DEPARTMEI{T OF THE ARMY FIELD MAI{UAL

I{AVAL IYARFARE II{FORMATIOI{ PUBLICATI(lII

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE MAI{UALMARII{E CORPS MAI{UAL

FM 3-I(|BitwtP 36-4AFM 355-9

FMFM II-38

EMPLOYMENTOF

(u)This copy is a repr in t wh ich inc ludes cur ren tpages f rom Changes 1 .

CHEMICAL AGENTS

DEPARTME]VTS OF THEAIVD THE AIR

NOTEMBER

ARMY. THE ATATYFORCE1q66

FM 3-1oB/NWIP 36-4IAFM 3s5-e/FMFM 11-38

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

(|fu t

#] *:i:t contains crassined data on rethar\v agents VX and GB and incapacitating agent BZ;

munitions effects tables; and predicted effects ofground-fued and air-released munitions ulilizedto disseminate these agents. As a joint publica-tion, it discusses aII appropriate chemical muni-tions of the U.S. fu-y, Navy, Air Force, andMarine Corps. Unclassified HD chemical mnni-tions expenditure tables and guidance in chemicaltarget analysis and casualty estimabion are givenin FIvI 3-10/NWIP 36-2/AI'M 355-4/tr'ivlFl!'I 11-3.

Section l.

1. (U) PurposeThis manual pror.ides classified data on chemical

agents and on the cupabilities and effects ofchemical munitions. When used in conjunctionwith its unclassified counterpart, FlvI 3-10/NWIP36-2/AFM 355-4/Fivltr'trI 11-3, Employment ofChemical and Biological Agents, it provides guid-ance in planning the emploJ'ment of chemicalmunitions.

GENERAL

3. (U) Reliobil iryData contained in this manual are based on

proving ground tests and field tesbs, analyfical

strrdies of such data, rr.nd predictions extrapolated

from mathematical models.

4. (U) Army, Novy, Air Force, ond MorineCorps User Comments

Users of this manual &re encour&ged to submib

recommended changes or oomments to improve

the manual. Comments should be keyed to the

specific p&ge, pa,r&graph, and line of the text in

which the change is recommended. Reasons for

ea,ch comment should be provided to insure

understanding and complete evaluation. Com-

ments should be forwarded direct to the Com-

manding 0fficer, U.S. Army Combat Develop-

ments Command CBR Agency, tr'orb NIcOlellan,

Ala. 36205, wilh an inf ormation copy to the

cognizanb service doctrinal developmenb agency.)l

{:

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Section ll. ANTIPERSONNEL CHEMICAL AGENTS

UNIGTASSiIFI]HIU

FM 3-1oB/NWtP 36-4IAFM35s-e/FMFM 1 1-38

or mnsk discipline is poor, such as in counter_insurgenr:y operations.

b. Li,mitation,s. BZ hus the follorvins l irnita-t i ( )ns :

(1) The rvhi re &gent c lorrc l proc i r rced bvpvrotechnic mixt,-rres rlcts rls ,L i"isiblealarm.

(2) BZ maJ* be cleferr,ted b.!- irnproviseclrespirtrtorlr proter.t i,,n .,,. j-,

". a f olciecl

c lot i i orer morr lh ancl nose.(,1) 'fhe

effects rrre not imrnediate brrt, re-qrri le an average onset t irne of abor-rt jJto 6 l iours.

(.1) There is no knorvn rrntidote to l le&taffected friencllv personnel.

c. -l[eclian, Incapacitating Dosage (,Ictia) . Thisis aborrt 110 ms-nrin/m3 frir man ens&gecl in milclactivitr,- (breathine rate of 15 l iters/min).

l. Physiological and Psychological Symptoms.The svmptoms listecl belorv rvil l becorne moreintense rts the dosage receir.-ecl increases. Thevalso vury r rccorc l ing to the in l ierent c l i&rrcter is t icsof etich indir.idr-ral exposecl to the &gent. Becauseof the many vt r iab les inr-o lved, est imr i t ion of thepercentitEe and tvpe of r:rrsualties produced fromn BZ rrtttck is dil icult. Approxirnations for theoccurrence of ult irnrte casualties rrrnong unnaskedpersonnei are 5 percent in 2 hours, 50 percent in4)6 hotrrs, tr,nd 95 percent in gl hours.

(1) Syrnptoms l ike ly- to nppear in 30 minutesto 3 hours: dizziness. extrerne drowsiness,dryness of the morrt,h, nnd increusedheartbeal.

(2) Symptoms likely to appenr in 3 to 5hours : rest lessness, involuntarv mrrscul t r rmovernent, neltr r-ision impairment, andphvsicrrl incrpacitation.

(;3) S1'rnptoms likeiy to apperrr in 6 to l0hotr rs : hnl l r rc int t ions, l r rck of rnuscrr l i r rcoorclina tion. disorien t rr t i on, and difl ic ul t1,-in merlory recall.

e. Duration oJ Incopacitation. The duration ofinc:rpacitatiori varies with the dosage receir.ed-from 24 horrrs to 5 drrvs.

J. Duration oJ Efectiueness. Under averageI I le te() ro logicr i l condi t ions in the open, the aerosolis nornially effective for only a few minutes afterdisseminu,tion, since the fine BZ particles travel

U. 4Wpocitol.ins Agent BZ-Ihrs

agent rs disseminated as an aerosol toproduce phvsical and mental effects rvhen in-haled. The effects are tempor&ry, ancl recovervis normally complete. There may be permanenli l l effects in a few instances among the veryyoung, the rrged, and the infirm, or when massivedosages are received.

a. Ta,ctical Employment. BZ is employedagainst carefully selected targets to incapacitateenemy troops when the use of lethal or destructivemunitions is undesirable. This agent may beparticularly useful in sitrrations where adeqr_rateprotective eqtiipment is normally not availableto enemy troops or where the status of trainins

ffr

U[l'U--.-.i,i, FM 3-1oB/NWIP 36-4IAFM355-e/FMFM 11-3B

lPERATIONS

av'a1r from the larget area wilh the wind or air

currents, dissipate in the atmosphere, seltle out,

or impact 0n some surface.g. Protect'ion. The prot,ective mask or &n]'

respirator v' i l l give adequale protectiol"r.

theamollg

s idera t ion -

fetali l ies cortld occrtr among'.1, and the infirm, especially

'-atorl ' ailments. Con-

lre givetr to a P-s1--

9. ff i . ,Speciol Considerotions in the Employ'

M ) ment of BZbh"luilnr"ing factors shouid be considered in

the emplo5rnent of BZ mrtn i t i t i r rs :a. Possible Efects on i{onntil i tarl l I 'ersorLnel.

\\rlren BZ is emplol-ed ngainst, trrgets in rrhicir

nonmilitary personnel are intermingled v'ith

chological prer PoPulation to

minimize the pos- qects of the

empiol-ment of this rrg.-

b. Secondary Elfects. L-', s mtlv

be required to estublish phvsr. ' to

prer-ent exc,essile casualties from se.

su ( ' l t u . i r r i t l i , ' nu l be l r r , r ' i , ' r .

c. Seconrlary I ' Iazards. Secondarv

createcl bv itrcrrprrcittrtetl per-sonnel ma1

serior.ts especiallf in ltuilt-r.rp areas' Assistar.rt.

to pol ice, f i re f ighters, tnd mrr inte l la l )ce, t rans-

por t t t ion, arrd heal t i i f r ic i l i t ies crews ma.v be

required.iri -.-.

l -

tI!IIIL

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FM 3-1oB/NWIP 36-4IAFM

| 6 a. (tpnrat' ional, eo'nsirlerations. Werpon/bombLiads for each ty-pe ailcraft, rvil l be 9or-erned l ' l1-operational cunsiderlt i,- ins such [s: t\-pe rircraft,ranqe to trirget, a.r-t i labil i tv of and requilements[o l i n - f l i g l r t r e f r re l i ng . se l f - de fense req r r i r emen ts ,permissive operating altitr ides, r. isibil i ty' in t iretarget area. loiter t ime requirements, type ofterrain en rotrte and in the target aree, avail-abil it l- of *'errpons, and rveapon/rrircraf t com-patibil i ty. Appropriale technicrrl orders/fl ighbrnarmals should be consr"ritecl f or ail nrissionplanning.

3ss-e/FMFM 1 1-3B

20

u$l.e,i

27. ffi\CBU-58/M43 750-pound BZ Clusrer(d ) a.^aBbtil t ire Lr.S. Air Frirce CBLr_5B and ti ie

U.S. Arnrr - - \ {+S ZSO-pouncl c luster bornbs conta in57 N{13S RZ-fi led bornblets. T.he Li.S. ArrnvNf43 cluster is designed lor clelir.er., i,r. ul."*i iat low speecls. \\ ihen .r,,aifr.a ana

'equippect

wi th a sLr i table fa i r ing for s t reaml in ing purposes,aninternal arn.ring rvire sr-stem, and a strengthenedla i l f in , i t is then designated the CBLj_;B undcan be del iverecl b l - h ish_performance a i rcraf t .

a . Ol t t ro l i , , t ro l ( ' r t t t r1 l , . ' l . l re BZ c, lqster bornb

is used ( )n ( , tu 'e l l t l l \ - .e l t ic tcr l 1 tLrgets, ,uui r , . , enem\_personnt l u- i ien i l ie usc { ) f le thul c i renrr . " i ' ' " ;destrucilr 'c \\ 'elrp()n s\-sterns is nti i i tari ly orn3tijjSatt:' . undesirritrte. See p"."o^f i, 6 foraddrtronal d{i t1r.

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lilbliieu,t oc*

r - - - - o ^ ' _ r ^ _ - - - '

FM 3-1oB/NWIP 36-4IAFM 355-9/FMFM 11-38

b. Characterist ' ics. The cluster contnins about85 porrnds of agent BZ ancl employs lwo tailmechanicri t irne fuzes. ' lo function properly, thecluster must be released above 6,200 feet so as tt.rallorv the clitster to open rrt approxirnrrtelv 4.500feet . The \ I138 bomblet conta ins forr r canisters,each with three-fourt.h porrnd rif ngent-pvrotechnicmixture (50/50 ratio) , ancl an "all-wavs" impactfuze. 'Ihe bornblet is not self-dispersing.

c. CapabiLities. The cluster delivers lvI138bomblets over &n ell iptical impact arerl ha,ving& cross section of approximatell ' 100 by 200meters when re ieosed at heights above 6,200 feet .One cluster c&n co\.er aborib 12.000 square meters

(1.2 hectares) with an incapacitating total dosageof BZ (110 mg-minim3) under- neutral temperaturegradient and in a rvind speed between 2 and l0knots; under lapse temperature gradient condi-tions. the &re& coverage wil l be smaller. Underoptirnurn delivery conditions, the area coveru.sefor one c luster is expected to range f rom 1b,000to 20,000 squ&re meters. F ie ld tesbs indicatethat wind speed has only minor effects upon are&co\-erage.

rl . ()perational Clonsiderati,ons. Refer to theappropriate technical order/fl ight manrral to deter-mine aircraft loads (see para 16d).

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