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Copyright © 2017 The Brattle Group, Inc. U.S. Federal and State Regulations Opportunities and Challenges for Electricity Storage Dr. Romkaew P. Broehm November 2, 2017 PRESENTED BY BIT’s 7 th World Congress of Smart Energy - 2017 PRESENTED TO

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Page 1: U.S. Federal and State Regulations - Brattle Groupfiles.brattle.com/files/11632_u.s._federal_and... · A resource that can reach, say, 20 MW of its certified capacity in 1 minute

Copyright © 2017 The Brattle Group, Inc.

U.S. Federal and State RegulationsOpportunities and Challenges for Electricity Storage

Dr. Romkaew P. Broehm

Nov ember 2 , 2017

PRESENTED BY

BIT’s 7th World Congress of Smart Energy - 2017

PRESENTED TO

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DisclaimerThe analysis and projections that we provide in this document are necessarily based on assumptions with respect to conditions which may exist or events which may occur in the future. No one can give you any assurance that the assumptions used will prove to be correct or that the forecasts will match actual results of operations. Our analysis, and the assumptions used, are also dependent upon future events that are not within our control or the control of any other person, and do not account for certain regulatory uncertainties. Actual future results may differ, perhaps materially, from those presented here.

All results and any errors are the responsibility of the author and do not represent the opinion of The Brattle Group, Inc. or its clients. 

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Electricity Storage Projects Are All Over the World

Source: DOE Global Energy Database

 As of September 2017,  there are 998 advanced electricity storage (ES) projects operating across the world, totaling approximately 6,823 MW. 

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Where Is the Fast Growing ES Area?Number of Advanced Electricity Storages (without Hydro Pumped Storage Projects)

Source: DOE Global Energy Database and The Brattle Group

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Israel

Denmark

Portugal

South Africa

Chile

Ireland

Switzerland

India

France

Canada

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Italy

Australia

Spain

Japan

Germany

China

Korea, South

United States

No. of  Projects

Operational

Under Construction

Contracted

Announced

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How Has ES Flourished When ES Capital Cost is Still Too High?

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

4‐Hou

r Battery Cost ($/kW

)

4‐Hou

r Battery Cost ($/kW

h)

Battery Lifetime (Years)Sources: EIA AEO (2017). NREL (2015). Peaker Replacement Values from Lazard December 2016 Report (Page 14). Brattle Assumptions .

CT $1,092/kW

Adv. CT $672/kW

Zinc Peaker  Replacement $648/kWh

Lithium Ion Peaker Replacement $949/kWh

Lithium Ion Peaker Replacement $417/kWh

Zinc Peaker  Replacement $258/kWh

To break even with advanced CT, ES capital cost needs to be around $922/kW (or $230/kWh) or $1,408/kW (or $310/kWh) for CT.  

Installed project costs of behind‐the‐meter projects are even higher than the cost of CT, according to California’s 2017 SGIP

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Agenda  1. Federal Initiatives

 2. State Initiatives 

 3. Opportunities and Challenges: Lessons Learned  

 4. Conclusions

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Key Regulators Oversee U.S. Electricity Markets  Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates wholesale electricity markets while state regulatory commissions oversee their retail electricity markets ▀ 50 State Regulatory Commissions, examples include:

New York Public Service Commission

Public Utility Commission of Texas

California Public Utility Commission

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Federal Initiatives

FERC

Question: Do the policymakers’ initiatives lead ES  into a heathy and sustainable investment? 

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Series of Policies to Remove ES Market Barriers

2011

Order 764

Integrating Varia

ble En

ergy 

Resources through Intra‐

hour transm

ission 

Sche

duling Re

form

Order 784Third‐Party Provision of Ancillary Services; Reporting for New Electric Storage Technologies

Order 792              Small Generator Interconnection Agreements and Procedures 

2013

Note: The orders can be downloaded at https://ferc.gov/legal/maj‐ord‐reg.asp

NOPR RM16‐23Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators 

2016

Order 755Frequency Regulation Compensation in Organized Wholesale Power Markets

2012 2017

PL17‐2Utilization of Electric Storage Resources for Multiple Services When Receiving Cost‐Based Rate Recovery 

RM17‐8Reform of Generator Interconnection Procedures and AgreementsNOPR

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  Generators in a wholesale organized market (ISO/RTO) who provided their regulation (or load following) services received:▀ Capacity Payment▀ Energy Payment▀ Some ISO/RTOs did not compensate regulation up or regulation down services 

  To recognize quality of response, generators in ISO/RTOs receive compensation for their regulation services:▀ Capacity for Reg. Up▀ Capacity for Reg. Down▀ Mileage Payment▀ Performance Payment

Order 755 (2011) Increases Revenues for ES

Before After

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January 2016 to June 2017 Regulation PricesAn Illustration of Regulation Mileage and 

Accuracy Rate

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

1/4/16

2/4/16

3/4/16

4/4/16

5/4/16

6/4/16

7/4/16

8/4/16

9/4/16

10/4/16

11/4/16

12/4/16

1/4/17

2/4/17

3/4/17

4/4/17

5/4/17

6/4/17

Price ($/M

Wh)

RTH Regulation Performance RTH Regulation Capability

RTH Mileage Ratio

12

13 14

No change

AGC Set point

Up

Down

Instructed Regulation Mileage (IRM) isthe absolute sum of        +        +        .   When there is nochange in the instructed movement, there is no mileage. 

11

12 1411

1A

1B 

AGC Set pointActual Response

Up

Down

+          = Total Deviation1A 1B

A resource that can reach, say, 20 MW of its certified capacity in 1 minute will have ten times more mileage than a resource that can only reach the same 20 MW in 10 minutes. 

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

1/2/16

2/2/16

3/2/16

4/2/16

5/2/16

6/2/16

7/2/16

8/2/16

9/2/16

10/2…

11/2…

12/2…

1/2/17

2/2/17

3/2/17

4/2/17

5/2/17

6/2/17

Price ($/M

Wh)

RT15AVG Down RegulationRT15AVG Regulation Mileage DownRT15AVG Regulation Mileage UpRT15AVG Up Regulation

PJM

California ISO Examples of Regulation prices in PJM and CAISO wholesale power markets 

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An Example of Battery Performance

Blue areas represent DA energy payment to CAISO for charging and revenues from discharging

Orange areas represent RT revenues or payments due to uninstructed deviation from DA award schedule due to the battery curtailing charge as a result of SOC near 100% and parasitic electric loads in the ES system

CAISO instructed energy

ES RT Energy

Source: PG&E 

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▀ Some treat ES like demand response resources, i.e., with limited energy resources per day  

▀ Can only participate in Ancillary Services markets*

▀ Focuses on bidding parameters of traditional generators, such as pumped storage

* PJM and CAISO allow ES to participate in all wholesale markets

  Establish ES participation model:▀ ES can provide capacity, energy, and AS services (P.48‐50)

▀ Bidding parameters must reflect ES op. constraints, e.g., state of charge. 

▀ Min size must not exceed 100 kW▀ ES’s charging cost is a locational marginal price

  Optimize ES dispatch according to its physical capabilities 

RM16-23 (2016) Reduces Market Barriers

Current NOPR

To improve the ISOs’ ES integration, FERC proposed to require ISOs to revise their market rules and tariffs to provide clarity and recognition of ES’s physical capabilities and benefits.

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Energy Storage Can Perform Many Applications A user’s ES choice therefore depends on his/her application need.

Energy

Capacity

Grid Support

Environment

Energy

Grid Support• Regulation and frequency responses• Spinning Reserves• Voltage Support

Capacity/Reliability• Renewable Capacity Firming• Transmission Upgrade Deferral• Distribution Upgrade Deferral

• Energy Time Shifting  

Environment• Reduction in CO2 and air pollutants

Resilience• Emergency preparation• Improve customer outage recovery

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  FERC understood that ES is capable of providing multiple services, and thereby should earn multiple revenue streams, even though some services may be offered via markets and others via a system operator’s control.  

PL17-2 Allows ES to Serve Multiple Services

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Market P

rice (

$/MWh)

(Cha

rge) Disc

harge (

MW)

Discharge Charge Market Prices

Discharge during peak prices

Charge during low prices

 ‐

 10,000

 20,000

 30,000

 40,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Load

 (MW)

Hour 

ES’ Energy Shifting

ES’ Voltage Control

ES’ Regulation Service

Source: PG&E

Source: SDGE

Source: The Brattle Group

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RM16-23 (2016) Allows DER/Aggregators  To reach higher market efficiency from growing excess energy of  Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), FERC proposed to allow DERs and Aggregators of DERs to bid into ISOs directly.▀ Reduce uncertainties in load forecasts by allowing them to participate in a day‐ahead market.

▀ Send price signals to where investment is needed. ▀ ISO must remove any unnecessary limitations on how DERs must be operated, such as minimum size and performance requirements. 

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Proposed DER/Aggregators Participation in Wholesale Market  Proposed Participation Requirement:

▀ Size requirement but no limit on DER technologies  ▀ Location requirement to be as broad as technically feasible▀ Bidding requirement—submit bidding parameters that cover distribution factors and operational constraints

  Importantly, DERs cannot participate in the wholesale market if they already receive a net‐metering compensation or participate in another wholesale power market program. 

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ES Can Earn Higher Revenues When Usages Are Co-optimized

Trans. CapacityDist. CapacitySpin

Regulation

Gen. Capacity

Energy Arbitrage

There is significantly more system benefit if the battery can be utilized to capture multiple value streams rather than just individual use cases.

Note: Results shown for San Diego location.

Hledik, et. al, The Brattle Group, Stacked Benefits: Comprehensively Valuing Battery Storage in California, Prepared for Eos Energy Storage, August, 2017.

Cost‐based

Market‐based

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 But FERC required the following conditions:▀ Avoid double recovery of costs borne by ratepayers− Credit market revenue to cost‐based ratepayers according to its cost‐of‐service allocation. E.g., 50% market revenue credit if 50% of the ES cost is assigned under cost‐of‐service.

▀ FERC Order 784 et.al. on reporting requirements will allow FERC to have effective oversight of just and reasonable rates.

▀ Technical feasibility and predictability of the cost‐based service needs. Otherwise, ES will be strictly served as a regulatory asset only.  Priority is given to cost‐based services.− This would therefore depend upon the ES’s state of charge requirement. 

PL17-2 Allows ES to Capture Its Full Value

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State Initiatives

Question: Do the policymakers’ initiatives lead ES  into a heathy and sustainable investment? 

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States’ ES Policy Initiatives We can separate state policy initiatives into three main groups: 

▀ Set ES targets that distribution companies must meet▀ Establish ES Deployment Program ▀ Explicitly include ES as a utility’s resource option in Integrated Resource Plan (IRP)

  Some states are now assessing which policy initiatives are best suited for them. 

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California (CPUC D. 13‐10‐040, October 2013)

By 2020, distribution companies are required to                                                                  procure 1,325 MW of energy storage devices.   Storage projects must address at least one of                                                                      the policy objectives:▀ Grid optimization (peak reduction, reliability needs, or  T&D                                                                

deferrals)              ▀ Integration of renewable energy sources; and ▀ Reduction  of GHG emissions

Above the targets, they can have ES installed at T, D, or                                                         Behind‐the‐Meter (Customer) levels

  In addition, CPUC provides funding for R&D and pilot programs, including Self Generation Incentive Program (SGIP), which provides incentive payments to behind‐the‐meter storage.

Goals: In support of statewide strategy of  reducing carbon emissions(1) Drive market transformation(2) Eliminate barriers(3) Gain development and operational  exp.               

Setting ES Targets

Distribution Company

Target

Pacific Gas & Electric

580 MW

Southern California Electric

580 MW

San Diego Gas & Electric

165 MW

Other Non‐Utilities

1% of Peak Load

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Other Examples of Setting ES Targets Oregon: Oregon House Bill 2193  It requires Oregon utilities to have a minimum of 5 MWh of energy storage in service by January 1, 2020. Oregon utilities must install a minimum of 5 MWh of ES by January 2020.  ▀ Oregon Public Utility Commission (OPUC) issued guidelines to encourage utilities to procure ES  via Request for Proposals (RFPs). 

▀ ES continues to be subject to cost‐effectiveness tests.  ▀ The OPUC encourages maximizing the value of ES by having it serve multiple applications so that its value can be “stacked.”

 Massachusetts:  Utilities must achieve 200 megawatt‐hours of ES by January 1, 2020.

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Establish ES Deployment Program New York: In June 2017, the New York legislature directed the NY PSC (SB 5190 and AB 6571) to develop an Energy Storage Deployment Program by December 2017. ▀ In a separate proceeding, through New York’s Reforming the Energy  Vision (REV), NYPSC allows ES to pair with DER and be compensated based on the “Value Stack” tariff. ES can receive revenue streams from energy, capacity, and environmental values 

for 25 years. The values are not fixed, but will vary based on New York’s wholesale energy 

(NYISO’s LMPs), capacity, and environmental markets.    The capacity values will be based on their performance to meet the system peak 

load, taking into account location.

▀ New York City set energy goals, including a goal of installing 100 MWh of storage by 2020, aiming to reduce GHG emissions by 80% by 2050.

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Inclusion of ES in IRP New Mexico: New Mexico Public Regulation Commission included ES among resources that must be considered in NM utilities’ IRPs.

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Assessing ES Initiatives Nevada (S.B. 204) ‐ By October 2018, Nevada PSC must:

▀ Determine whether Nevada utilities must procure ES for the following purposes: Renewable integration into T&D system; Improvement in the reliability of the electric grid; Reduction in the emission of  greenhouse gases; Reduction in the need for building generation to serve peak demand; Avoid T&D expansion

▀ Quantify costs and benefits of procuring ES▀ If ES has net benefits, the PSC shall establish: Annual procurement requirement  Business model (e.g., who should own  ES?)

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Opportunities and Challenges

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Opportunities  There are 418 advanced ES projects totaling approximately 1,675 MW

Most are located in states with policy initiatives like California and New York.

Many projects are also in PJM  due to market pricing signals.  The numbers of ES projects are likely to grow due to a projected higher level of renewables.

Source: DOE Global Energy Storage DatabaseSource: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook, 2017.

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Credit:  MA State of Charge Report

ES Applications in All Parts of the Grid

Third‐Party‐Owned24%

Utility‐Owned31%

Customer‐Owned45%

In the US, ES has applications across the entire electricity system, both in front and behind‐the‐meter.

Source: DOE Global Energy Storage Database & The Brattle Group

Approximately 45% of advanced ES were installed by customerSource: SCE 2016 Energy Storage Procurement Plan 

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Hours o

f Ene

rgy

Response Time

Seconds

10 Minutes

30 Minutes

1 Hour

1 <Hour<24

> 1 Day

> 1 Year

Power Quality

Second

s15

 Mins

1 Hou

r8 Hou

rs

Ancillary ServicesRegulation, Frequency Response,    Operating Reserves, Voltage Support

Time Shifting

Capacity Reserve/Back‐up

Which Functions Does ES Perform?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Discharge Tim

e (hou

r)

Capacity (kW)

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Discharge Tim

e (hou

r)

Capacity (kW)

Flywheel

Thermal

Lithium

Source: DOE Global Energy Storage Database

Microgrid

Energy Bill Management

Frequency Responses

Frequency Responses

Peak Shaving

ApplicationsTotal MW Count

Renewables Capacity Firming 2539 107Frequency Regulation 1156 147On‐Site Power 864 43Electric Energy Time Shift 676 125Renewables Energy Time Shift 545 29Electric Supply Capacity 432 49Electric Bill Management 376 215Black Start 366 26Onsite Renewable Generation Shifting 231 47Electric Supply Reserve Capacity ‐ Spinning 212 41

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Frequency Regulation and Ramping Services  Growth of renewables creates a need for new grid support services that allow the system to be much more flexible in order to maintain system reliability.  

Ramp Need

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Peak Shifting/Renewable Capacity Firming  The pattern of Solar PV generation may not necessarily coincide with load. PV owners install ES to maximize unused energy solar.  ▀ They can store excess solar energy for use during their peak load hours. 

Load peak between hours 16‐20

Solar peak between hours 10‐14

Source: The Brattle  Group

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ES Participation in Wholesale  PG&E’s ES pilot project bid into the CAISO regulation market.  Revenues received are primarily from the day‐ahead regulation capacity market.

Source: PG&E ‘s EPIC 1.01

Sample Month

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Multiple Use Applications of Behind-the-Meter ES  PowerTree serves residential customers in apartment buildings in Northern California.  Its applications include:▀ Integrating batteries to firm up energy generated from solar PV;▀ Directing electric vehicles to charge and discharge to serve load and sell in the CAISO markets; and

▀ Participating in a wholesale market by selling regulation services to the CAISO

Source: PowerTree

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Trend: WSJ Headline on October 15, 2017

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Latest Buzz—Lithium-ion Battery Cost Decline  Lithium‐ion battery prices have been dropping sharply, and projected to decrease from $273/kWh in 2016 to $109/kWh by 2025▀ $73/kWh by 2030—approximately 75% drop from the 2016 price▀ Big driver is the economies of scale from Electric Vehicles  

  The question is whether lithium prices will increase, given this growing demand.

Source: WSJ, October 14, 2017.

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Technical Challenges Remain▀ ES has limited energy and cannot participate in all hours.▀ ES participating in the AS markets must minimize risks of having to charge during high prices.When providing the AS capacity, ES is subjected to ISO’s dispatch instructions.  In some circumstances, the ISO can call ES to provide regulation down in the real‐time energy market, i.e., charging energy,  but the LMP can be very high, e.g., $1,000/MWh.  

Illustrative Example 1 MW Battery with 5 MWh Energy

Day‐ahead Reg Up Capacity Payment 4,446$        Day‐ahead Reg Down Capacity Paymen 42$              Reg Mileage Up ‐$            Reg Mileage Down 141$           RT Energy Charging Cost (5,005)$       Net Revenue (376)$          

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Interconnection Costs  Experience from pilot programs raised issues of high interconnection costs as a barrier:▀ Telemetry is required for AS added costs.▀ Interconnection process is complicated, time consuming, and costly. ▀ Some ES that participates in both wholesale and retail markets needs dual  meters.

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Retail Rate Design for ES Unlike traditional generation, behind‐the‐meter ES uses station power when ES is charging power or when not generating (sitting idle but air‐conditioning or SCADA still need to be on).  ES pays for the power based on retail rates.▀ This is new!  The challenge is what type of tariff rate design is reasonable for ES?

Distribution Utility ES Owner

Retail Rate  Net from Total Generation

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Takeaway Policy initiatives for ES must lead to sustainability of the ES.  

▀ Not over‐compensating or under‐compensating ES▀ Not creating cost shifting

  Accurately compensating ES values will encourage wide‐scale ES development in a way that:▀ Fulfills a clean energy goal▀ Incentivizes the location, design, and operation of ES  that maximizes overall value to all utility customers

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Presenter Information

ROMKAEW P. BROEHMPrincipal │ [email protected] +1.617.864.7900

Dr. Romkaew Broehm is an economist whose practice is focused on the electric utility industry.  She specializes in the areas of market deregulation and oversight, market power analyses, studies of bulk power markets, renewable integration, utility cost structures, and cost‐benefit analyses. 

She has submitted testimony and comments before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on market‐based rates (MBR), market manipulation, and merger and acquisition (M&A) matters. She has analyzed potential competitive impacts of M&A transactions on wholesale power markets for both horizontal and vertical market power aspects in various power markets, such as ISO‐NE, NYISO, PJM, SERC, FRCC, SPP, Entergy System, and WECC, including the CAISO Energy Imbalance Market.  She co‐authored Market Power and Market Manipulation in Energy Markets from the California Crisis to the Present (2015).  

The views expressed in this presentation are strictly those of the presenter(s) and do not necessarily state or reflect the views of The Brattle Group, Inc.

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About Brattle  The Brattle Group provides consulting and expert testimony in economics, finance, and regulation to corporations, law firms, and governments around the world. We aim for the highest level of client service and quality in our industry.  We are distinguished by our credibility and the clarity of our insights, which arise from the stature of our experts, affiliations with leading international academics and industry specialists, and thoughtful, timely, and transparent work. Our clients value our commitment to providing clear, independent results that withstand critical review. 

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Electric Power  Brattle’s economists provide clients with regulatory economic consulting,business strategy, and expert testimony before regulatory agencies, courts,and arbitration panels.

AREAS OF EXPERTISE  Auctions Climate Change Policy and Planning Demand Response, Energy Efficiency, and 

the Smart Grid Electricity Market Modeling Energy Asset Valuation Energy Contract Litigation Energy Mergers and Acquisitions

Energy Risk Management Environmental Compliance European Energy Markets Fuel and Power Procurement Market‐Based Rates Market Design and Competitive Analysis Renewable Energy Transmission

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Our Practices

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LITIGATIONAccounting Analysis of Market Manipulation

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INDUSTRIESElectric Power Financial Institutions Natural Gas & Petroleum Pharmaceuticals& Medical Devices 

Telecommunications, Internet, and Media 

Transportation Water 

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