U.S. History I: to 1877U.S. History I: to 1877

Chapter 1: Chapter 1:

When Old Worlds When Old Worlds Collide:Collide:

Contact, Conquest, Contact, Conquest, CatastropheCatastrophe

21 slides online2 non-note images only

• I. Peoples in Motion– a) From Beringia to the Americas

– b) Extinction and Rise of Agriculture

– c) Explorers

• II. China and Islam– a) China

– b) Islam

• III. Europeans:– a) Portugal

– b) Slave Trade

– c) European Exploration

– d) Columbus

• IV. Meso American Civilization– a) Mayan

– b) Aztecs

• V. Urban Cultures of the Old Southwest– a) Anastazi

Chapter 1

When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe

I. Peoples in Motion

5 different waves of immigrants

How did they get here?

ice

When did they come?

I. Peoples in Motion

a) From Beringia to the Americas

1st people from Beringia-Hunters: furs for clothing, meat for eating

-About 40,000 ya

Problem with the numbers

By 8,000 ya – humans had reached the southern tip of South America

b) Extinction and Rise of Agriculture

a) From Beringia to the Americas (con’t)

1st Wave: 14k ya: spoke Amerind

- forerunner of Algonquin, Iroquoian, Siouan, Aztec, Mayan

2nd Wave: 12k ya: Spoke Na-Déné- forerunner of Apache and Navajo

3rd Wave: 7k ya: Inuits- Aleut or Yupik languages closest to original

With the development of the Clovis spearhead about 9,000 ya

Advent of semi-permanent structures and domestication of some animals (turkey, duck, dog)

Diet of those in the northern areas – fish, game

c) Explorers

Around 874 AD – Vikings in Iceland

982-983 AD – into Greenland – Eric the Red

1000-1014 – Greenland to Newfoundland and all the way down into Maine – Leif Ericson

Europe was great but ………

CHINA was greater

Developed compass, gunpowder, paper money, silks, teas

Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644), China was often neglected and through the isolation, developed inwardly into a great civilization.

By mid-1400s, China again turned inward, closing doors to the outside world.

Forbid development of ships that could sail far distances.

China closed itself off to the outside world!

Until mid 1400s China sent out sailing expeditions.

Besides Europe and China, there was also another area of the world that was doing

well, but would begin to falter.

ISLAM RisingI. Medical Science II. Hospitals III. Pharmacology IV. Industry V. Geography VI. Chemistry VII. Mathematics VIII. Art IX. Mechanical Engineering

WATERMILLS

WATER CLOCKS

WINDMILLS

CANDLE CLOCKS

By the 1400’s, Arabs were a great sea people.

By 1453 – Ottoman’s were expanding and by mid-1500s, Muslims had moved all the way up into Vienna.

.

Problem was?

Europe was still very fortunate … while China and the Islamic world shut themselves off – Europe advanced:

-Technology

-Population:

-Art, Renaissance, Architecture

-Military

a) Portugal:Bartholomeu Diaz Portugal 1486 Sailed around Southern tip of Africa

Vasco de Gama Portugal 1497-1503 Reached India by sailing arounds S.tip of Africa

Amerigo Vespucci Spain/Portugal 1497-1504 Explored Eastern coast of SA

First Europeans to:

-interact with Arabs

-Become involved in the slave trade. Why did they go?

-Have superior navigation skills

-Large and superior navy

III. Europeans

Portuguese interest was primarily?

Arabs as Middlemen?

By 15th century Portuguese out-paced other Europeans in ship building.

Also by mid-15th century, began exploring African coast.

Late 15th century – 1470s - Portugal began colonization.

As a result of their colonization … Portuguese farmers required labor supply.

By 1450s on, Portuguese also found the trading in human cargo to be lucrative … thus began the slave trade.

First fort built in 1448 to support cause of slave trade

Slaves were purchased from local tribal leaders for as little as £5.

Majority of slaves were enslaved by Africans

Slavery predated Europeans, in Africa but form was different.

Portuguese and later other Europeans exploited rivalries between tribal groups in effort to secure slaves.

Purchase of a pagan not immoral.

b) Slave Trade

-From Genoa

-Served Portuguese

-Tried for many years to get funding for travel

-Intention was to reach?

Motives:Motives:

Religious

Practical

d)

– a) Mayan• Appeared around 100 AD, blooms between 600- 900 AD

• Location: Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Honduras– Primitive Agriculture– King very powerful, theocratic– Religion– Inventions– Ball game

• Mayan Hieroglyphics

• Mystery of Mayan Decline– Decline about 9th – 10th centuries– Collapsed 10th century

• Final collapse - 1699

IV. Mesoamerican Civilizations

– b) Aztecs• Overthrew Toltec 1350

• Settled– Lake Texcoco

» Tenochtitlán

• Confederation – feudal

• Agricultural

• Exploration

• Warriors

• Similarity to Mayan – sacrificial, agricultural

Politics and Society Monarch: semi divine

Commoners Calpulli -- kinship group Separate neighborhoods Often members performed a particular function Own temples and schools Farmland held in common

Gender roles: highly stratified Male children trained for war Women did the work at home, raised children, and wove

textiles Women not equal to men

• Religion and Culture

– Religion

» Huitzilopochtli

» Quetzalcoatl

» Fatalistic religion

» Human sacrifice

– Writing based on hieroglyphs

• Destruction of Aztec Civilization– Hernán Cortés, 1519, invasion of Mexico– Moctezuma held captive– Cortés was aided by native groups hostile to the Aztecs,

especially the Tlaxcallans– Defeat of the Aztecs

» Disease brought by the Europeans swept the population

V. Urban Cultures of the Old Southwest1.Technology

2.Earliest inhabitants used crude tools, rocks, scraping implements

3.Many were nomadic, in numbers between 20-60 (30-50)

4.Agriculture: more sedentary, roots, settlements, domesticated animals

5.Farming:

    Mexico:    Maize, beans, squash, tomatoes, pepper, avocados, cocoa

SOCIAL/CULTURAL CHANGES DUE TO agriculture, farming

-More permanent settlements could be erected, defended, and permitted storage of foods.

-Improved health a bit, and permitted foods during winter when less available.

a) Anastazi

Southwest, 1st century, around area of 4 corners states: AZ, UT, NM, CO

Developed from pit houses to apartment type structures called pueblos.

Complexes centered around plazas with circular underground KIVAS.

FOOD: Grew maize, hunted meat w/bow and arrow (around 500 AD)

LIVING AREA extended over a region in SW, larger than CA today

Developed roads, religious temples, food stores, homes

WARFARE:

Due to pressure from invading groups (Athapascans) in the 15th century, Anastazi moved to cliffs.