URBN 0210 MASTER Study Guide

(9/2/10)

The Bible - G-dSets up anti-urban bias that persists until today in Western societyGarden of Eden - idyllic, pasoral, and pure, compared to Sodom - infectious, evil cityTower of Babel Story - building a tower to G-d (skyscrapers) leads to their downfall

(9/7/10) - Where do cities come from? 3 Models - Cultural/Social [Mumford], Materialist [Childe/Engel], and Political [Kitto/Weber] - are all possible based on architectural record

What is a City – Louis Mumford-stressed cultural and social factors of city-cities grow from a concept of “place” - sacred, meaningful locations around which people gather - cemetaries/burial grounds-they also are a result of labor specialization, allowing for the creation of priests and other careers of thought-cities are home to literacy and intelligence-city as THEATER OF SOCIAL ACTION - everything else is secondary-city creates drama – social disharmony and conflict – “urban drama” - the city as a stage-social needs are more important than the physical organization of the city, the industries and markets, communication and traffic, etc.-planning to limit the size, density, and area of the city to encourage effective interaction-city cannot function as a well-knit unit if the area has too much density of people-“polynucleated city” – cluster of communities, adequately spaced and bounded = good-dissociation and decentralization of cities likely to increase w/ technology and transportation

Urbanism as a Way of Life - Louis Wirth-diversity, size, and density --> social interaction --> mixing of classes --> toleration, cosmopolitanism, impersonality, BLASE PSYCHOLOGY-three important characteristics of city: large population size, social heterogeneity, population density-also talks about city as a ”theater of social action”-cities allow subcultures to come into existence due to density - like people can find each other-elites are scared of urban disorder - destabilizing to their regime-“urban personality” = more socially tolerant; more impersonal; less friendly – -loss of community in large cities

The Urban Revolution - V. Gordon Childe -stressed materialist factors in the city – -Marxist leanings - views cities as production sites and technology hubs - where raw materials become products

-revolution of technology (irrigation, food storage) led to urbanization and industrialization- urban population replies on agricultural surpluses to allow for the social division of labor on which cities rely-essential to city: wheel, writing, plow, currency, weapons - generally: technology-some physical locations give cities natural advantages: harbors, citadels, nearby raw materials...-disagrees w/ Mumford’s “social theater” view – controversial -shift from neolithic to urban = total break from the past-POET - population, organization, environment, and technology - is what makes up a city

The Polis – H.D.F Kitto-focus on the political aspects of the city-cities aren’t just material response to technological growth - they arise from desire to protect and govern-Ancient Greek Polis = city-state, self-governing community-Politics requires the existence of cities-Greeks emphasized PUBLIC SPACES - public temples, stadiums, agora (combined marketplace and public forum), theaters-polis = citizens realize their spiritual, moral, intellectual capacities – living community, extended family, social institutions - what’s good for the whole-citizenship is limited: women and slaves not permitted, maybe only small homogenous decision-making group really went and actively participated -This “root of democracy” relied on an underclass to function - slaves, uneducated people.-Aristotle’s ideal city = each citizen should know all others by sight-towns form larger units based on economy, geography, and character-Polis = “the whole communal life of the people – political, cultural, moral, and economic”

(9/14/10) - The Industrial City in the US and Europe

The Great Towns – Friedrich Engels (Marx’s buddy) -anti-urban description of Manchester, UK working-class conditions-dirty, unsanitary, crowded, impersonal, unhealthy, dark, disgusting, no sewage-no zoning – labyrinth, like a maze, no rational form-isolated – nobody acknowledges each other – dehumanizing-density – no privacy – tightly packed, crowded-sickness – yellow fever, venereal diseases (from prostitution), etc.-result of movement of capital

(9/16/10) - Elites rationalize the city - parks, public works, housing reform, coercive moralism, zoning

Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns – Frederick Law Olmsted-the father of landscape architecture in America!-response to America’s increasingly industrialized, trade-focused, dirty cities-sought to bring the country into the city to beautify it - City Beautiful movement-parks = most valuable public places - better air, more light, reduced congestion

-parks include both active/exertive and passive/receptive uses-need to plan for parks from the start, can’t do it little by little – secure land for parks-need to combat urban vice and social degeneration, particularly among children of urban poor - parks promote social mixing to show lower class how to behave-need to advance cause of civilization by providing urban amenities that would be democratically available to all -also advocated widened streets and tree-lined boulevards - the street as a park.-also supported new Housing Codes in NYC (Tenement Laws) to reform cramped, unsanitary living conditions-goal: rationalize the city

The Growth of a City: An Introduction to a Research Project – Ernest W. Burgess (Chicago School) -“process of distribution” – the way in which a city sorts and relocates individuals and group based on residence and occupation-modeled on the CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY – From in to out: Central business district --> area in transition being invaded by business and light manufacture (deteriorating) – immigrants, etc. --> workers in industries who have escaped from area of deterioration but who don’t want long commute --> “residential area” – high class apartments and exculsive “restricted” districts of single-family dwellings --> commuters zone – suburban areas, satellite cities -”black belt” goes through several zones-zoning comes out of this idea of keeping uses separate-zones are subject to expansion, succession, and mobilization-cities as a “social ecology”-assimilation and mobility - goal of new immigrants is to make it from the inner rings to the outer rings, replacing older upwardly-mobile immigrant groups-Subscribes to the POET model-new polynucleated metro areas/regional economies: agglomeration, high-tech districts, synergies as a result of new transportation tools

(9/21/10) - Urban Disorder

The Public Realm: Anti-Urbanism and the War on the Public Realm – Lyn Lofland-Anti-urbanism sees the city as

profane, unholy, unwashed sphere (vs. the pastoral)mixing the unmixable (vs. proper places for everyone)sacrilegious play and frivolity (vs. sobriety)anarchy, disorder, corruption, the “mob” (vs. rationality/control)

-This stems from anti-public realm attitudes

(9/23/10) - Public/Private

Locating Public Space – Zachary Neal-public space = areas that should be open and accessible to all members of the public in a society-”accessible” and “open” have limits - public spaces have rules

-Classic Public Spaces: The Agora, Medeival Public Space: The Commons, Rennaisance Public Space: The Plaza, Enlightenment Public Space: The Coffeehouse-vs. private space - out of view, intimate-different visions:

public space as civil order - democratic perspective public space as arena for conflict - dystopic image (see Fortress LA) - contested spacepublic space as celebratory stage - pro-urban cultural vision - where we define our identities

The Character of Third Places – Ray Oldenburg-aspects of personal world in public-feeling locations-hang-outs – cafes, restaurants – different from public realm-first place = home, second place = workplace-third place – should be free or inexpensive, offer food or drink, be highly accessible, have in the proximity of many, and involve regulars

Robert Putnam “Bowling Alone”○ No one chats in public spaces anymore○ Decline of civil engagement since 1970s linked with technology because people are

secluding themselves for example watching television○ Decrease in bonds in families

Mike Davis “Fortress LA”○ Neo-military architecture, policing, anti-pedestrian design in LA destroy public space○ Cities are fortified cells that keep lower class contained and leaves streets to criminals○ Contested space - if we can’t get rid of undesireables, retreat to private space --> loss of

the Polis○ Private spaces that look public: malls - look like streets, but 1st amendment doesn’t

apply

(9/28/10) - Urban Disorder/Providence

James Q. Wilson and George Kelling “Broken Windows”○ Signs of disorder encourage more crime

■ No one wants to live there■ Lack of neighborliness --> leaving streets to criminals■ Ex. Graffiti, trash, broken windows■ Results in zero-tolerance policing under Nixon

Bernard Harcourt “Illusion of Order”○ Disprove broken windows theory

■ Counter argument: cause and effect are switched■ Fear of crime and actual crime rates are not correlated - people fear what they

do not know.○ No correlation between increase in law enforcement and decrease in amount of crime○ Crime fell in NY because of economic situation, not tougher policing

Francis Leazes “Providence: The Renaissance City”○ How providence is becoming a renaissance city

■ physical changes - rerouting rivers and trains■ population changes - “creative class” and middle class returning

○ Still growing and will change in the future

“Buddy” - Film and Class Notes on Urban Politics○ The Machine vs. The Reformers

■ Buddy ran as Republican REFORMER, then built his own political machine■ Urban Succession: are Hispanics taking over the machine in PVD?

○ Who governs? Models: Pluralism (coalitions) v. Elite (machine always wins) v. Regime (practical private/public partners) ■ In PVD - Garbage Can (right place, right time, right idea)

James Bryce “Rings and Bosses”○ Machine: wants to maintain control

■ Gradually extends range of influence■ Acquiring influence by neighborhood voters

○ Boss: Head of ring, commander■ Avoids publicity, prefers power

(9/30/10) - Homelessness

Alex Vitale “City of Disorder: How the Quality of Life Campaign Transformed NY Politics”○ Quality of Life Campaign was preventative action against homeless○ Separation between normal people and homeless

■ Homeless seen as dangerous○ Making order to the city by putting these people away in jail○ Seeing the underclass as pathological

Barrett Lee and Chad Farrell “Buddy Can you Spare A Dime?”○ Panhandling by homeless people

■ Seen as a nuisance, but not a threat■ People want to avoid it - 60% have been panhandled■ Strategic locations - stoplights, parks

○ Most homeless do NOT panhandle - only the most desperate

Duneier and Molotch “Talking City Trouble: Interactional Vandalism, Social Inequality, and the “Urban Interaction Problem.”

○ What “goes wrong” when strangers approach○ Homeless violate unspoken rules of behavior and acceptability

■ Betray the usual ethics of social interaction■ Undermines “urbanism as a way of life”■ “Interactional vandalism”

David Snow and Leon Anderson - “Street People”○ The streets are home to numerous “informal economic activities” ○ This shadow work takes place at intersections and in parks

(10/5/10 and 10/7/10) - The Ghetto

W.E.B. Du Bois “the Negro Problems of Philadelphia” - 1899○ African Americans have trouble finding work and experience harsh living conditions, so

form their own communities - “city within a city”○ Even in North (tradition of “Free Blacks”), there is segregation and few jobs - color

prejudice○ The Black middle class tries to avoid the lower class

■ BUT as Black professionals can only serve Blacks - traps them in the Black Ghetto

William Julius Wilson “ From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos”○ Not a demand for unskilled workers means more unemployment within unskilled ghetto

communities○ The ghetto can serve as a support structure

■ Successful Blacks who stay in Ghetto serve as role model○ Exodus of Black middle class --> decline of Ghetto.

■ Civil Rights only help those with marketable skills - rest are left behind

Bruce Haynes and Ray Hutchinson “The Ghetto: Origins, History, Discourse”○ Original ghettos were Jewish communities, formed in response to being exiled by Spain○ Now refers to informally racially segregated communities (mostly Black)

(10/12/10) Housing Crisis and South Side’s Struggle

Film: “Southside: The Fall and Rise of an Inner-City Neighborhood”● South Side has had its own Renaissance

○ Rebirth of housing stock, fighting against vacant land○ Community development as “savior”○ Land values way up - fear of gentrification!

● Challenges○ Gangs: mostly Latin and Asian based○ Financial Resources - very few banks

● Diversity - proud of their ethnic variation

Manual Aalbers “The Sociology and Geography of Mortage Markets: Reflections on the Financial Crisis”

○ Causes of the housing crisis■ 1. De/Re-regulation of insurance system

● Loans being made to those who shouldn’t get them○ Sub-prime mortgages

■ 2. Financialization/globalization● Mortgage-backed securities - connection lost between loan and client

■ 3. Bubbles and Wrong Incentives● Lenders at street level want to make as many loans as possible● Borrowers can’t pay them back● Bubble bursts

Gotham “Creating Liquidity out of Spatial Fixity: The Secondary Circuit of Capital and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis”

○ Investigates the institutional and political roots of the sub prime mortgage crisis○ Bla bla bla BORING I realy doubt this will be tested.

(10/14/10)

Ali Madanpour, “Social Exclusion and Space” ○ Cities are heterogeneous

■ They can celebrate their diversity or impose order (modernism)○ Spatial organization of cities today

■ Manifestation of economic, political, and cultural exclusions■ Private communities ruin a city’s heterogeneity

■ Exclusion through physical and social control means (codes, rules, zoning, signs, customs...)

○ Solutions■ Mixed zoning can provide diversity

Kenneth Jackson, “The Drive-in Culture of Contemporary America”○ The automobile has had negative effects on social society

■ Ruins social interaction - “drive-thrus”■ Creates more privacy: Backyards not frontyards

Edward Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder “Putting Up the Gates”○ Private communities restrict public space - even sidewalks and parks are privately

owned○ Three types of Gated Communities

■ Lifestyle - Retirement, country club■ Prestiege - Less amenities, but gates mark destinction and status■ Security - Crime and traffic lead neighborhoods to close themselves off

Fishman, “Beyond Suburbia: The Rise of the Technoburb”○ The suburbs can now combine work and home

■ Company headquarters --> suburbs■ Creation of Edge Cities/Technoburbs - clusters of multiple functions■ No need to go downtown for sophisticated urban needs

○ Lack of Downtown means■ Less public space■ Less social mixing

Murphy, “The Suburban Ghetto: The Legacy of Herbert Gans in Understanding the Experience of Poverty in Recently Impoverished American Suburbs”

○ Decline in cities, starting in the 90s, has affected the suburbs as well○ Lower-middle class suburbs exist!

■ Bad schools, gangs, drugs, everything○ Focuses on Herbert Gans’ Work

Setha Low “The Politics of Fear: Strategies of Exclusion in Gated Communities”○ People move to gated communities out of fear of crime and “changes” (read: other

ethnic group) ○ Consequences:

■ No evidence that gated communities reduces crime - false sense of security■ Can have effects on how gated children see the outside world

(10/19/10) - How to Experience a City

The Arcade Project, Walter Benjamin● Experiencing the urban environment by watching - the flaneur

○ Strolling on boulevards - bourgeois, but open to all classes● The street as a spectacle - one is both observer and observed● Nostalgic view of city social space - repositories of the past● Arcades: huge part of the city life of Paris,

○ An iron/glass covered street○ Mirrors - reflect light, allow you to look at yourself and others

The Practice of Everyday Life: ”Spatial Practices: Walking in the City,” Michel De Certeau● “The city” is generated from the top-down - governments, corps, and other institutional bodies define

what the city is● Vantage point: View from a skyscraper makes the city a unified whole - Panopticon● Contrasting view: The walker at street level can subvert it!

○ His path is never fully determined by the institutional planners○ Can take short cuts, despite the plan of the city grid

● Moral: Everyday life is a process of using the rules of the institutions without being fully determined by them

Visions of a New Realty: The City and Emergence of Modern Visual Culture, Frederic Stout● Freedom of expression and the rise of the free press

○ Something all urban dwellers share - from consuming dailies to producing penny press rags● City public spaces are part of the “realm of imagination”● See LeGates pp. 141

(10/26/10) - Public Sphere

The Uses Of Sidewalks: Safety, Jane Jacobs● Good streets must have

○ 1. clear line between public and private space○ 2. eyes on the street○ 3. constant users to induce people into buildings on street

● Stores, bars, restaurants all aid in sidewalk safety and :○ 1. give people reasons to use the sidewalks○ 2. draw people along sidewalks○ 3. store keepers and businessman act as proponents to peace and order on street○ 4. activity generated by people on errands

○ 5. sight of people attract others● The bedrock attribute of a successful city district is that a person must feel personally safe and secure

on the street among all the strangers● Sidewalk and street peace kept by people themselves, not the police● Jane Jacobs fought against Robert Moses, urban renewal, and superblock housing

The City Image and its Elements, Kevin Lynch● 5 Elements of Urban Design

1. Paths--> usually entrails pedestrian movement--freeway2. Edges-->effective barrier between two points--gentrified Broadway--interchange seen across

boundary traffic across edge3. Districts-->contained areas/neighborhoods4. Nodes-->”hot spots” (olneyville sq)--points of density where you can move through5. Landmarks-->unique or distinctive reference point--blue room

The Design of Spaces, William Whyte● Observes different uses of space in NYC, searching for elements that create successful public spaces

○ Key to success is being able to watch people○ Factors:

■ Sittable Space - sitting height, benches, chairs■ Aesthetics - Water, trees, sun■ Commercial activity (vendors) and people/objects you interact with■ Relationship to street

○ Also helps if place functions as part of plaza or square○ Street corners are very important

Revisiting the Enclave Hypothesis: Miami 25 years Later, Alejandro Portes and Steven Shafer● Are Ethnic Enclaves mobility traps or economic opportunities for ethnics?● Some ethnic groups better at responding to economic pressures than others● Example - Cubans in Miami soar ahead thanks to tight business networks.

○ Their success allows children to get higher education.○ People who own the business and shop at the business are same○ Later Cuban immigrants have less luck as these exile networks have diminished

● Crowding in labor forces drives wages down...employees don’t benefit, but helps ethnic employers● MORAL: Carving a business enclave has been essential to the success and integration of many immigrant

communities - immigrants in enclave do better than those outside

The Ethnic Enclave Debate Revisited, Roger Waldinger● Rejects the value of ethnic supply lines● Instead, ethnic businesses merely fill a niche market● Look beyond the “enclave” terminology to considering entire ethnic experience

From Civil Relations to Racial Conflict: Merchant-Customer Interactions in Urban America, Jennifer Lee● Images of violence and conflict often go hand-in-hand with life in Black, urban communities - an

association buttressed by the sensational media accounts that highlight crime, firebombings and riots.● Owners of businesses in ethnic communities are often from other neighborhoods

○ i.e. Korean grocers in Black neighborhoods.○ Locals can serve as “buffers” with community○ There is actually civility in merchant-customer relations

● Past scholarly research also depicts interethnic relations in Black neighborhoods as conflict ridden, with immigrant merchants pitted against Black customers

● Argues that previous research has been biased towards conflict and controversy and does not reflect the full range of life in Black communities

(11/4/10) - Gentrification

Japonica Brown-Saracino - The Gentrification Debates● Defining gentrification● Why?

○ Cities struggling to maintain tax base.■ when people move out of cities they take $ with them■ we want to bring people back to city esp with money...improve tax base and better

public services○ Improve houses○ bring back social diversity

● Where?○ Former industrial spaces○ Places that have “authenticity”

■ Ex. Soho - large, light, big windows, cheap work space● Who?

○ Artists/”bohemians” come in first - in search of authenticity○ These pioneer gentrifiers are replaced by 2nd generation - Starbucks!

■ Real estate agents learn how to “sell” the neighborhood ● “diverse”, “authentic,” “convenient.”

○ Neighborhood stability disrupted, community displaced, social fabric changes○ Undermines the authenticity/diversity originally sought out.○ Different actors in gentrification view the process wildly differently

● But what’s the alternative? How else do you “save” neighborhoods? Urban renewal?

(11/11/10) Urban Economies

The Deindustrialization of America, Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison● As factories close, real estate market shrivels● Alcoholism, drug use, domestic violence are ancillary costs

● Impact greater in less diversified “company towns”○ dependent a single company b/c so many of its residents are employed there○ crush unions; social institutions destroyed

The CIty as a Distorted Price System, Wilbur Thompson● Providing public goods are part of a good public realm - nobody is excluded● in public economies, 3 kinds of goods are unclear

○ 1. public goods--collectively consumed, provided free by government○ 2. merit goods--free because in public interest for everyone to consume (public education,

immunizations)○ 3. redistribution of income - the uses of taxes, tolls, fees, and other prices to help allocate

scarce resources among competing ends

The Competitive Advantage of the Inner-City, Michael Porter● Inner-city urban economies have competitive advantage● Identifies comparative advantages of dense high-volume inner-city, despite low income markets:

○ 1. strategic location-->close to markets and infrastructure and suppliers○ 2. local market demand-->businesses joined to create regional economy○ 3. potential integration with regional job clusters○ 4. industrial labor force eager to work

■ government should work with these free market forces, instead of using artificial inducements

● inner city neighborhoods do not have lower real estate or labor costs

The Urban Future, Joel Kotkin● The “animating role of commerce” and “ability to provide security and project power” constitute the

“critical factors” of the urban experience● Basic security, whether from local crime or international terrorism, has become tenuous for many urban

residents● Environmental pollution leaves many others without access to clean air and water● Regardless, in the end, sacred functions of the city will prevail● Cities will always generate a “consciousness that unites their people in a shared identity” and be places

where “humanity’s future will be shaped for centuries to come”

Cities and the Creative Class, Richard Florida● The Creative Class: attract people, not firms● Which cities are attractive to the creative class? 3 T’s Technology, Talent, Tolerance

● High tech and creative industries● Human Capital, higher education, in creative occupations- Bohemian Index● Gay index, immigration, diversity

Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival, Paul Grogan and Tony Grogan

● Retailers return to inner-city● They believe it is easier to revitalize city neighborhoods than most people think● They do not favor gentrification

○ Drives out poor and brings in young and trendy

(11/16/10) - The Power of Place

A Place for Space in Sociology, Thomas Gieryn● How do places become distinctive? How do places matter for special practices and historical change?● Physical environment is invested with personal and collective meaning● Place has 3 necessary and sufficient features:

○ geographic location ( a unique spot, with finite, but nested and elastic boundaries - can be identified by many)

○ material form - must be physical○ investment with meaning and value

● Places are endlessly made - from the top down and the bottom up (planners and people on the ground)● “Emplacement” as a term - giving meaning to a physical thing

● History of a place is something which you cannot remove

Making Character Concrete, Krista Paulsen● Empirical Strategies for Studying Place Distinction● How material can be tied to the symbolic● Places influence local activity and meaning, producing special customs, habits, tendency● 4 strategies to reveal how city character influences local interaction, who and what is attracted to the

place:1. -making use of local accounts2. -design variables to measure character3. -comparison: strategically matched pairs (santa Barbara vs Venture)4. -examine responses to external forces

The Power of Place:Urban Landscapes as Public History, Dolores Hayden● PLACE is ordinary urban landscape that has the power to nurture citizens’ public memory, encompass

shared time in the form of shared territory● the city as a “theater of memory”:

○ identity from memory, but selective - preservation is political○ memory from shared time in shared place - emotions, psychological attachment

● Public Space creates socially inclusive identities

Symbolizing a Place: Journalistic Narratives of the City, P. Parisi and P. Holcomb● Newspaper narratives of the city: create a local culture across various urban fragments by allowing

different groups and neighborhoods to learn about each other○ “Human interest stories”

● “Populist” claim to represent the public interest against corrupt politicians and influential interest● Advertisements in media also serve as source of information

The Location of Culture: The Urban Culturalist Perspective, Michael Ian Borer● Urbanism sees cities as places of and for local sentiment, personal and collective identity construction,

and community building● The other 3 schools (Chicago, Political Economic, and Postmodern LA) see the culture of cities as a

response to larger economic forces and economic competition, and consider the social and geographic landscape as fragmented

● Culturalists see shared meaning systems that give rise to diverse social interactions and situations● Urban culture accounts for distinctions among places and how places and symbolize entire cities● People use places as part of their cultural repertoires or “tool kits”● Shared meanings create connections among individuals and groups● A sense of place makes a city less anonymous and less chaotic● Culture and place were separated:

○ Culture=way people make sense of the world and the symbolic and material products that express that way of life

○ Place=a unique geographic area

(11/23/10) - Fighting over Place

The Naked City, Sharon Zukin● Two different views of the city are discussed

1. Jane Jacobs○ Favors old city fabric - tries to retain the origins and historical uses and original residents of city○ Favors neighborhoods where people don’t have to leave--> loves urban village○ Urban village that she imagined was changeless/timeless/authentic

2. Robert Moses○ stands for a focus on progress; elimination of old and favor of the new when he views NYC○ wide range of modernist change; rational city; orderly○ contemporary planner; redeveloping of cites

● Local character vs. big box chain○ Ex. IKEA v. local furniture store, Starbucks v. local coffee shop○ People yearn for connections to unique places

● Zukin talks about 3 types of people who make claims in cities○ 1. Elites - people whose ancestors have grown up there and want to preserve historical things -

“our place, our families”--history from origins○ 2. Social Preservationists

■ authenticity of preservationists? way to keep people and way of life there○ 3.People that want their own coffee shops, favor 2nd hand clothes--real deal

■ *particular groups claim moral superiority for their aesthetic sense■ rise of distinctiveness--makes these neighborhoods “hip”

Tourism Gentrification: The Case of New Orleans, Kevin Fox Gotham● Cities seek to market themselves to tourists

○ The commodification of place and its values○ Tourism entrepreneurs: try to market locations as a commodity--> “dumbed down”

(authenticity/grit eased) for tourists● Ex- The branding of New Orleans

○ French Quarter is VERY gentrified, but well preserved aesthetically○ Dilemma: aesthetic value vs societal value○ Marketing spectacle to consumers - Mardi Gras

Marketing the Past: Historic Preservation in Providence, Briann Greenfield● History of preservation ideologies and action in Providence● Rise of “liberal” preservation - not just preserving rich white homes

Taking Los Angeles Apart: Towards a Postmodern Geography, Edward Soja● Specificity and uniqueness of LA’s restless geographical landscape

○ circumspection, outspaces: 60 mile radius>>5 counties, 12 million people, 132 incorporated cities - polycentric nodes

○ federal/military bases at circumference, turns industrial city inside out(turns logic of Chicago School ecological model inside out)

● Hollywood: Basic industry of LA is ”image making” - NOT focused on assembly line● Civic center with centripetal power (other cities) vs centrifugal decentralization (LA), sprawl, private

security: control and freedom● Downtown has 3rd world immigrant labor● Specialized economic enclaves (e.g. Koreatown) --LA has one of the largest Asian immigrant popluations

in US

The New York and Los Angelos Schools, David Halle● LA, NY and CHicago schools share pro-urbanism, but NY loves central city● LA favors sprawl-very car oriented (in contrast to Chicago and NYC)

○ NY sprawls, just outside the state! (in Jersey)● NYC and LA share:

○ demographic dispersal and decentralization○ immigration, art galleries, culture, ethnicity, race (creative capital)

● BIG difference in LA/NYC crime/policing○ LA-->high tech policing○ NYC--> public policing

● NYC vs Chicago○ Manhattanization(extreme density)○ metropolitan school systems: more money for all, less segregation

● NY handles transit on a massive scale - regional authority

Obama’s Metro Presidency, Bruce Katz● Need for overhaul in the way Federal government handles cities● Obama understands how massive cities work - could be first Metro President

○ Cannot just focus on central cities - need to focus on the entire massive metro area.○ Sustainability issues - current sprawl simply cannot continue

(11/30/10) - Global Cities

The Impact of the New Technologies and Globalization on Cities, Saskia Sassen● World Cities vs Global cities

○ places specialized in command and control○ many important headquarters are location in global cities

● What globalization is about?○ increasing importance of Finance and Services○ speed of transactions(ability to send money from one bank act to another in 2 diff countries

within minutes)○ intensity, complexity, global span

● The Global City○ the paradox: spatial dispersal and concentration - we are freed from space, and yet

concentrate in one place - face-to-face still valued○ coordination, command points○ complexity and innovation - very specific skills are available○ Boomerang Effect - going global to get local help

● Dispersion of Old-style production (manufacture)○ Used to be: materials from South --> plants in North○ Now production happens in the South as well○ global cities produce connections and specialized services

When Local Housing Becomes an Electronic Instrument: The Global Circulation of Mortgages, Saskia Sassen● the securitizing of mortgages has brought a new channel for extracting household income-- bundling it

up with other types of debt and selling it to financial investors● extending this concept to modest-income households opens up a global potential market comprising

billions of households

European Cities, the Information Society and the Global Economy, Manuel Castells● Technological revolution changing all spheres of life

● global economy: an economy at a planetary scale● Allows dislocation of space and time● informational society: centrality of information and knowledge - production of information >

production of material

● World cities are losing their distinct place-ness - global cities are converging towards a single identity - e.g. all airports are the same

○ Post-modern architecture● Information is not in one place - it’s a flow● Coordinated global movements are a result: environmental and feminist● Due to networks and flows, increasing blurriness in what is North and South

The Politics of Urban Exclusion and Violence in the Global South, Kees Koonings and Dirk Kruijt● 3rd World: developing countries not aligned with 1st world (capitalists) and 2nd world (communists) in

the Cold War● Cities of the South were formed through colonialism --rapid urbanization● ”primate” mega cities - excess of 10 million people - by far the largest in country● Labor

○ outsourcing of routine activities by international companies to avoid low wage labor and unions● slums appear with very poor living conditions, but are rarely recognized

○ build houses out of anything they can find○ slum clearance-->people shipped out of to country land and their houses will be knocked down

and built on● businesses in city - a lot is in the informal economy - activity without state approval● Crime

○ Police themselves can become part of the problem - e.g. brutality in Rio

Terms

3rd Space: Place that is semi-private realm (ex. Bar where you are aregular, coffee shop, etc.) Aesthetic Power: (discernment) to determine what

is authentic (ex. Hip neighbourhoods that make claims to authenticity, to grunginess, able to discriminate against “uncool”) – Can’t buy way into cool, must be created

Anti-Urbanism: Area of thought that is critical/fearful of urban life as asocial structure (sees cities as dirty/lawless/place of mixing of theunmixable, disorder, corruption)

Boomerang Effect: People start locally, go global for help, all in order toget help on a local level

Broken Windows Theory: Theory that monitoring/maintaining an urbanarea will prevent further crime/vandalism

Capitalism: Economic system wherein means of capital (finance) areprivitized

Chicago Worlds Fair 1893: Displayed design/engineering

feats/inventions, lauded as “beginning of urban planning”(designed by Burnham, Olmstead)

“City Beautiful”: Improvement of public spaces, part of gentrificationmovements (Olmstead)

City Divisions: “Paths” (Place of movement between 2 points); “Edges”(Physical barriers between 2 points); “Districts” (Amount of homogeneity within district, contained); “Nodes” (Hotspots of people [NOT barriers… Points of density]… Can pass through it); “Landmarks” (Places/things that distinguish a place, unique reference point… Can’t pass through it)

Civic Virtue: where citizens think about where they can work for thewhole community, not the individual.

Civil Service Reform: “deliberate action to improve the efficiency,effectiveness, professionalism, representativity and democratic character of a civil service, with a view to promoting better delivery of public goods and services, with increased accountability .”

Community Redevelopment Act (CRA): Made it possible to pressurelenders to invest in any neighborhood where they accepted deposits

Concentric Zone Theory: (a.k.a. Burgess Model – Ernest Burgess)Theoretical model to explain urban social structures… Based onhuman ecology theories done by Burgess and applied to Chicago

Core and Periphery Cities: Theory of dependency… Core = North (bigindustrial cities, NYC, London/Manchester, Berlin, Paris); Periphery = South (small cities in Latin America or West Asia… Where industrial materials sourced from)

Culturalism: values embedded into built environments (Bohrer)… Cultureis a moving force in how cities change (images/representations/collective memories/myths/sentiments)

Cultural Power: Power over a space to influence taste (usuallymodern/popular taste)… “Disneyification”

Disneyification: Turning a place into a facsimile (dumbed-down)version of its self – a “theme park of a city”

Ethnic Enclaves: Part of city/neighbourhood inhabited by mostly a singleethnic group… Centred around small businesses (ex. Markets, Restaurants, etc.) that cater to that group, interest-related community organizations (ex. Churches)… Often times, new immigrants move into ethnic enclaves (closer to “home”).

Ethnomethodology: Breaking of unspoken rules to see what it’s like, inorder to understand behavioural norms >> Codes of public space

Eyes on the Street: The more people who are out on the streets, the largerthe “citizen crime prevention force” [shop owners/workers, the homeless, average citizens] (Jane Jacobs)

Fair Housing Act: (a.k.a. Civil Rights Act of 1968) Prohibits discriminationin housing (sale, rental, financing based upon race, gender, disability)

Flaneur: (French: “Wanderer”) … Someone who strolls/wanders aroundthe city

Gay Enclave: Neighbourhood in the city where there is a large Gaycommunity (spatial vs. economic separation)

Gentrification: A back to the city movement, fuelled by capital. Middleclass moving back into the city, on the hunt for authenticity and history. Closes ret gap.

Global City: MAJORS= NYC/London/Tokyo… Both spatial dispersal andconcentration. Hubs of business/commerce – Can get anything you want/need in a Global City.

Ground rent: Lowest possible rent/sale price. Price of land. Housing and Redevelopment Acts (1949, 1954): True start of urban

renewal in the U.S. … Demolition and re-building of public housing. Industrialization: Organization/re-structuring of an economy/city for the

purpose of manufacturing Informal Economies: Small businesses, such as street vendors, who’s

source of income is technically illegal, although is not overall harmful. Informal economic activity.

Informal Slums: Communities of squatters… Mostly seen in mega-cities ofthe global south. Shanty-towns built on the edge of the city. Rapidurbanization leads to informal slums.

Informational Cities: Cores or Nodes of production of information orhigh-technology. CBDs.

Interactional Vandalism: Yelling at, unwanted interactions (“Heybaby…”) >> Shame people for not responding… Unwantedopenings and closings (Unmediated openings: Babies, pets, etc) >>Homelessness

Land speculation: When people buy land outside the city at a low price,in the hopes that when the city grows (urban sprawl), they can sell it at a much higher price >> Same with neighborhoods that have yet to be gentrified

Machine Politics: disciplined political organization in which anauthoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. (Tamanny Hall) (Cianci)

Manhattanization: Extreme density in a single city Megacities: Massive/major global cities… Centres of production. Over 10

million people in population. Migrant Workers: Men and women brought in to help with construction,

then expected to leave Pastiche: “Imitation” (or, incorporates pieces/works from others)Place: Area that is bounded, “specialized space”, place takes time, we

invest ourselves in places (places have memory). P.O.E.T: Population/Organizations/Environment/Transportation &

Technology Polis: City/City-State (Based on ancient Greek model – Self-governing) Primate Mega-Cities: Cities that are astronomically larger than all other

cities in the nation, due to rapid urbanization Public Authority: Mandate to build and maintain infrastructure across

municipal boundaries (Robert Moses) Public Space: Areas open and accessible to all members of the public in a

society, in principle though not necessarily in practice. * Rules make apublic space private.

“Rationalizing the City”: City beautiful, housing codes (tenement laws),public health services, hydraulics, infrastructure

Rent Gap: Difference between land use at it’s maximum potential,and what it’s actually being used for (actual and potential rent value).

Rolling Inertia: Place undergoes continuous flux, but connected to whatit was before – Inertia in the sense that you will always know where

you are, even if some things have changed Settlement House Movement: Homes for wayward youth… Jane Addams’s

Hull House Shadow Work: Work that earns some sort of income, but is wholly

unconventional/informal (ex. Panhandling, trash picking, etc.) >> Preformed on the streets, in areas that have high pedestriantraffic.

Skid Row: Area of the city designed for boarding houses/flop houses Space: “Exists between 2 points of reference,” must be constructed (social

terms), we are shaped by space, can be “filled”. Spoils System: System within a government (usually local, small-scale,

where people in power operate on basis of favours/rewards (Tammany Hall) Streetcar City: Cities in the 19th centuries who introduced public

transportation (Streetcars) as a general practice. Systems of Governance: Pluralism (power over) vs. Elite (power over) vs.

Regimes (power to) Sub-Prime Lending: When loads are made to people who have a history of

bad finances Technoburb: Different from classic suburb… hybrid of city/country, home

of office parks (Robert Fishman), no town centre/lack of cummunity Tenement Laws: Housing codes that gave guideline for proper low-income

housing (NYC) Third World = Developing Nation = Global South: Cities in the “Global

South” are sourcing points for labour/resources for cities in the Global North Tourist Gentrification: Rituals recreated or advertised in an attempt to

create authenticity/bring in tourists/add historical value (Ex. Mardi Gras in New Orleans) Undervaluation: What developers take advantage of (start of new

construction, renovation) – Low cost Urbanization: Development/growth/new construction of citiesUrban Evolution: adaptive relationship of natural and built environment;

natural selection in competition Urban Reform: Parks, “City Beautiful”, improvement of public spaces

(Olmstead) Urban Villages: 2 block radius that is a community – residents hardly have

to leave), Old City (original residents, uses of city), short blocks (JaneJacobs)

Wesley Skogan’s Disorder and Decline: Visual disorder signals lack ofsocial control… Lack of eyes on the street, breakdown of community.

Appendix - Sample Essays

POSSIBLE ESSAY TOPICS:

How is a gay enclave different from an ethnic enclave?--similarities--both want sense of community for comfort-- economics differ--which area of country --differs....white gays reign over and blacks keep to themselves-spatial and economic concentration--residents share identity linked to that place--more than just race in enclaves--sexuality(cross dressers, bisexual, transexual)-public life can be lived openly and physically---”come out”-expression of identity-Stonewall incident--gay militants fought back for the first time-affluent- well educated and have been active in creating activities in city-pioneers in urban frontier--gays--San Fran-home of gay life on west coast

Gated “Communities”: How are they related to the readings on disorder and crime?Exclusion: via physical access or social control/codes/signsEdward Blakely and Mary Gail Synder, <<Putting up the Gates>> Shelterforce (May/June 1997): 12-13restrict access so space normally “public” are privatizedTypes of Gated communities:

● lifestyle● prestige● security zones

END.