U.S. & Global IMr. Gaul

Who was the first to argue the sun was at the center of the universe, not the Earth?Nikolas Copernicus

What important discoveries did Galileo make regarding other planets/space?Mountains on the moonThings in space were made of the same

matter that things on Earth were made ofSunspotsFour moons orbiting Jupiter

What are the steps of the scientific method?Ask a question & do background researchHypothesizeTest your hypothesis & collect dataAnalyze the resultsDraw conclusions

What were William Harvey’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution?There is only one type of blood flowing in

the human bodyThe heart is the beginning point for the

circulation of bloodBlood does a complete lap through the body

before returning to the heart

What were Montesquieu’s beliefs about how a government should be organized?Should be divided into three branches:

Executive – enforce laws Legislative – make laws Judicial – interpret laws

Each branch should have: Their own unique responsibilities Checks and balances on the power of the other

two branches

What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s concept of a social contract?An entire society agrees to be governed by

its general willThe general will is what is best for all

citizens, meaning what ensures all citizens natural rights

Which “Enlightened Monarch” said Diderot’s ideas would have, “turned her kingdom upside down.”?Catherine the Great of Russia

What was the one absolute truth Rene Descartes believed in?His own existence!!

What are the characteristics of the Rococo style of painting?GraceCharmEleganceCelebration of natural beautyDepiction of humans enjoying the natural

world and being human

What are the three responsibilities of government, according to Adam Smith?Protect citizens from invasion: armyProtect citizens from injustice: policeMaintain the infrastructure necessary for

economic activity and for the public good Roads Canals Bridges

What tool did Francis Bacon believe all scientists should use to develop theories and answer scientific questions?The scientific method!

What did Enlightenment philosophers believe was the key to understanding human institutions?Reason & the power of the human mind to

be rational and think

What was the name given to the time period where science and reason were used to understand the natural world?The Age of Enlightenment

Who is known as the father of modern rationalism?Rene Descartes

Which composer was a child prodigy?Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

What was John Locke’s concept of “tabula rasa”?All humans are born with a blank mind, a

clean slateWe are then molded by our experiences in

life If we study and find out what the best

experiences are we can then mold people in the proper way and create a better society

Which scientist advanced knowledge of the human body by actually dissecting human cadavers rather than animals?Andreas Vesalius

Which philosophe is famous for the following quote in defense of freedom of speech? “I may disagree with what you say, but I will

defend to the death your right to say it.” Voltaire

Enlightenment philosophers believed the power of the government comes from whom?The people! From the consent of the

governed!

What are the characteristics of an “Enlightened Monarch”?At the very least these rulers were open to

studying and learning about the new ideas of the Enlightenment and the new discoveries of the Scientific Revolution

Some implemented new ideas into their rule, while others listened, learned, and kept things the way they were

When are humans given their natural rights?At birth!

Who said, “I think, therefore I am.”?The father of modern rationalism, Rene

Descartes

What document puts Montesquieu’s words into action and forms a government based on the principle of separation of powers?The United States Constitution

Who edited the 28 volumes of the Encyclopedia and met with Catherine the Great and her court in Russia?Denis Diderot

Which scientist was among the first to use controlled experiments, particularly in the area of gasses, where he has his own law?Robert BoyleBoyle’s law: the pressure and volume of a

contained gas are inversely related

What was Adam Smith’s concept of laissez-faire economics?The economic marketplace should be

governed by the law of supply and demandGovernments should stay out of economic

affairs all together “Hands off” economics

Which scientist was persecuted by the Catholic Church for teaching the sun was at the center of the universe, as well as the other discoveries he made through his telescope?Galileo Galilei

What was Mary Wollstonecraft’s argument in favor of women’s rights?All humans have the capacity to reason

and think rationallyAll humans are given natural rights at

birthWomen are humans…THEREFOREWomen have the ability to reason and

thing rationallyWomen have natural rightsWomen should have the same rights as

men!

What scientist validated Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the universe, as well as showed the planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits? Johannes Kepler

What is Margaret Cavendish known for?She was a famous and respected German

astronomerShe was denied a teaching position at the

Berlin Academy despite her credentials and reputation among her peers simply because she was a woman and they did not want to be the first such school to hire a woman

How were the Ptolemaic and Copernican models of the universe different? Which model do we use today?Ptolemaic

Ancient Egyptian astronomer Geocentric (Earth centered universe)

Copernican From the scientific revolution Heliocentric (sun centered universe)

What were two reasons for the rapid spread of Enlightenment ideas across Europe and into the North American colonies?Salons: gatherings of people from all areas

of society to discuss and share new ideas, theories, and scientific discoveries

The growth of reading and expanding literate population b/c of the printing press

Which two estates did not pay the taille in France during the Old Regime (pre revolution)?Nobility and Clergy (1st & 2nd)

What was King Louis XVI’s solution to the financial crisis France was in?Called a meeting of the Estates General for

the first time in 175 yearsEstates General is a meeting of

representatives from all three estates in French society

Which estate owned 10% of France’s land and accounted for 0.5% of its population?The 1st estate, the Clergy

What were the divisions in French society called during the Old Regime?Estates

The new National Assembly swore the Tennis Court Oath. What was the oath?They would continue meeting as France’s

National Assembly until they had produced a new constitution for the country

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?A statement of philosophical principles

based on Enlightenment ideas issued by France’s new National Assembly - comparable to the Declaration of Independence.

In 1791 the unrest in France alarmed other European monarchs. What did they fear?They feared Revolution fueled by the ideas

of the Enlightenment would spread to their countries and lead to the end of their rule.

Who was the brutal head of the Committee of Public Safety?Maximilian Robespierre

During the Reign of Terror, why did the Committee of Public Safety set up revolutionary courts throughout the country?To prosecute internal enemies of the

Revolution (French people that weren’t doing what they were told by the revolutionary government!)

What did the National Convention do in an attempt to create a new order in France that reflected its belief in reason?Pursued a policy of de-Christianization

How did Napoleon gain control of the executive authority of the French gov’t?He was a successful and wildly popular

general who had led the French to victory in Italy

Backed by the military, he overthrew the unpopular Directory in a coup d'état

How did Napoleon’s expansion of the French empire affect the development of liberty and law in the conquered lands and dependent states?Napoleon and his armies spread some of

the principles of the Revolution to both Dependent & Allied States Legal equality, religious freedom, economic

freedom, destroyed the old order of privilege

French Revolution #13 What ultimately led to Napoleon’s

defeat?His desire for power and glory; pride

Who crowned Napoleon emperor of France?Himself! Napoleon did instead of the Pope

What helped Great Britain survive continued attacks by Napoleon and the French?Geography: GB is an island, so all attacks

had to come by seaGreat Britain had the strongest and most

modern navy in the world

What effect did Napoleon’s conquests have on the other nations of Europe?Spread the principles of the French

Revolution & Enlightenment Spread nationalism: devotion to & pride in

one’s country Showed what power the citizens of a nation

could wield if they were united behind a common cause

What battlefield tactic helped Napoleon earn his reputation as a military genius?Divide and conquer the enemy’s forces

Under the Constitution of 1791 who would make the laws?An elected legislative assembly made up of

745 representatives Only men over the age of 25 who paid a certain

amount of taxes were eligible to vote

What was the most important of the 7 legal codes established by Napoleon?The Civil (Napoleonic) Code because it

preserved the gains of the French Revolution: equality under the law, religious toleration, the right to choose your profession, end to serfdom and feudalism

Both the U.S. Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of Rights of Man emphasized the idea that a governments main job is to?Protect the natural rights of its citizens!Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Why did a mob attack the Bastille on July 14, 1789? It was a prison and armory: a glaring

symbol of royal authority in ParisBelieved to hold political prisonersNeeded weapons to stage a revolution

What were the differences between the two major factions of the Jacobin political club, the Girondins and the Mountain?Girondins:

Represented the provincial areas outside of cities

Feared the radical mobs of Paris & other cities Wanted to keep the king alive

Mountain: They WERE the radical mobs in the cities Wanted to kill King Louis XVI

What was Napoleon’s last battle? Did he win or lose? Who was the opposing General?Waterloo in BelgiumDuke of WellingtonHe lost!

Industrial Revolution #1

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?Great Britain

Industrial Revolution #2

What were the five factors that contributed to the IR beginning there?Available capital/entrepreneursRich natural resourcesAvailable supply of laborAvailable markets for their manufactured

goodsChanging agricultural practices

Industrial Revolution #3 How did banks help spark economic

activity?By providing loans to entrepreneurs and

businesses to invest in new technology, buildings, or products

Industrial Revolution #4 How would you describe the U.S.

South’s economy in the early 1800’s?Agrarian – dominated by cash crops

Industrial Revolution #5 What was the major impact of the

Market Revolution on how Americans “went to work”?Rather than work in the home and in the

fields people actually left their homes and went to work somewhere else, for someone else

Industrial Revolution #6

What was a major impact of industrialization on where people lived in the U.S.? Industrialization led to urbanization – the

growth of cities. Americans began to migrate to urban areas in large numbers.

Industrial Revolution #7 What two factors, one natural one

manmade, led to cotton being king in the U.S. South?Perfect geography – climate, soil, etc.The invention of the cotton gin

Industrial Revolution #8 What was Francis Cabot Lowell’s major

contribution to the Industrial Revolution?The creation of centralized factories where

all stages of the production process are done in the same facility

Also, his hiring practices of employing only young, single girls

Industrial Revolution #9 Why did the labor movement begin?

Because the industrial working class was fed up with watching ownership grow rich while they continued to struggle to survive.

It began to protest the long hours, low wages, and dangerous working conditions in factories

Industrial Revolution #10 What effect did a centralized production

process have on the output of a factory? It made the production process cheaper and

more efficient It increased the output of a factory

Industrial Revolution #11 What were some of the negative

consequences of rapid industrialization?CrowdingLack of services

Fire, police, sewage, sanitation, etc.Tenement life

Industrial Revolution #12 What is a centralized factory?

One that houses all stages of the production process in one facility

Industrial Revolution #13 What effect did the mass production of

goods have on the price of those goods?Mass production leads to lower prices for

consumers

Industrial Revolution #14 Early in the American Industrial

Revolution, who did many mills in the Northeast hire?Young, single, women (Lowell girls)

Industrial Revolution #15 How were the economies of the North

and South different in the U.S.?The north was more urban with an economy

based on industryThe south was rural with an economy based

on plantation farming (cotton, tobacco, etc.)

Industrial Revolution #16 What was life like on the job for factory

workers?Long hoursDangerous, uncomfortable conditionsLow wages

Industrial Revolution #17 What were the major economic

activities of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest)?Livestock & grain farming

Industrial Revolution #18 How would you describe the social

services in the rapidly growing urban centers?Limited at best

Police, fire, sanitation, sewage, etc.

Industrial Revolution #19 What effect did industrialization have on

the population of cities in the Northeast?The population in urban areas grew rapidly

Industrial Revolution #20 What advanced methods of

transportation were developed in the early 1800’s?RailroadsCanalsSteamboats

Industrial Revolution #21 Why did factory owners try to hire as

many women as they could? Because they were cheaper – ½ the cost of

employing a man to do the same job

Industrial Revolution #22 What are shifts? Why did factory

owners use them?Different blocks of time for employees to

report to workOwners used them to keep their machines

operating 24 hours a day

Industrial Revolution #23 What is a person who risks their own

capital in organizing and running businesses?An entrepreneur

Industrial Revolution #24 Where were the first factories located?

Why?Near rivers or fast flowing waterBecause the earliest factories used the

power of running water to power their machines

Industrial Revolution #25 What invention changed this? What was

the change?The steam engineFactories could be located anywhere!

Industrial Revolution #26 What factors contributed to the

movement of a large number of people from rural to urban areas in the United States?Use of machines on the farm reduced the

need for manual labor Jobs were available in the new factories in

the growing urban areas

Industrial Revolution #27 How did industrialization impact family

life for the industrial working class?High stress levelsDepression for men when they struggled to

find work while their wives and kids did work

Little time togetherTough living conditions in the tenements

Industrial Revolution #28 What is one major, lasting result of the

IR?The growth of cities and the urbanization of

America

Industrial Revolution #29 Compare the cities of the South to those

of the North in the early 1800’s.There were more cities in the North, and

they were larger than those in the South