US History, March 19 • Entry Task: On your white board -

number from 1-6. • DEFINE: DISLOYAL • Announcements:

– Review: WHY did America join the war??? In partners, explain the # that matches your table # (next slide)

– We are answering questions 7, 8, and will answer 2nd cartoon tomorrow (some background info for it will be today)

– Quiz coming up – next week! – Copies of notes/presentations – on table

Review: Why did America join the Allies in WWI?

1 – US was supplying war materials to the Allies – not a “neutral” move

2 – American public opinion turned against Germany 3 – Sinking of the Lusitania (British liner), declaration of

unrestricted submarine warfare, & sinking of 7 American merchant ships

4 – Zimmerman Telegram 5 – Economic interests & debt (Allies owed $2 billion;

Central Powers owed $27 million) 6 - American military wanted a chance to fight the

“Huns” and Britain’s attempt to sway the US to war

· In 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, killing approximately 1,200 people, including 128 Americans.

The 1st U.S. troops arrived via convoy in June 1917 but did not see action until early 1918

April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war to “make the world safe for democracy”

1. Are you disloyal if you tell someone NOT to enlist in the US military during wartime?

Answer: Yes or No. • Charles Schenck, member of the Socialist Party,

sentenced to 15 years for publishing pamphlets urging citizens to refuse to participate in the draft. He called the draft slavery, among other things.

• Schenck vs. US – upheld by the Supreme Court • Another example: Rev. Clarence Waldron, arrested and

convicted for telling a bible study class the "Christians could take no part in the war." 15 year term.

• Burning draft cards – US vs. O’Brien (1968) during Vietnam

2. During WWI, could 1st or 2nd generation German immigrants

buy a gun? Why/why not?

• Nope. Firearms, aircraft, and wireless apparatus were all restricted. They could not leave the country without permission.

3. Are you disloyal if you are a labor union leader who

encourages workers to go on strike during wartime? Answer: Yes or no.

• National War Labor Board settled labor disputes during WWI - many unions agree to go without raises during war

• During 1920s – Supreme Court outlawed picketing, overturned child labor laws, and abolished minimum wage laws for women

4. If someone does not believe in war or violence (conscientious

objectors), are they exempt from the draft? Does this make them

disloyal? Answer: Yes or No.

• 2,000 absolute CO’s were interned in military camps – Fort Lewis or Alcatraz

• Left – John T. Neufeld – sentenced to 15 years hard labor (served 5 mo)

5. Is a movie producer disloyal if he makes a movie about the American

Revolution, where we fought against the British, but in WWI,

they were our ally? Answer: Yes or No.

• U.S. v. Spirit of ’76 - The producer was fined $10,000 and given a 10-year prison sentence (later commuted to three years).

6. Are you disloyal if you (by word or act) advocate success

for the enemy of the US? - In other words, can you say, “I

hope the US loses the war”? • Pro-German newspapers,

such as “The Fatherland” changed title to “American Weekly” (publisher was run out by a lynch mob)

7. As an immigrant, are you disloyal to voice unpopular

political beliefs? Can you be deported without a hearing or

appeal? • By the end of the war, 687 aliens had been arrested

and 60 deported pursuant to the Espionage and Sedition Acts

• Biggest concern – German-Americans and Irish-Americans

8. Can the President ensure that all Federal employees pass

a “loyalty test”? • Frequent dismissals and 900 rejected from

the Civil Service Commission at Wilson’s Administration’s request.

congress actions

General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks.

2 million in France by Sept. 1918

Mobilization • Wilson named John Pershing to head the

American Expeditionary Force (AEF), but despite Wilson’s preparedness campaign, the U.S. was not prepared for full scale war

• Many wanted a volunteer army, but Wilson pressed Congress to pass a Selective Service Act (24 million registered & 2.8 million were drafted to fight in Europe. A total of 1.4 million Americans saw combat) – First, ages 21-30, then 18-45

WWI Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914-1917

When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, the Allies were on the brink of defeat

U-boats effectively

limited Allied

supplies The Russian armistice in 1917 allowed Germany to move its full army to the western front

Mutinies were common in the French army & the British lost at Flanders, Belgium

• To win over there, the U.S. had to effectively mobilize over here – Wilson consolidated federal authority to

organize U.S. war production & distribution – Wilson began a massive propaganda campaign

aimed at winning over the American public to support the war effort

A Bureaucratic War • To coordinate the war effort, 5,000 new

gov’t agencies were created: – War Industries Board (WIB) oversaw all

factories, determined priorities, fixed consumer prices

– Food Administration supplied food to soldiers by appealing to civilians

– Fuel Admin rationed coal & oil – RR Admin, War Shipping Board, & War Trade

Board helped move resources to troops

Imposed “gasless” days & shut down factories for days to divert or conserve fuel

Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed “meatless” & “wheat-less” days & encouraged

Americans to plant “victory gardens”

WIB director Bernard Baruch became the “dictator of the American economy”

• The partnership between business and the gov’t – increased business profits by 300%

• Industrial production went up by 20%

War Industries Board

Results of This New Organization of the Economy

Is it a move towards socialism? 1. Unemployment virtually disappeared. 2. Expansion of “big government.” 3. Excessive govt. regulations in economy 4. Close cooperation between public

and private sectors. 5. Unprecedented opportunities for

disadvantaged groups.

Homefront Propaganda • Wilson formed the Committee on Public

Information (CPI) & hired muckraker George Creel to publicize the U.S. war effort: – Voluntary censorship in press – 75,000 “4-minute men” gave speeches (facts

or emotions?) – Average American heard 3 speeches in just 19 months

– Propaganda motion picture films • Led to sweeping anti-German sentiment &

some vigilantism

“Why We Are Fighting” & “The Meaning of America”

The Prussian Cur & The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin

Sauerkraut was renamed “Liberty Cabbage” & pretzels were no longer served in bars

Bach, Beethoven, & Brahms were not played in symphonies

“The Flag of Liberty represents us all”

“Emotional” Wartime Propaganda

Pillaging & Kidnapping

Emotional Appeals

Demonization, name calling

(Huns)

U. S. Food Administration

Sacrifices like the victory garden helped food exports to TRIPLE. Director:

Herbert Hoover

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Peach pit drive – Boston – used for gas masks

congress actions

Financing the war:

•Sale of war bonds.

•Liberty and victory loans

raised $21 billion.

•Raised income taxes

A Bureaucratic War • WWI was expensive, costing the U.S. $32

billion, but was paid for by – Liberty Bonds (raised $23 billion) – A boost in personal & corporate income taxes (led

to $10 billion) • The partnership between business & the gov’t

met the war demand & increased business profits 300%

An unprecedented alliance

A $50 bond will buy: • 14 rifle grenades. • 160 first-aid packages to dress wounds. • Truck knives for an entire rifle company. A $100 bond will: • Clothe a soldier. • Buy 5 rifles. • Feed a soldier for 8 months. A $1,000 bond will buy: • An X-ray apparatus outfit. • Pistols for an entire company.

How Your Liberty Bond Will Fight

$5,000 worth of bonds will buy: • 1 Liberty truck. • 7 Lewis machine guns. $50,000 worth of bonds will: • Maintain a submarine for over a year. • Construct a base hospital with 500 beds. $100,000 Will buy 5 fighting airplanes. $1,000,000 worth of bonds will maintain a battleship for a year. $1,800,000 worth of bonds will build one destroyer. $28,000,000 worth of bonds will build one new battleship complete.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Liberty Loan Rally – Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin

National Security vs. Civil Liberties

forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.

fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

Espionage Act – 1917

It was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…

Sedition Act – 1918

There was great concern with the loyalty of German- and Irish-Americans, the so called “hyphenateds.” There were so many foreign-born Americans at this time (1/3 of US population, the highest ever) that a European War could cause a civil war in the US.

US History, March 20 • Entry Task: Please take out your papers

from yesterday – primary sources and study guide.

• Announcements: – We are answering question 7 and MAYBE 2nd

cartoon (depending on time) – Time to regroup – 5-10 minutes – Quiz coming up – next week! – Copies of notes/presentations – on table

PRIMARY SOURCE Reading

• Take a minute to figure out who will be: – Speaker/presenter - #1, 4, 5, 6 – Leader/facilitator – keep an eye on the time,

too – Recorder (everyone should take brief notes) – Reader – Researcher – Summarizer/Editor

“Get the Rope!” and “Nobody Would Eat Kraut!”

• “Get the Rope!” - John Deml (Wisconsin) • “Nobody Would Eat Kraut!” – Lola Gamble

Clyde (Idaho)

“Get the Rope!” and “Nobody Would Eat Kraut!”

• According to records from the National Civil Liberties Bureau, there were 164 incidents of mob violence against political dissidents from April 1917 to April 1919.

• Attorney General Gregory encouraged Americans ―to report their suspicions [of disloyalty] directly to the Department of Justice – patriotic groups formed, like the American Protective League.

Find image of vigilantism IWW anti-war critic

Frank Little was dragged through the

streets, Robert Prager was forced to kiss a US flag, sing patriotic songs, and

was still lynched

Anti-German Vigilantism

"It's all right, pal; just tell

them he was a traitor"

Schenck’s Circular, 1917 • Charles Schenck – Secretary of the

Socialist Party of America • Schenck appealed his case to the

Supreme Court • “Clear and Present Danger” – set a limit to

1st Amendment rights • Result: Schenck sentenced to 10 years in

prison; serves 6 months

Excerpt from Eugene V. Debs, 1918 • Debs ran for president in 1900 as a Social

Democrat and in 1904, 1908 and 1912 (6% of popular vote) on the Socialist Party of America ticket.

Result: Debs is sentenced to 10 years in prison

Debs runs for President in 1920 from jail! President Warren G. Harding commutes his sentence in 1921

The Red Scare

“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out”

Philadelphia Inquirer

Photo of Suffragist • Silent Sentinals –

Alice Paul – more than 1,000 women picketed day and night for 2.5 years!

• Women suffered violence and jail time for their efforts!

league cartoon1

league cartoon1

8 million women found new, better-paying jobs in war industry

Women Helped Recruit & Sell War Bonds

Women Joined the Red Cross

“To the Colored Soldiers of the US Army.”

• 370,000 African Americans served in WWI: segregated – 200,000 sent to Europe – African Americans: 10%

population, 13% draftees – Limitations: Marines, Navy,

Coast Guard • Why did the Germans drop

this leaflet for African American soldiers?

The True Sons of Freedom

Returning black soldiers: “I’m glad I went. I done my

part & I’m going to fight right here until Uncle Sam

does his.”

Du Bois’ New Negro: “We return. We return

from fighting. We return fighting.”

The African American “Migration” Northward, 1910-1920

“Rescuing a Negro during the race riots in Chicago, 1919”

War Bond Poster • How does a poster like

this shape the attitudes of people?

• Did ads appeal more to the heart or the mind?

• Target audience of this campaign? - 1/3 pop.

• Do you agree that the wartime propaganda could be called a manipulation of collective attitudes?

US History, March 23 • Entry Task: Read over your textbook – p.

590-591 (bottom section). Also, please take out your study guide.

• Announcements: – Quiz coming up – Thursday! – Study guide – cross off #14 and PLEASE

ADD: What was Big Stick Diplomacy, Dollar Diplomacy, and Moral Diplomacy?

– Copies of notes/presentations – on table

• flamethrower – spread fire by launching burning fuel

MISCELLANEOUS WEAPONS

• grenade – detonate two different ways: impact or timed-

fuse

• bayonet – had more of a psychological use

• mortar – could be fired from inside a trench

Artillery

• Played a prominent role in trench warfare

• “Big Bertha” effective range: 8 miles (but could shell 74 miles away)

TIMELINE RACE

• Find a partner (you can work by yourself if you prefer)

• Use your book (page #s are on the word bank) and/or your knowledge

WWI Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914-1917

When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, the Allies were on the brink of defeat

U-boats effectively

limited Allied

supplies The Russian armistice in 1917 allowed Germany to move its full army to the western front

Mutinies were common in the French army & the British lost at Flanders, Belgium

The U.S. on the Western Front, 1918 * Objective:

cut off German RR lines

feeding the western front

* Meuse-Argonne

offensive – largest battle in American history (up to that point) – 47 days, 1.2 million US

troops

•German offensive in the summer of 1918

to capture Paris, France and win the

war.

•With the help of the U.S., the French and British were able to

stop the German advance.

•Germans surrender and sign an armistice

on Nov. 11, 1918 to end the war.

Alvin C. York • Pacifist, semi-literate

soldier from Pall Mall, TN • Most celebrated hero of the war - October 1918 (Meuse-

Argonne) – shot 17 gunners (sniping) and eventually captured 132 German prisoners

Eddie Rickenbacker • America’s top-scoring

fighter pilot, with 26 victories (including 4 observation balloons)

• Had been one of the world’s top racing car drivers

• Parachutes not issued to American pilots until 1919; life expectancy was only several weeks, or 40-60 flying hours

• The “Great War” was a total war but the U.S. effort paled in comparison to other Allied forces: – The U.S. reluctantly entered WWI after 3

years of neutrality & played a supportive (not a central) military role in the war

– But, WWI had a huge impact on the American economic, political, & cultural homefront

Homefront: The Red Scare • Make a list at your table - why do you

think people are so afraid of Communism/ Socialism?

• A “red scare” hit America as a result of the Russian Revolution – Americans feared Lenin’s anti-capitalist

revolution & were angry over Russia’s pullout on the Eastern Front

– Wilson sent troops to the USSR, refused to recognize the new gov’t, & did not allow Russia to attend the post-war conference

- After a series of bombings by anarchists were carried out in April and June 1919, Mitchell Palmer used his connections with officials in the Labor Department and Bureau of Immigration to establish probable cause on those affiliated with any labor, socialist, anarchist, or Russian immigrant groups. - The main purpose of the raids was to purge the United States of anarchists and radical socialists.

The Red Scare

“What a year has brought forth”

NY World

The Red Scare

“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out”

Philadelphia Inquirer

approximately 10,000 people were arrested, of which 3,500 were held in detention. Of those held in detention, 556 resident aliens were eventually deported

• What is the meaning of this cartoon?