became casualties?
12. What did the Battle of the Bulge mean for the Third Reich?
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Answers
1. The westward bulging shape of the battle ground and lines.
2. More than a million men were involved in the battle.
3. A little over a month
4. Belgium (some in Luxembourg)5. Break the Allied line and cut off the supply line
6. Acted like Allied soldiers, spread misinformation to confuse
7. Bastogne
8. Urinating on them
9. Shoot on site
10. December 23
11. 23,ooo
12. An end to all offensive operations
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BATTLEOF THEBULGE
In October 1944,
Americans captured theirfirst German town(Aachen) the Allies wereclosing in
Hitler responded with one
last ditch massiveoffensive in the Ardennes
Hitlers plan was to breakthe Allied line and controlthe Allied supply lines
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M-4ShermanTanksofthe10thTankBattalionlinedupinthe
snow-coveredfieldsofBelgium.
http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_popups/battlefield/bulge/01.html
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AmortarpositionnearSaint-Vith.
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Hitlerslastoffensive
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BATTLEOF THEBULGE
The battle raged for a month the Germans had been pushedback
Little seemed to have changed,but in fact the Germans hadsustained heavy losses
Germany lost 120,000 troops,600 tanks and 1,600 planes
From that point on the Nazis
could do little but retreat
The Battle of the Bulge was
Germanys last gasp
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Battle of BerlinQuestions1. The German military manpower consisted of what kind of people?
2. What was the ratio of Soviet to German men outside of Berlin?
3. What made the Berliners feel like that had to fight to the bitter
end?
4. What did General Wenck and some other German divisions do
when the Soviets invaded Germany?
5. Who were the Hitler youth corps?
6. What did Hitler do in his final hours?
7. What was done with Hitlers body?
8. How was the Reichstag taken by the Soviets?9. How many troops died in the Battle of Berlin?
10. What tragic result to German women face following the Soviet
victory?
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Reading answers
1. The German military was relying on young boys and old men, this force
was called the Volkstrum.
2. The ratio of Soviets to Germans outside Berlin was 5:1, 3:1 in Berlin.
3. Germans fought to the bitter end because of the destruction the Soviets
had brought in the East.
4. Many German divisions headed west to surrender to the Americans.
5. The Hitler Youth fought in Berlin and were made up of 11-12 year olds.
6. Hitler married his mistress, gave her poison, and shot himself in his final
hours.
7. Hitlers body was burned so that it would not be mutilated by Soviets.
8. The Verstag was heavily bombarded by artillery and later was won bySoviets after two days of hand to hand combat.
9. 80,000 100,000 Soviets died in Berlin. 150,000 German troops were
killed in Berlin.
10. 100,000 women endured rapes from Soviets, 10,000 of which died as a
result.
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Battle of BerlinApril May 1945
The goal of the Allied
advances in Europe was to
capture Berlin.
Stalin ordered two of his top
generals to race to the
German capital Zhukov and
Konev
The Red Army had a
significant manpower and
supply advantage over theGermans. Additionally they
had forward momentum.
Despite the hopelessness of
the situation, Hitler mounted
a direct defense of the city.
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BattleofBerlin
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BattleofBerlinAprilMay1945
Two million shells rained down on Berlin in three weeks
Much of the fighting occurred between Russian tanks andGerman anti-tank artillery
Berlin was left in rubble
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Battle of Berlin
Russians lost 80,000
men and 275,000
wounded in this battle
Germans lost 150,000
men in this battle
It is rumored that Stalin
was insistent on
capturing Berlin because
he could capture thesecret nuclear plans at
the Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute
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FDRDIES;TRUMANPRESIDENT President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day
On April 12, 1945, FDR suffered a stroke and died his VP Harry S Truman became the nations 33rd president
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ALLIESTAKEBERLIN;HITLER
COMMITSSUICIDE
By April 25, 1945, the Soviet armyhad stormed Berlin
In his underground headquartersin Berlin, Hitler prepared for theend
On April 29, he married hislongtime girlfriend Eva Braun thenwrote a last note in which he
blamed the Jews for starting thewar and his generals for losing it
The next day he gave poison to hiswife and shot himself
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V-EDAY General Eisenhoweraccepted theunconditional surrender
of the Third Reich On May 8, 1945, the
Allies celebrated V-EDay victory in Europe
Day The war in Europe was
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Famous
picture of
anAmerican
soldier
celebrating
the end of
the war
LIBERATION OF
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LIBERATIONOF
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
While the British andAmericans movedwestward into Germany,the Soviets moved
eastward into German-controlled Poland
The Soviets discoveredmany death camps thatthe Germans had set upwithin Poland
The Americans alsoliberated Nazi deathcamps within Germany
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Focus topics German High
Comma
ndGoering
GoebbelsHess
Himler
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The U.S. in WWIIThe War in the Pacific
I. Introduction
II. TheHome Front
III. Island Hopping
IV. AtomicEndV. arsResolution
VI. JapansRecovery
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Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan suddenly and
deliberately attacked the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor
Hawaii.
This was the event which triggered the American involvement
in the war both in Europe and the Pacific.
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MOBILIZING ORDE ENSE
After Japan attacked PearlHarbor, they thoughtAmerica would avoid furtherconflict with them
TheJapan Times newspaper
said America was tremblingin their shoes
But if America was trembling,it was with rage, not fear
Remember Pearl Harborwas the rallying cry as
America entered WWII
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AMERICANSRUSHTOENLIST
After Pearl Harborfive million Americans
enlisted to fight in thewar
The Selective Serviceexpanded the draft
and eventuallyprovided anadditional 10 millionsoldiers
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WOMEN JOINTHE IGHT
Army Chief of StaffGeneral GeorgeMarshall pushed for theformation of theWomens Auxiliary ArmyCorps (WAAC)
WAAC allowed womento work in non-combatroles such as nurses,
ambulance drivers,radio operators, andpilots
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ALLAMERICANS FOUGHT
Despite discrimination at home,minority populationscontributed to the war effort
1,000,000 African Americansserved in the military
300,000 Mexican-Americans
33,000 Japanese Americans
25,000 Native Americans
13,000 Chinese Americans
These Golden 13 Great Lakes officers
scored the highest marks ever on the
Officers exam in 1944
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APRODUCTION MIRACLE Americans converted
their auto industry into a
war industry
The nations automobile
plants began to produce
tanks, planes, boats, and
command cars
Many private industriesconverted to war-related
supplies
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MOBILIZATIONOF S IENTISTS
In 1941, FDR created theOffice of ScientificResearch andDevelopment (OSRD) tobring scientists into the
war effort Focus was on radar and
sonar to locatesubmarines
Also the scientists
worked on penicillin andpesticides like DDT
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MANHATTANPROJECT The most important
achievement of the OSRDwas the secret
development of theatomic bomb
Einstein wrote to FDRwarning him that theGermans wereattempting to develop
such a weapon The OSRD codename
used to describeAmerican efforts to buildthe bomb was theManhattan Project
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FEDERALGOVERNMENTTAKESCONTROLOF INFLATION
With prices of goods
threatening to rise out ofcontrol, FDR respondedby creating the Office ofPrice Administration(OPA)
The Office of PriceAdministration frozeprices on most goods andencouraged the purchaseof war bonds to fight
inflation
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WARPRODUCTION
BOARD
To ensure the troops had
ample resources, FDR
created the WPB
The War Production
Board (WPB) decided
which companies would
convert to wartimeproduction and how to
best allocate raw
materials to those
industries
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COLLECTIONDRIVES The WPB also organized
nationwide drives tocollect scrap iron, tin
cans, paper, rags andcooking fat for recycling
Additionally, the OPA setup a system of rationing
Households had set
allocations of scarcegoods gas, meat, shoes,sugar, coffee
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WWII Poster
encouraging
conservation
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RATIONING
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THEHOME FRONT
The war provided a lift to
the U.S. economy
Jobs were abundant anddespite rationing and
shortages, people had
money to spend
By the end of the war,America was the worlds
dominant economic and
military power
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ECONOMIC GAINS Unemployment fell to
only 1.2% by 1944
and wages rose 35% Farmers too benefited
as production
doubled and income
tripled
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WOMEN MAKEGAINS
Women enjoyed
economic gains during
the war, although manylost their jobs after the
war
Over 6 million women
entered the work force
for the first time
Over 1/3 were in the
defense industry
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POPULATIONSHIFTS
The Dust Bowl forcedfarmers from Oklahoma
and Texas to find new
homes
The war triggered thegreatest mass migration
in American history
More than a million
newcomers poured into
California between 1941-
1944
African Americans again
shifted from south to
north
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GIBILLHELPSRETURNING
VETS
To help returning
servicemen ease backinto civilian life, Congress
passed the Servicemens
Readjustment Act (GI Bill
of Rights)
The act providededucation for 7.8 million
vets
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PEARLHARBOR
The War in the Pacific
E A i A d
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EastAsianAscendance The road to war between Japan and the United States began
in the 1930s when differences over China drove the two
nations apart.
In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria, which until then had
been part of China.
In 1937 Japan began a long and ultimately unsuccessful
campaign to conquer the rest of China. In 1940, the Japanese government allied their country with
Nazi Germany in the Axis Alliance, and, in the following year,
occupied all of Indochina.
The United States, which had important political and
economic interests in East Asia, was alarmed by theseJapanese moves. The U.S. increased military and financial aid
to China, embarked on a program of strengthening its military
power in the Pacific, and cut off the shipment of oil and other
raw materials to Japan
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Reasons forHostility
1. Japan was poor in naturalresources, the embargo
on oil as a threat to the
nation's survival.
2. Japan's leaders seizedresources in Southeast
Asia, even though that
move would certainly
result in war with the
United States.
3. US Navy is the
protectorate of the islands
claimed by the United
States (Philippines, Wake)
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Reason forattack
Japan knew it could not defeat theAmericans in a conventional war,
lacking as it did sufficient
manpower and raw materials
(notably oil) for such a sustained
effort.
By destroying the U.S. fleet and
complete Asian conquests before
the Americans could recover.
A successful raid, the Japanese
believed, would delay America's
entry into the war by months, ifnot years.
Faced with the reality of an
unassailable Pacific empire, the
Americans might then choose
negotiation over fighting. sarudama.com
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ThePlanner
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto,commander of the Japanese
fleet, devised a plan to
immobilize the U.S. fleet at
the outset of the war with a
surprise attack.
Admiral Yamamoto's plans:
meticulous preparation
the achievement of surprise,
the use of aircraft carriers and
naval aviation on an
unprecedented scale.
In the spring of 1941,
Japanese carrier pilots began
training in the special tactics
called for by the Pearl Harbor
attack plan.
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Plan ofAttack
In October 1941 the naval
general staff gave final
approval to Yamamoto's plan,
which called for the formation
of an attack force
commanded by Vice AdmiralChuichi Nagumo.
It centered around six heavy
aircraft carriers accompanied
by 24 supporting vessels. A
separate group of submarineswas to sink any American
warships which escaped the
Japanese carrier force.science.howstuffworks.com
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PLANOFATTACKcommons.wikimedia.org
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Japanese sail toHawaii
Japs sail to Hawaii
Nagumo's fleet assembled in
the remote anchorage of
Tankan Bay in the Kurile
Islands and departed instrictest secrecy for Hawaii on
26November 1941.
The ships' route crossed the
North Pacific and avoided
normal shipping lanes. Atdawn 7 December 1941, the
Japanese task force had
approached undetected to a
point slightly more than 200
miles north of Oahu.
Aircraft carriers at sea
On 28 November, Admiral Kimmel
sent USS Enterprise under Rear
Admiral Willliam Halsey to deliver
Marine Corps fighter planes to WakeIsland. On 4
December Enterprise delivered the
aircraft and on December 7 the task
force was on its way back to Pearl
Harbor. On 5 December, Admiral
Kimmel sent the USS Lexington with
a task force under Rear Admiral
Newton to deliver 25 scout bombers
to Midway Island. The last Pacific
carrier, USS Saratoga, had left Pearl
Harbor for upkeep and repairs on
the West Coast
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First Wave
At 6:00 a.m. on December 7th, thesix Japanese carriers launched a first
wave of 183 planes composed of
torpedo bombers, dive bombers,
horizontal bombers and fighters.
The Japanese aircrews achieved
complete surprise when they hitAmerican ships and military
installations on Oahu shortly before
8:00 a.m.
They attacked military airfields at
the same time they hit the fleet
anchored in Pearl Harbor.
In fact two Army operators spotted
the incoming formations but wrote
them off as B17 friendlies
Japanese Navy Type 99 Carrier Bombers
("Val") prepare to take off from an aircraft
carrier during the morning of 7 December.
Official U.S. Navy Photograph, National
Archives Collection
Targets ofATTACK
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Targets ofATTACKBattleships Outcome
1. USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) was in drydock - slightly damaged,repaired and rejoined fleet August
1942
2. USS West Virginia (BB-48) sunk, later raised, repaired and
rejoined fleet July 1944
3. USS Oklahoma (BB-37) capsized, total loss
4. USSArizona(BB-39) sunk, total loss, lies at bottom of Pearl
Harbor. Explosion killed 1,178 men.
5. USS California (BB-44) sunk, later raised, repaired and
rejoined fleet May 1944
6. USS Maryland(BB-46) damaged, repaired and rejoined fleetFebruary 1942
7. USS Tennessee (BB-43) damaged, repaired and rejoined fleet
March 1942.
8. USS Nevada (BB-36) heavily damaged, grounded, repaired
and rejoined fleet December 1942
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SinkingUSSArizona
Warphotos.nasenetworks.net
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Second Wave
A second wave, launched30 minutes after the first,
appeared over the
harbor, 15 minutes later.
The second wave of 173
planes concentrated on
smaller ships and
shipyard facilities
The air raid lasts from
7:00 9:45AM
Warphotos.nasenetworks.net
Losses
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Losses
AMERICAN Twenty-one ships of the U.S.
Pacific Fleet were sunk or
damaged
Aircraft losses were 188
destroyed and 159 damaged,the majority hit before the
had a chance to take off.
American dead numbered
2,403. That figure included 68
civilians, most of them killed
by improperly fused anti-
aircraft shells landing in
Honolulu. There were 1,178
military and civilian wounded.
JAPANESE Japanese losses were
comparatively light.
Twenty-nine planes, less
than 10 percent of theattacking force, failed to
return to their carriers.
December 7,1941
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Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; also attack the Philippines,Wake Island, Guam, Malaya, Thailand, Shanghai and Midway.
emersonkent.com
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Incomplete Victory
The Japanese success was overwhelming, but it was not
complete.
They failed to damage any American aircraft carriers, which by
a stroke of luck, had been absent from the harbor.
They neglected to damage the shore-side facilities at the PearlHarbor Naval Base, which played an important role in the
Allied victory in World War II.
American technological skill raised and repaired all but three
of the ships sunk or damaged at Pearl Harbor
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Catalyst forWar
At 7:55 on the sunny morning
of Sunday, December 7, 1941,
183 Japanese warplanes
swooped out of a cloudless
sky and demolished the US
Pacific fleet docked at PearlHarbor.
It was this single catastrophic
event, not the invasion of
Poland, the Battle of Britain or
the persecution of the Jews,
that finally dragged the
United States into World WarII.
wired.com
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the shock and anger caused by the surprise attack on Pearl
Harbor united a divided nation and was translated into a
wholehearted commitment to victory in World War II
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THEATTACK ONTHEPHILIPPINES
The War in the Pacific
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Strategic overview
The Japanese attack on
the Philippines occurred
nine hours after their
attack on Pearl Harbor
on 7 December 1941.
Hawaii and thePhilippines were the two
strongholds of the
American military. They
were to be taken or
destroyed
Smaller bases could not
be sustained without the
support from these
bases
ibhistorytopics.com
MacArthur commanded Filipino
and American forces on the
islands
A Divine Mission
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ADivine Mission
During WWII the Japanese
had an intense idealism and
a lust for power that
convinced the Japanese
military that Japan had a"Divine Mission" to lead all
of Asia.
This "Divine Mission" led to
the Japanese imperialistic
campaigns. The realization
of these campaigns led to
the Japanese imperialism of
the Philippines.
english-online.at
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Japanese SeekExpansion
United States acquired the Philippines following the 1898
Spanish-American War.
Japan viewed this development with hostility.
The United States had a powerful navy, and leaders in Japan
realized that American occupation of the Philippines couldobstruct Japan's plans for growth in Southeast Asia.
To meet this potential challenge, Japan began to prepare for
the possibility of armed conflict between the two countries.
For their part, American military planners knew the risk of
losing the Philippines to Japan and began planning for possible
armed conflict with Japan.
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Plan Orange
This strategic plan for the defense
of the Philippines against Japan
was given the code reference
"Plan Orange".
the American military planners
realistically assumed that theirPhilippines garrison would
probably be overwhelmed and
forced to surrender before an
American fleet could fight its way
from Hawaii to Manila Bay.
the defending forces would
withdraw to the heavily fortified
Bataan peninsula and the Island of
Corregidor and await relief by the
US Pacific Fleet sailing from
Hawaii.
http://www.pacificwar.org.au
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TheAttackBegins
The War Department had determined that an attack would
follow soon after the Pearl Harbor attack.
MacArthur had put his planes in the sky and artillery on the
coast.
The attack came when the American and Filipino planes weregrounded for fuel.
Just like in Hawaii, most of the aircraft were destroyed while
they were on the ground.
But the speed of the Japanese advance prevented that mode
of defense.
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Imperial Army General Masaharu Homma landed on northern
Luzon on December 9 and moved quickly through little
resistance. Essentially Homma landed behind the Allies, leaving their
supplies between the Japanese and MacArthur's men.
By December 20, Homma was landing on Mindanao and
driving for Manila. The Philippine Government declared
Manila an open city, but the Japanese bombed it anyway.MacArthur retreated to Corrigedor and Bataan without telling
his Navy counterpart in Manila Bay. His men called him
Dugout Doug.
The forces under MacArthur became completely
overwhelmed by the Japanese invasion force.
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Retreat!
Unable to stop the enemy at the shoreline of Luzon,
MacArthur withdrew sea forces into the Bataan Peninsula, the
island of Corregidor, and three other small islands in Manila
Bay.
This complex retrograde movement was accomplished byJanuary 7, 1942.
Meanwhile, on January 2, the Japanese had occupied Manila,
which had been declared an open city on December 24.
The American and Filipino troops had lost most of their
supplies during their withdrawal; and a Japanese blockadeprecluded the possibility of resupply or the landing of
reinforcements.
Bataan Death March
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The 60 mile "march", or forcible
transfer of 75,000 American and
Filipino prisoners of war.Minimum death toll between
6,000 and 11,000 men
physical abuse and murder, and
resulted in very high fatalities
inflicted upon prisoners
Beheading, throat-cutting, and
shooting were common causes of
death, in addition to death by
bayonet, rape, disembowelment,
rifle-butt beating, and deliberate
starvation or dehydration on the
week-long continual march in thetropical heat.
Falling down or inability to
continue moving was tantamount
to a death sentence, as was any
degree of protest.
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F i B DM
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Focus questions Bataan DM
1. When did the land invasion of the Japanese come?
2. When did the American surrender the Philippines to the
Japanese?
3. How long did the march last?
4. How did the Japanese feel about a soldier that surrendered?
5. How was Homma dealt with after the war?
6. How did Captain Dyess get out of captivity?
7. What did Japs do with the American water supply?
M A h R L
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MacArthursReturn toLeyte
Act al et r e t
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JAPANESE INTERNMENT
The War in the Pacific
J A i I t t
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Japanese-American Interment
FDR signed Executive Order 9066on February 19, 1942, which
resulted in the forcible
internment of people of
Japanese ancestry.
Under military supervision, the
U.S. Government evacuated
more than 110,000 people of
Japanese descent and placed
them into 10 wartime enclaves.
More than two thirds of those
interned under the executive
order were U.S. citizens, andnone had ever demonstrated any
disloyalty.
The 10 camps (relocation centers)were located at:
Amache, CO
Gila River, AR
Heart Mountain, WY
Jerome, AR
Manzanar, CA
Minidoka, ID
Poston, AZ
Rohwer, AR
Topaz, UT
Tula Lake, CA
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AmericanswerewaryofJapanese-Americancitizensdemocraticunderground.com
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INTERNMENTOF JAPANESE
AMERICANS
When the war began,120,000 Japanese
Americans lived in the U.S. mostly on the West Coast
After Pearl Harbor, manypeople were suspicious ofpossible spy activity byJapanese Americans
In 1942, FDR orderedJapanese Americans into 10relocation centers
Japanese Americans felt the
sting of discrimination during
WWII
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Location of
the 10Internment
camps
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Jerome camp in Arkansas
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U.S. PAYSREPARATIONSTO
JAPANESE
In the late 1980s, PresidentReagan signed into law a billthat provided $20,000 to everyJapanese American sent to arelocation camp
The checks were sent out in1990 along with a note fromPresident Bush saying, Wecan never fully right the
wrongs of the past . . . we nowrecognize that serious wrongswere done to JapaneseAmericans during WWII.
Today the U.S. is home to
more than 1,000,000 Japanese-
Americans
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ISLAND HOPPING
The War in the Pacific
American Commanders
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American Commanders
Admiral ester imitz.S. avy
e eral glas acArt r.S. Army
The DoolittleRaid
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The DoolittleRaid
April 1942 B-25 air attack on Tokyo,launched from the aircraft carrier
Hornet and led by Lt. Col. James
Doolittle, was the most daring
operation yet by the United States in
the young Pacific War.
Though conceived as a diversion thatwould also boost American morale,
the raid generated strategic benefits
that far outweighed its limited goals.
Most of the sixteen B-25s, each with a
five-man crew, attacked the Tokyo
area. Damage was modest, and noneof the planes reached the Chinese
airfields although still surviving.
Japanese were stunned and
embarrassedhttp://www.history.navy.mil
BATTLEOF THECORALSEA
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BATTLEOF THECORALSEA
The main Allied forces in the Pacific were
Americans and Australians
In May 1942 they succeeded in stopping the
Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day
Battle of the Coral Sea
"The Battle That Saved Australia."
Battle of the Coral Sea
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The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought between the Japanese
and Allied navies from May 4 through May 8, 1942 in the Coral
Sea, about 500 miles northeast of Australia
In the spring of 1942, Japanese forces planned to invade
southern New Guinea, a move designed to knock Australia
and New Zealand out of the war. The Allies, including the U.S.,
Australia, and Great Britain, gathered a large fleet to thwart
the invasion.
It was the first pure carrier-vs-carrier battle in history as
neither surface fleet sighted the other.
Though a draw, it was an important turning point in the war in
the Pacific because, for the first time, the Allies had stoppedthe Japanese advance.
Before the battle, the Japanese had enjoyed a continual string
of victories while afterwards, it suffered an almost continual
series of defeats, including at Midway, a major American
victory.
USS Lexington sunk
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USS Lexington sunk
Casualtiesof Coral Sea
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Casualtiesof Coral Sea
Three U.S. ships were sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea,
including:
U.S.S. Lexington (Aircraft Carrier)
U.S.S. Neosho (Oiler)
U.S.S. Sims (Destroyer) One ship was seriously damaged:
U.S.S. Yorktown (Aircraft Carrier)
543 confirmed KIA
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THEBATTLEOF MIDWAY
Japans next thrust wastoward Midway Island astrategic Island northwestof Hawaii
Nimitz, moved to defendthe Island
Japanese had planned tocapture Midway to use as
an advance base, as well asto entrap and destroy theU.S. Pacific Fleet.
nauticos.com
Intelligence
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Intelligence
By March 1942, the Americans had cracked the Japanese code
and knew the locations of major fleet units
While the Japanese plan expected to attack Midway island and
then wait for the American aircraft carriers to get there
the American commanders knew the Japanese plan inadvance, and decided to already be near Midway when they
arrive, and attack them earlier than they expected.
Japanese Strength at Midway
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Forward patrol - 16 submarines which advanced ahead of the main
force. Their task was to detect the American carriers as soon as
possible, and possibly attack them. Aircraft carriers - 4 large aircraft carriers commanded by Admiral
Nagumo, carrying 250 aircraft and Japan's most experienced naval
aviators. Their task was to attack Midway and then to attack the
American carriers, once they arrive.
Invasion force - 12 cargo ships carrying 5000 Japanese Marines,escorted by 2 battleships, 6 heavy cruisers, and many destroyers.
Their task was to bring the Japanese Marines to Midway and then
provide them with very heavy artillery support.
Battleships - a mighty force of 7 battleships and a light aircraft
carrier. Their task was to intercept the American carriers once they
were located, and with their mighty guns sink anything not sunk by
the Japanese aircraft.
Diversion force - 2 light aircraft carriers, 2 heavy cruisers, and 4 large
cargo ships carrying Marines. Their task was to attack and invade the
Aleutian islands near Alaska in parallel with the attack at Midway.
American Strength at Midway
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American Strength at Midway
Aircraft carriers - 3 aircraft carriers. Enterprise, Hornet, and
the quickly repaired Yorktown, escorted by some heavy
cruisers and destroyers, which were no match to the Japanese
battleships in case of a naval gun battle.
Midway Island - with 115 fighters and bombers based in it, itwas like a stationary but unsinkable aircraft carrier.
Resultsand lessonsfrom the
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battleofMidway The US lost one aircraft carrier and 147 aircraft. Japan lost its
four best aircraft carriers, with their entire crews, air crews,
and aircraft, and also one cruiser.
Midway has some lessons:
Intelligence - the American commander knew in advance whereand when to expect the Japanese attack and he prepared
accordingly.
RADAR - the critical importance of its ability to provide early
warning was demonstrated again in Midway. The importance of
technology in general was demonstrated.
The importance of air superiority, both in attack and in defense,
was also demonstrated.
Midway conclusion
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Midway conclusion
The US Navy had 3 large aircraft carriers in the Pacific, 13
more were being built, and there was no way Japan could
match the American rate of production of aircraft carriers,
aircraft, and well trained aviators.
Japan was already fighting a war it could not win, and afterthe battle of Midway it was already beginning to lose it, just 6
months after it started it in Pearl Harbor.
Despite all its remaining strength, after the battle of Midway
Japan lost its superiority and initiative in the Pacific and was
forced to defense. Since that day, the Pacific Ocean was dominated by American
aircraft carriers.
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The Battle ofMidway was a turning point in the war
soon the Allies were island hopping toward Japan
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ISLAND HOPPING (CONT.)
The War in the Pacific
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Moving supplies in theAleutians
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Moving supplies in theAleutians
http://www.history.army.mil
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TheSolomonIslandsFoxnews.com
Taking the Solomons
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Taking the Solomons
For the Americans,the urgent
requirement was to
block the Japanese
and to seize bases on
the periphery of the
Japanese dominated
areas as the first step
in pushing the
Japanese back to
their home islands.
http://www.olive-drab.com
ThePlan for the Solomons A three stage campaign was planned for Rabaul:
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1. forces of the South Pacific Area would seize base sites
on Guadalcanal in the southern Solomons.
2. South Pacific forces would advance northwest from
Guadalcanal up the island ladder of the Solomons
to Bougainville while Southwest Pacific forces would move up
the north coast ofNew Guinea as far as Lae and Salamaua.
3. the forces of the two theaters would converge on Rabaul and
clear the rest of the Bismarck Archipelago.
http://www.olive-drab.com
Guadalcanal
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Guadalcanal
The Japanese began building an airfield on the island of
Guadalcanal. From here they could launch aerial assaults on
the U.S. Navy near Australia and the mainland.
The Americans and Japanese spent 6 months fighting for
control of the airfield and the surrounding jungles.
The battles were tough, the conditions were bad. Dysentery
spread throughout the U.S. Marines. The Japanese lost
control of the island
The Navy had to abandon the Marines for weeks while
fighting the Japanese Navy north of the island. The Japanese were unable to keep up with the Marines. They
were better trained and used machine guns in addition to the
SI rifles.
Fallback
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Fallback
The Japanese effectivelyretreated to the island of
Bougainville in the
Solomons
The Marines left theAustralians to fight here.
Bougainville was never
won and outlasted the
Japanese government
The Japanese lost
thousands of men during
this time.
http://www.olive-drab.com
Tarawa -November20-23, 1943
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Tarawa November20 23, 1943
U.S. Marines of the Second Division after a bloody 76-hour
battle. Tarawa's military significance lay in its strategic position
as the entrance of the U.S. push through the central Pacific to
the Philippine Islands.
The islet was a tough Japanese fortification of pillboxes,
bunkers, and barbed wire protecting an airfield, occupied by
the main concentration of their forces, numbering 4,700
soldiers and construction workers.
The Japanese stationed here were committed to fight to death
or commit suicide. This gave the Marines had tough fight. The Marines had 3,000 casualties from this battle
The Japanese KIA numbered at least 4,500
Beach landing at Tarawa
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Beach landing at Tarawa
marinecorpstimes.com
Following the landing
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Following the landing
commons.wikimedia.org
Tarawa, SouthPacific, 1943 by
S T L ll
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Sergeant TomLovell
Marine Corps Combat Art Collection
Aftermath of Tarawa
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Aftermath of Tarawa
Was Tarawa worth it? My answer is unqualified: No. From the
very beginning the decision of the Joint Chiefs to seize Tarawa
was a mistake and from their initial mistake grew the terrible
drama of errors, errors of omission rather than commission,
resulting in these needless casualties." Thought Smith, "[We]
should have let Tarawa 'wither on the vine.' We could have
kept it neutralized from our bases on Baker Island, to the east,
and the Ellice and Phoenix Islands, a short distance to the
southeast
Marine General Holland Smith
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ISLAND HOPPING (CONT.)
The War in the Pacific
Wake Island
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Wake Island
During the initial bombingcampaigns and invasions in
December 1941, the Japanese
took control of Wake Island.
1,600 Americans were
captured. 360 Americancivilian contractors kept to
complete construction of
defenses for the Japanese.
An estimated 200 concrete
and coral pillboxes, bunkers,
bomb proofs, and command
posts were constructed with
U.S. assistance.
homeofheroes.com
Massacre at Wake Island (1943)
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( )
By late 1942, only 98 American contractors remained on the
island. The next year provided to be a boring uneventful
experience.
A U.S. carrier task force, which included the USS Yorktown (CV-
10), arrived offshore on 5 October 1943. During the following
two days the task force dropped 340 tons of bombs on the
atoll.
Anticipating a land invasion, the Japanese murdered the
prisoners to eliminate the threat they might pose during the
coming invasion. 97 men were initially machine gunned inexecution form.
1 man managed to escape and hid for weeks, he was
recaptured and beheaded by the commanders Katana sword.
Aftermath of the Massacre
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The Japanese surrendered the island late in 1945
The Japanese officers who participated in the massacre stood trial for war
crimes.
Sakaibara, the Japanese commander hanged for his part.
maritimequest.com
MarianaandPalau Islands
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The Marianas were capturedfrom the Americans in
December of 1941. The main
American strong hold before
this was Guam. By taking
back the Marianas, the
Americans could launch their
own aerial attacks on the
Japanese mainland.
Air bases in the Marianas
were essential in order to
accommodate the new B-29
Superfortress, a had a flying
range equal to the distance
from Saipan, Tinian
and Guam to Japan and
return.
Seven American battleships
and 11 destroyers shelled
Saipan and Tinian for 2 days
before the landings
Marianas
Saipan
Guam
Tinian Palau Islands
Peleliu
Angaur
Saipan
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p A civilian-inhabited island
An armada of 535 ships carrying 127,570 U. S. military
personnel of which 2/3 were Marines of the 2nd and 4th
Divisions converged on Saipan
Shells rained down on the island, its villages, inhabitants and
defenders gouging huge craters in the sand and coral, splitting
buildings apart in an instant raining flaming boards and debris
into heaps of rubble.
When the fighting ended, American losses on Saipan were
double those suffered on Guadalcanal.
Of the 71,034 U. S. troops landed on Saipan, 3,100 were killed,13,100 wounded or missing in action. Of the 31,629 Japanese
on Saipan approximately 29,500 Japanese died as a result of
the fighting. Only 2,100 Japanese prisoners survived.
The ratio of battle dead was 9:1 during the 24 days of fighting
Fightordie
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g
One of the most lamentable events of the battle for Saipaninvolved the suicide of hundreds of families, many of whom
jumped to their deaths from the high cliffs at the island's most
northern point. This tragic event continued despite efforts by
Americans and Saipanese using loudspeakers to try to
convince many Japanese that surrender would be shameless
and harmless.
http://www.cnmi-guide.com
Guam Strength
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American - 36,000
Japanese - 22,000
A similar fight to Tarawa. Except on Guam the Navy was
committed to heavy bombardment.
Casualties and losses
American 1,747 killed, 6,053 wounded
Japanese 18,040+ killed,485 POWs
A few Japanese soldiers held out in the jungle. On December
8, 1945, three U.S. Marines were ambushed and killed.
After the battle, Guam was turned into a base for Allied
operations. Five large airfields were built and B-29 bombers
flew from the island to attack targets in the Western Pacific
and on mainland Japan
On January 24, 1972, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi was discovered
by hunters. He had lived alone in a cave for 27 years.
Tinian
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Naval and aerial bombardments
supported Marine landings whichmade American losses low
Tinian, once a calm, obscure,
little-known island within
the Marianas chain, has the
somber distinction of beingforever linked to the destruction
of Hiroshima and the death of
80,000 people in the flash of an
instant.
Both Atomic bomb missions took
off from Tinian airfield
US Japanese
30,000 Marines 4,700 Soldiers
4,110 Marines
8,810 total
Casualties and losses
328 killed
1,571 wounded
8,010 killed
313 captured
B-29s at TinianAirfield
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http://www.cnmi-guide.com
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http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com
Peleliu
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Strength
US Japanese
1st Marine Division: 17,490
81st Infantry Division:
10,994
14th Infantry Division:
Approximately 11,000 men
Casualties and losses1st Marine Division:
1,252 killed, 5,274
wounded
81st Infantry Division:
542 killed, 2,736 wounded
Total: 1,794 killed, 8,010
wounded
10,695 killed,
202 captured
The American assault onPeleliu, in the Palau Islands,
had the highest casualty rate
of any amphibious invasion in
terms of men and material in
the entire war in the Pacific.
Peleliu was viewed as a
potential threat to General
Douglas MacArthur's invasion
of the Philippines; its airfield
would enable Japanese
planes to strike at Americanlanding and support ships and
menace troops once on the
ground in the Philippines.
PeleliuAftermath
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Peleliu offered littlestrategic gain for the
Americans
It gave experience which
would help Marines onOkinawa and Iwo Jima
MG Rupertus was
overconfident and
expected too much from
his men, and refused
ready assistance when
offered
ibiblio.org
Pillbox
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visit-palau.com
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BATTLEOF THEPHILIPPINESPT 2
The War in the Pacific
Second Battle of the Philippines
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Battle of Philippines Sea
June 19th 20th 1944
Naval Battle
Battle of Leyte Gulf
October 23rd 25th 1944
Largest Naval Battle of WWII
Battle of Leyte
October 20th Dec. 31, 1944
Ground invasion of
Philippines under MacArthur
Battle of Luzon
January 9 August 15, 1945
Ground invasion of Luzon
ThePhilippines Campaign They therefore drew up a
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desperate plan which risked their
remaining surface forces, butoffered them a remote chance of
destroying the American invasion
fleet and isolating the Allied
ground forces on Leyte.
Like many previous Japanese
operational plans it depended on
the use of a decoy force.
As related above, the Japanese
carriers were now all but impotent
for lack of trained aircrew, and
were therefore the ships selectedto play the most important decoy
role.
Around 300,000 Japanese troops
were stationed around the
Philippines islands.
Battle of the Philippines Sea
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Largest aircraft battle in history.
The Japanese air force was near obsolescence since most
experienced pilots were shot down at Midway and
Guadalcanal.
The Americans had new aircraft (F6F Hellcat) and bettertrained airmen and radar than the Japanese air force.
American pilots completed 600 hours air training while new
Japanese pilots only had 50 hours
Marianas Turkey Shoot - In the early hours of the engagement
on June 19 429 Japanese planes were shotdownAmericans lost 29.
The Japanese Navy came to the defend the Philippines. Their
carriers brought 450 aircraft on carriers and 300 more land-
based were ready. The Americans had around 1,000 aircraft.
Day two in the Philippines Sea
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A group of submarines sighted and torpedoed two of theJapanese carriers Shkaku and Taih .
The two carriers took appx. 3,000 Japanese sailors to the seabed
In these two days the Japanese lost 633 aircraft, the
Americans lost 123. The Japanese few aircraft left.
One last aerial assault would be launched to go after the
escaping Japanese fleet.
The losses to the Japanese were irreplaceable. 35 planes
were in condition to fly from the naval arm.
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Japanese
resort to
Kamikazemissions.
http://www.century-of-flight.net
Battle ofLeyte Gulf
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Largest naval battle in WWIIwhich included the first
kamikaze attacks.
The US has more ships than
the Japanese had aircraft.
The Japanese command
knew that if the Philippines
were lost then the war wasalso lost.
Strength
USA Japanese
8 fleet carriers
8 light carriers
18 escort carriers
12 battleships24 cruisers
141 destroyers an
d destroyer
escorts
Many PT boats,
submarines, andfleet auxiliaries
About
1,500 planes
1 fleet carrier
3 light carriers
9 battleships
14 heavy cruisers6 light cruisers
35+ destroyers
300+ planes
(including land-
based aircraft)
Ship losses during Leyte Gulf
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NavyLarge
carriers
Small
Carriers Battleships Cruisers DestroyersDestroyer
Escorts
US - 3 - - 2 1
Japanese 1 3 3 10 11 -
The light carrierUSS Princeton burnin
g soon after being hit
by a Japanese bomb
while operating off
the Philippines on 24October 1944.
Official US Navy
photograph
Battle ofLeyte
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The ground invasion of the Philippines. 200,000 U.S. troops
land on the Philippine islands. 3,000 Filipino guerillas are also
ready to fight.
Gen. MacArthur made a dramatic entrance through the surf
and announce to the populace the beginning of their
liberation:"P
eople of theP
hilippines, I have returned! By thegrace of Almighty God, our forces stand again on Philippine
soil."
In a series of battles between October 17 December 31
1944, the Japanese lost almost 50,000 troopsor four whole
divisions The Americans also lost 3,500 men and 12,000 wounded.
The Japanese are now on the defensive on the main island of
Luzon.
I have returned
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enc c.or
Navymoves toLuzon
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http://en.wikipedia.org
Battle
for
MacArthur had the task of clearing the main island of
the Philippines of 250,000 Japanese forces while limiting
the risk to Filipino civilians who have waited for his
return for 2 years
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for
Luzon9 January
1945 15
August
1945
return for 2 years.
The Americans fought with Filipino resistance forces andthe Mexican air force (300 men)
The Japanese wished to stage a fierce fight to defeat the
Americans before they could reach mainland Japan
The invasion force began in the north and moved south
towards Manila, the capital of the Philippines. The Japanese were ordered to destroy infrastructure
military in Manila and fight a hand to hand street fight.
By February 4, 1945, the Americans had recaptured
Manila and freed the Filipinos of Japanese control.
Battles continues throughout the island in the following
weeks but all ended in Japanese defeat
ManilaMassacre During lulls in the battle for
control of the city, Japanese
troops took out their anger and
frustration on the civilians caught
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frustration on the civilians caught
in the crossfire.
Japanese troops looted and
burned, and brutally executed,
decapitated and abused women,
men and children alike, including
priests, Red Cross personnel,
prisoners of war and hospitalpatients.
The Japanese killed 10% of the
population of Manila or 100,000
people. It was one of several
major war crimes committed bythe Imperial Japanese Army.
http://en.wikipedia.org
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THEKAMIKAZE
THEDIVINEWIND
The War in the Pacific
Historicalbackground
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In the year 1281, Japan was underattack by a Mongol invasion led by the
powerful Kublai Khan.
However, just as it appeared that the
invading Mongols were about to
overwhelm the Japanese, a catastrophic
typhoon swept through the land,
eliminating the entire Mongol army.
From that point on, the typhoon that
saved Japan became known as the
Kamikaze or Divine Wind.
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KAMIKAZE PILOTS
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KAMIKAZEPILOTS
ATTACKALLIES The Americans continued
leapfrogging across the
Pacific toward Japan Japanese countered by
employing a new tactic suicide missions, theKamikaze (divine wind)
attacks Pilots in small bomb-laden
planes would crash intoAllied ships
In the Battle for the Philippines, 424
Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and
damaged 80 more
Background
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After the defeat at the Battle of Midway, and the fall of Saipanin July 1944, the Japanese revived the name Kamikaze and
ascribed it to the suicide missions of their air force.
Japanese Vice Admiral Takashiro Ohnishi, commander of the
First Air Fleet in the Philippines, had noted that the most
effective way to inflict damage upon Allied warships was to
crash planes into them.
He noted that one accidental crash could do more damage
than 10 planes firing machine guns.
It was decided then that pilots would purposely crash theirplanes with half a ton of explosives into American
warships.
ThePilots
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Generally, Kamikaze pilots were university students motivated
by obligation, and loyalty to family and country. A typical pilotwas a science student in his twenties. He prepared for his fiery
destiny by writing farewell letters and poems to loved ones,
receiving a "thousand-stitch sash*," and by holding a
ceremony a drink of water that gave him a "spiritual lifting"
before wedging himself between 550-pound bombs.
It was adamantly believed that, because they were fighting for
their Emperor God, the Kamikaze would bring them
deliverance at the darkest hour, just as it had in the 13th
century. In fact, the call for Kamikaze pilots drew a staggering
response. Three times as many applied for suicide flights as
the number of planes available. Experienced pilots were
turned down. They were needed to train the younger men
how to fly to their deaths.
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Kamikaze Oath
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The fact that they were to go on suicide missions wasaccepted without question by the Japanese pilots. All
inductees into the Japanese armed forces were indoctrinated
with the following five-point oath:
A soldier must make loyalty his obligation.
A soldier must make propriety his way of life.
A soldier must highly esteem military valor.
A soldier must have a high regard for righteousness.
A soldier must live a simple life.
KamikazeAircraft
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Nicknamed the "Zero," the Mitsubishi A6M2 was the Kamikazepilot's personal "flying coffin." It had a maximum speed of 332
mph and a range of 1,930 miles.
The aircraft was armed with two machine guns and could
carry 264 pounds of bombs; however, the Japanese modified
its structure to accommodate a heavier arsenal.
The Zero was the main strike aircraft used at Pearl Harbor
dominating the skies during the early stages of World War II.
A large number were shot down during the Battle of Midway,
and it eventually became outperformed by the latest alliedaircraft, such as the P-51 Mustang.
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The FirstAttacks
Beginning with the Pearl Harbor Attack Japanese suicide
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Beginning with the Pearl Harbor Attack, Japanese suicide
bombers sporadically crashed their planes into the enemy as aspur-of-the-moment decision.
On October 21, 1944, the flagship of the Royal Australian
Navy, the heavy cruiser HMASAustralia, was hit by a Japanese
plane carrying a 441-pound bomb, off Leyte Island. Although
the bomb did not explode, the damage was devastating killing at least 30 crew members
On October 25, theAustralia was hit again and was forced to
retire to the New Hebrides for repairs.
That same day, five Zeros attacked a U.S. escort carrier, the
USS St. Lo off the Philippines coast, although only one
Kamikaze actually hit the ship. Its bomb caused massive fires
that resulted in the ship's bomb magazine exploding, sinking
the carrier. Japanese pilots also hit and damaged several other
Allied ships.
Expansionof Kamikazes
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The initial successes ofthose attacks sparked an
immediate expansion of
the program. During the
next few months, more
than 2,000 planes staged
such attacks.
The Japanese began
exploring other
technologies usingsuicide missions
human mines, suicide
boats, submarines, and
the kaiten
Shinyo suicideboat
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Dropped
depth
charges,
usually
killing thesailor
Ohka rocket propelled,
human guided bomb
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g
Kaiten
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The Kaiten were a mandriven torpedo. Usually
torpedoes are guided by a
pneumatic system. These
were replaced with
electronic controls allowing
a pilot to drive a torpedo
directly into enemy ships.
American losses due to the
kaiten were much lowerthan from kamikazes. 187
Americans died as a result of
these attacks
www2s.biglobe.ne.jp
http://www.history.navy.mil
Battle usage of the kamikazeH f k ik
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Heavy use of kamikazes were seen
in the Philippines Campaign, IwoJima and Okinawa
By the time the marines unfurled
the U.S. flag on Iwo Jima's summit,
Kamikaze attacks had sunk the
escort flattop Bismarck Sea CVE-95, knocked the USS Saratoga CV
3 out of the war for good, and
temporarily halted the Enterprise
all while regularly harassing
amphibious forces at the
beachhead.
Thousands were set aside for
attacks if a mainland invasion
occurred
k r Hill, ft r k ik z its
38 i t is s i
ict r s ist r . l s t.c
Aftermath of the kamikaze
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From October 25, 1944, toJanuary 25, 1945, Kamikazes
managed to sink two escort
carriers and three destroyers.
They also damaged 23 carriers,
five battleships, nine cruisers, 23
destroyers and 27 other ships.
American casualties were at least
5,000 killed and another 1,300
wounded as the result of
kamikaze attacks.
It was key in Trumans decision to
drop the atomic bombs. On the eve of the Japanese
surrender, Takijiro Onishi ended
his own life, leaving a note of
apology to his dead pilots
their sacrifice had been in vain.
http://en.wikipedia.org
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ENDGAME.
IWO JIMAAND OKINAWA
The War in the Pacific
ATOMIC PREPARATIONS
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December 17, 1944 -The U.S. Army Air
Force begins
preparations for
dropping the AtomicBomb by establishing
the 509th Composite
Group to operate the
B-29s that will deliverthe bomb.
http://en.wikipedia.org
IWO JIMA General MacArthurand the Allies next
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IWO JIMAand the Allies nextturned to the Islandof Iwo Jima
The island wascritical to the Alliesas a base for anattack on Japan
It was called themost heavilydefended spot onearth
Allied and Japanese
forces sufferedheavy casualties
American soldiers plant the flag on
the Island of Iwo Jima after their
victory
JAPANESESTRATEGY
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General Kuribayashi, the JapaneseCommander of Iwo Jima
The Japanese strategy was unique for
three reasons:
1. The Japanese underground - they dug
1,500 rooms into the rock. These were
connected with 16 miles of tunnels.
2. No Japanese survivors." They planned not
to survive.
3. Each Japanese soldier should kill 10
Americans before they themselves are
killed.http://www.iwojima.com/battle/battlea.htm
KURIBAYASHI In Tokyo months before the invasion General Kuribayashi had
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In Tokyo months before the invasion, General Kuribayashi had
been told "if America's casualties are high enough,Washington will think twice before launching an another
invasion against Japanese territory.
"You must not expect my survival," General Kuribayashi wrote
to his wife long before the invasion came.
General Kuribayashi's command center had 5 ft. thick walls, a
10 ft. thick roof. This cement capsule was under 75 ft. of solid
rock.
http://www.iwojima.com/battle
LOCATION
Since the summer of 1944, theJapanese home islands had been
reeling from strikes by the new,
long range B-29's.
The US however had no
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The US, however, had no
protective fighters with enoughrange to escort the big
superfortresses. many bombers
fell prey to Japanese fighter-
interceptor attacks.
Iwo Jima, with its three airfields,was ideally located as a fighter-
escort station. It was also an ideal
sanctuary for crippled bombers
returning from Japan.
http://en.wikipedia.org
US INVASIONPREPARATIONSA i i f d d I i
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American air forces pounded Iwo in
the longest sustained aerial
offensive of the war. "No other
island received as much preliminary
pounding as did Iwo Jima."
. . . Admiral Nimitz, CINPAC
Incredibly, this ferocious
bombardment had little effect.
Hardly any of the Japanese
underground fortresses were
touched.
Twenty-one thousand defenders of
Japanese soil, burrowed in the
volcanic rock of Iwo Jima, anxiously
awaited the American invaders.
http://www.iwojima.com/battle
US INVASIONPREPARATIONS
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The US sent moreMarines to Iwo than to
any other battle, 110,000
Marines in 880 Ships.
The convoy of 880 USShips sailed from Hawaii
to Iwo in 40 days.
It was the largest armada
invasion up to that time
in the Pacific War http://www.iwojima.com/battle
LANDINGSBEGINON IWO
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Landings begin on February 19, 1945 Shortly before 2am on Feb. 19, 1945, the Navy's big guns opened up on Iwo Jima
again, signaling the beginning of D-Day. After an hour of punishment, the fire was
lifted, leaving Iwo smoking as if the entire island were on fire.
Both Americans aboard their transports and the Japanese in their caves looked to the
skies now. One-hundred-ten bombers screamed out of the sky to drop more bombs.
After the planes left, the big guns of the Navy opened up again.
At 8:30am, the order, "Land the Landing Force," sent the first wave of Marines
towards the deadly shores. Once ashore, the Marines were bedeviled by the loose
volcanic ash. Unable to dig foxholes, they were sitting ducks for the hidden Japanese
gunners.
Heavy fire made it impossible to land men in an orderly manner. Confusion reigned
on the beaches.
The battle was unique in its setting. One hundred thousand men fighting on a tiny
island one-third the size of Manhattan. For 36 days Iwo Jima was one of the most
populated 7.5 miles on earth.
D-DAYON IWO JIMA
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http://www.iwojima.com
ALWAYS INRANGE
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Mt. Suribachi, the 550-foot volcanic cone at the islands southern tip,
dominates both possible landing beaches. From here, Japanese
gunners zeroed in on every inch of the landing beach.
Every Marine, everywhere on the island was always in range of
Japanese guns.
http://www.iwojima.com/battle
There are six Flag
Raisers on the photo.
Four in the front line
d t i b k
FEBRUARY 23
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and two in back.
The front four are (left
to right) Ira Hayes,
Franklin Sousley, John
Bradley and Harlon
Block.
The back two are
Michael Strank
(behind Sousley) and
Rene Gagnon (behind
Bradley).
Strank, Block and
Sousley would die
shortly afterwards.
Bradley, Hayes and
Gagnon became
national heroes within
weeks.http://www.iwojima.com/battle
REALITYOF IWO There were no front lines The Marines were above ground and the
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There were no front lines. The Marines were above ground and the
Japanese were below them underground. The Marines rarely saw an aliveJapanese soldier. The Japanese could see the Marines perfectly.
Historians described U.S. forces' attack against the Japanese defense as
"throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete."
The battle was won by the inch-by-inch tenacity of the foot soldier.
Liquid gas, napalm and hand grenades were more useful against theunderground Japanese.
http://www.iwojima.com/battle
BATTLEEND MARCH 23
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http://www.iwojima.com/battle
OUTCOMEOF IWO JIMA
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Casualties and losses
AMERICAN JAPANESE
6,822 killed/missing
19,217 wounded
17,84518,375 killed/missing
216 captured
BATTLEOF OKINAWA
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http://nisei.hawaii.edu
OKINAWAOVERVIEW
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[The following is excerpted from Ted Tsukiyama's The Battle ofOkinawa manuscript.]
The Battle of Okinawa has been called the largest sea-land-air
battle in history. It is also the last battle of the Pacific War.
Three months of desperate combat leave Okinawa a "vast field
of mud, lead, decay, and maggots."
More than 100,000 Okinawan civilians perish, with over
72,000 American and 100,000 Japanese casualties.
Battle of Okinawa
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April 1, 1945 June 22, 1945 Fought on the Ryukyu Islands
340 miles from mainland Japan
Strategic Importance:
A base for air operations on theplanned invasion of the Japanese
mainland
Alllies include
USA
UK Canada
Australia
New Zealand
TROOP COMPARISON
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Strength
Allied Japanese
183,000 117,000
TROOP COMPARISON
Allied Japanese
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1st and 6th Marines
2nd Marines (Reserved)
Tenth Army
32nd Army = 67,500
ImperialNavy = 9,000
Okinawans = 39,000
Middle school boys = 1,500Others = appx
Total = 183,000 Total = 117,000
KAMIKAZEATTACKSCONTINUE
The U S Navy carrier based planes
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The U.S. Navy carrier-based planes
controlled the skies
The Japanese continued to use
kamikaze attacks since the Battle for
the Philippines.
During the two-month intensefighting on Okinawa, seven major
kamikaze attacks were attempted ,
involving more than 1,500 planes.
The U.S. Navy sustained greater
casualties in this operation than inany other battle of the war. ic i it k ik z
ict r s ist r . l s t.c
BRITISH COMMONWEALTH
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The Allied landing force was completely made up of U.S. units. The British Pacific Fleet provided ships and aircraft to the fight
at Okinawa
British
Canadian
New Zealand
Australians
British Commonwealth Mission: neutralize airfields in the
nearby islands and provide air cover against kamikaze attacks
The British Fleet used armored flight decks on their aircraft
carriers, so they experienced less destruction of ships.
Pre-InvasionofOkinawa
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The April 1st invasion was preceded by 7 days of "softeningup" artillery fire of 13,000 rounds by U.S. Navy guns and 3,095
sorties by carrier planes from Task Force 58 at the proposed
landing sites at Hagushi and Chatan beaches.
The bombardment did little to weaken the defense of the
Japanese. Their defenses were not in the area of the shelling.
http://nisei.hawaii.edu
JAPANESESTRATEGYAT
OKINAWA
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Col. Yahara summarized the strategy:"Japan was frantically preparing for a final decisive battle on the
home islands, leaving Okinawa to face a totally hopeless situation.
From the beginning I had insisted that our proper strategy was to
hold the enemy as long as possible, drain off his troops and
supplies, and thus contribute our utmost to the final decisive battlefor Japan proper." (Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 49)
Translated into real terms, this dark outlook was to render the
entire Japanese forces, the total land and resources of
Okinawa and all of its residents, to become totally expendable
in Japan's defense of Okinawa.
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JAPANESE
INTHE
OKINAWANVILLAGES
htt ://nisei.hawaii.edu
LANDBATTLE
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81 day campaign First Americans land on March 26, 1945.
Main landing of Marines on Okinawa occurs on April 1, 1945.
(It was April Fools Day, Easter Sunday, and sarcastically called
L-Day/Love Day)
Okinawan civilians were used as human shields to protect the
Japanese. They were sent out to gather supplies for Japanese
troops.
The American units landed almost unopposed. They took the
interior of the island and split the Japanese forces from eachother. Also captured were two airfields.
LANDBATTLE CONTINUES After U.S. forces cut the island of Okinawa in two, the main invasion
forces, principally the XXIV Corps, were ordered to turn and drive
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forces, principally the XXIV Corps, were ordered to turn and drive
southward toward Shuri as the main objective, while the Japanese
enemy ordered their troops to hold ground at any cost. The Japanese
had long prepared "the Shuri Line" as its main line of defense and
were ready:
"The main zone of defense was planned as a series of concentric
positions adapted to the contours of the area. Caves, emplacements,
blockhouses, and pillboxes were built into the hills and escarpments,
connected by elaborate underground tunnels and skillfully
camouflaged; many of the burial tombs were fortified. (Okinawa: The
Last Battle, p. 95)
The defenses were similar to that of Iwo Jima, except no volcano.
COMBAT CONDITIONS "For the next two weeks the war
settled down to the most bitter,
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ruthless kind of hand-to-handfighting, as GIs and marines
desperately tried to claw their way
up heavily defended rocky
escarpments. The advancing
troops were exposed not merelyto constant mortar, machine gun,
and rifle fire, but they took a
pounding from General Wada's
artillery. It was the worst fighting
of the Pacific war, its sustainedintensity surpassing even the
brutal combat of Tarawa, Peleliu,
and Iwo Jima." (Yahara, The Battle
for Okinawa, p.33-34)
http://nisei.hawaii.edu
AMERICANS CATCHABREAK
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The XXIV Corps found a map on a dead Japanese artillery officer The Japanese map was overlayed on to U.S. artillery maps and
distributed to all American attacking forces. The theretofore
hidden Japanese gun emplacements were no longer a mystery,
and were subsequently neutralized and destroyed by
pinpointed American artillery, mortar and napalm fire
BACKINTHESEA That night remnants of the
Japanese fleet including the
mighty battleship "Yamato"
steamed out of Kyushu to
meet the American flotilla
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off Okinawa
The Navy directing bombing
and torpedo attacks against
the enemy fleet, sinking the
pride of the Japanese Navy
the "Yamato," cruiser
"Yahagi" and three
destroyers
The US Navy destroyed the
last remnants of the
Japanese Navy for good off
Okinawa.
http://nisei.hawaii.edu
JAPANESE COUNTER-OFFENSIVES
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