URBP 298A: Tips for Great Writing!!Class Meeting #3

“We need planners who can

really WRITE!”!

- Professional planner, UPC Symposium panelist, 2011!

“What one skill, above all others, do you expect graduates of Masters of Urban Planning programs to possess?”

“Whether preparing staff reports, planning studies or other communications, a planner must be able to efficiently

convey key information.” (American Planning Association)!

Planning Skills: An Examination of Supply!and Local Government Demand (Greenlee, et al., 2014)!!!Authors surveyed 298 practicing planners:!•  98% rated writing skills as "somewhat” or “very important” for entry-

level planners. !•  100% thought writing was “somewhat” or “very important” for

advanced planners.!

Good writing begins with considering your intended audience(s). !For whom might we write during our planning careers?

Neighborhood residents Elected/appointed officials Activists Scientists Funders and supporters Allies and adversaries “NIMBY” proponents Anti-regulation proponents People of varying educational backgrounds People from different cultures than yours People for whom English is a 2nd/3rd language People who do not know what “planning” is Professors Peers and colleagues Attorneys Engineers Professional journal editors

Tip 1: Recognize that we ALL wrestle with writing clearly

Tip 2: Step outside of yourself from time to time

Ask yourself:!!•  Have I laid out a clear structure?!

•  Have I unfolded a clear story? !

•  Have I respected my readers’ time by GUIDING them through the story?!

•  Is my writing clear and concise?!

•  Have I proofread to locate and fix all distracting grammar, spelling and syntax errors?!

•  Has my “298 buddy” and/or professional editor taken a look?!

Tip 3: Arm yourself with resources and inspiration

Read Asha’s helpful handouts!!

Formatting Citations! Proofreading Tricks! Revising Written Work!

Tip 4: Focus on clear paragraph development – !guide your readers; one main point per paragraph

The field of planning will offer you many fulfilling career opportunities. One advantage is that there are jobs in the government, nonprofit, and public sectors, so you can choose the employer type that best suits your preferences. In addition, planners report high job satisfaction because they believe that their work contributes positively to improving local communities.! !If you become a planner, you can find jobs in the government, nonprofit, and public sectors. Planning is a field that offers fulfilling career opportunities. In addition, planners report high job satisfaction because they believe that their work contributes positively to improving local communities.!

Which paragraph below is clearer?!

Tip 5: Determine what you can leave out (or move)

Planners are trained to synthesize information but too much information can obscure the main points. Ask yourself:!•  Can material be moved to a table or chart?!•  Can material be moved to an appendix?!

Source: Wiki Commons

Tip 6: Minimize jargon and remove unneeded words

The project will provide a golf course facility.!The project will provide a golf course.!!!The “Open Space” designation includes marshland areas, bayland corridors, and waterfront recreational facilities.!The Open Space designation includes marshes, bay lands, and waterfront recreation.!!!The project could potentially be expected to increase the rate and volume of drainage runoff.!The project may increase the rate and volume of runoff.!

Source: “Planning in Plain English, N. Macris

Tip 7: Favor “active voice” and minimize “passive voice”

Active Voice: The subject performs the action denoted by the verb.!Example: Rick will mail the letter.!Why Active? The subject (Rick) is mailing (verb). This sounds direct and confident.!!!Passive Voice: The subject receives the action, making it passive.!Example: The letter is going to be mailed by Rick.!Why Passive? The letter (subject) is being acted upon (mailed). This is less direct.!!!

Passive voice sentences add words and make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.!!Passive voice isn’t necessarily “bad” – but most writing by urban planners should use active voice.!

!Passive Voice “Clues”: ! - some form of the verb “to be” (e.g. am, is, are, were, be, been….)! - main verb ends in –en or –ed!

Example 2:!It is the determination of City staff that there is a possibility of associated increases in traffic noise if this project is approved and constructed.!

Your turn! Which one is “passive”? Which one is “active”?!

Example 1:!City staff finds that traffic noise may increase if the County approves this project and the developer builds it as proposed.!

Problems with the passive example?!•  Sounds bureaucratic!•  Sounds dull!•  It’s unclear – who is going to approve?!•  It’s unclear – who will construct?!!

Why is the active example better?!•  Much clearer!!•  Shorter and livelier!•  More specific about who carries

out the action!

Tip 8: Always introduce a list

Good example of introducing a list:!Planning documents use lists in many ways. Examples include:!•  Objectives, goals, and policies in a plan!•  Conditions of approval for a development project!•  Requirements for an application submittal!•  Recommendations for a planning commission action!!

Use parallel construction in lists:!•  Goal 1: Protect wetlands from urban development.!•  Goal 2: Preserve prime agricultural lands.!

Bad example: non-parallel construction:!•  Goal 1: Protect wetlands from urban development.!•  Goal 2: Prime agricultural lands shall be preserved.!

Tip 9: Plagiarism – Don’t Go There!

Plagiarism is the use of someone else's language, images, data, or ideas without proper attribution. !!It is a very serious offense in the university and in your professional work. !!In essence, plagiarism is both theft and lying: you have stolen someone else's ideas, and then lied by implying that they are your own.!!

TIPS:!1.  Read examples in the course syllabus.!2.  Cite your sources – text and graphics.!3.  Put someone else’s writing in quotation marks – even part of a sentence.!4.  It’s always okay to ask your advisor!!5.  Submit your work to TurnItIn for a thorough check.!

Source: Wiki Commons

Review

TIPS:!1.  Relax – we all wrestle with writing clearly.!2.  See your writing through “fresh eyes.”!3.  Gather writing guides and inspirational writing.!4.  Focus on clear paragraph development: one main point per paragraph.!5.  Simplify your writing where possible. Table? Appendix?!6.  Minimize jargon, remove unneeded words.!7.  Favor “active voice” in your writing – direct, clear, and confident.!8.  Introduce lists and use parallel construction.!9.  Plagiarism – don’t go there; always okay to ask your advisor.!