Urbanization and segregation

American urban population

-

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

300,000,000

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Year

Po

pu

lati

on

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Population

Proportion Urban

Black and white population and proportion urban

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Year

To

tal p

op

ula

tio

n s

ize

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

White populationBlack populationWhite proportion urbanBlack proportion urban

Where Americans lived, 1850-1920Size of place 1850 1880 1900 1920 Total

Under 1,000, or unincorporated place 73.61 65.8 56.16 43.9 54.3

1,000 - 2,499 6.52 5.29 4.63 4.91 5.03

2,500 - 3,999 3.1 2.91 2.47 2.91 2.8

4,000 - 4,999 1.06 1.17 1.4 1.45 1.35

5,000 - 9,999 2.86 3.41 3.95 4.79 4.11

10,000 - 24,999 2.89 4.49 5.58 6.49 5.53

25,000 - 49,999 3 2.9 3.93 4.8 4.02

50,000 - 74,999 0.47 1.19 1.79 3.01 2.08

75,000 - 99,999 0.87 0.63 1.6 2 1.52

100,000 - 199,999 3.14 2.58 3.28 4.41 3.61

200,000 - 299,999 0 1.43 2.61 2.76 2.23

300,000 - 399,999 0 2.1 2.13 1.63 1.74

400,000 - 499,999 0 0 0 1.59 0.67

500,000 - 599,999 2.47 2.14 2.17 2.05 2.14

600,000 - 749,999 0 0 0 1.34 0.56

750,000 - 999,999 0 1.64 0 2.37 1.33

1,000,000 - 1,999,999 0 2.34 4.13 1.72 2.43

2,000,000 0 0 4.15 7.85 4.55

Rank Area Name

Census Population Change

April 1, 2000 April 1, 1990 Number %

1 New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA CMSA 21,199,865 19,549,649 1,650,216 8.4%

2 Los Angeles--Riverside--Orange County, CA CMSA 16,373,645 14,531,529 1,842,116 12.7%

3 Chicago--Gary--Kenosha, IL--IN--WI CMSA 9,157,540 8,239,820 917,720 11.1%

4 Washington--Baltimore, DC--MD--VA--WV CMSA 7,608,070 6,727,050 881,020 13.1%

5 San Francisco--Oakland--San Jose, CA CMSA 7,039,362 6,253,311 786,051 12.6%

6 Philadelphia--Wilmington--Atlantic City, PA--NJ--DE--MD CMSA 6,188,463 5,892,937 295,526 5.0%

7 Boston--Worcester--Lawrence, MA--NH--ME--CT CMSA 5,819,100 5,455,403 363,697 6.7%

8 Detroit--Ann Arbor--Flint, MI CMSA 5,456,428 5,187,171 269,257 5.2%

9 Dallas--Fort Worth, TX CMSA 5,221,801 4,037,282 1,184,519 29.3%

10 Houston--Galveston--Brazoria, TX CMSA 4,669,571 3,731,131 938,440 25.2%

11 Atlanta, GA MSA 4,112,198 2,959,950 1,152,248 38.9%

12 Miami--Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA 3,876,380 3,192,582 683,798 21.4%

13 Seattle--Tacoma--Bremerton, WA CMSA 3,554,760 2,970,328 584,432 19.7%

14 Phoenix--Mesa, AZ MSA 3,251,876 2,238,480 1,013,396 45.3%

15 Minneapolis--St. Paul, MN--WI MSA 2,968,806 2,538,834 429,972 16.9%

16 Cleveland--Akron, OH CMSA 2,945,831 2,859,644 86,187 3.0%

17 San Diego, CA MSA 2,813,833 2,498,016 315,817 12.6%

18 St. Louis, MO--IL MSA 2,603,607 2,492,525 111,082 4.5%

19 Denver--Boulder--Greeley, CO CMSA 2,581,506 1,980,140 601,366 30.4%

20 San Juan--Caguas--Arecibo, PR CMSA 2,450,292 2,270,808 179,484 7.9%

Southern-born blacks living outside South

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1870 1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Per

cen

t in

eac

h r

egio

n

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

Po

pu

latio

n o

uts

ide

So

uth

West

Midwest

Northeast

DecadeNet

ImmigrationImmigration

IndexBlack Migration

from SouthBlack Migration

Index

1870 - 1880 1,876,000 36.2 68,000 35.1

1880 - 1890 3,757,000 72.4 88,000 45.4

1890 - 1900 2,888,000 55.7 185,000 95.4

1900 - 1910 5,188,000 100.0 194,000 100.0

1910 - 1920 2,888,000 55.7 555,000 286.1

1920 - 1930 2,443,000 47.1 903,000 465.5

1930 - 1940 -122,000 -2.4 480,000 247.4

1940 - 1950 974,000 18.8 1,581,000 814.9

Foreign immigration and Southern born black migration

Segregation in U.S. cities

1. 1890-1940 : Birth of the ghetto

2. 1940-1970 : Consolidation and expansion of the ghetto

3. 1970 – 1990 : Decline in segregation nationwide

Reasons for segregation

• Around 1950: Segregation enforced by whites limiting blacks access to white neighborhoods

• In 1990: Whites pay more for the same type of housing in neighborhoods without blacks.

Index of dissimilarity

• N is the total number of neighborhoods• Value of index ranges from 0-1• Measures the share of either the black or white

population would need to change areas for the races to be evenly distributed in a city

• < 0.3 is considered low• 0.3 – 0.6 is moderate• > 0.6 is considered high

|_

_'_

_

_'_|2/1

1 totalblacknon

hoodinblacksnon

totalblack

hoodinblacksN

i

Segregation in American cities, 1890-1990

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Year

Seg

reg

atio

n In

dex

Dissimilarity

Isolation

Black population distribution

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1870 1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Pro

port

ion

in r

egio

n

West

South

Midwest

Northeast

White population distribution

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1850 1860 1870 1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Pro

port

ion

in r

egio

n

West

South

Midwest

Northeast

A foot in the door …

1940 1960 1990

  City City Suburbs City Suburbs

Number of census tracts in all cities 6,113 13,310 9,378 16,664 27,183

Percentage of tracts with black share

Exactly zero 21.2 19.6 22.3 7.3 14.7

0-1 39.1 36.2 48.0 10.2 25.0

1-5 15.6 12.4 13.3 23.7 30.0

5-15 8.3 8.8 8.2 18.8 15.3

15-25 3.6 4.2 2.9 7.4 5.3

25-50 4.2 5.4 2.9 9.4 4.9

50-75 3.2 4.6 1.3 7.0 2.4

75-90 1.9 3.4 0.6 5.0 1.1

90-98 1.8 3.1 0.3 6.5 0.9

98-100 1.0 2.3 0.2 4.8 0.4

Attitudinal changes

“White people should have a right to keep blacks out of their neighborhoods if they want to, and

blacks should respect that right.”

Year Whites agreeing

1963 60%

1980 34%

1996 13%

MeasureBlacks From

WhitesHispanics From

WhitesAsians From

Whites

Index of Dissimarility

1980 73.9 51.0 41.8

1990 68.9 50.7 41.9

2000 65.2 51.6 42.2

Average Percentage change in decade

1980 to 1990 -5.8 0.7 1.9

1990 to 2000 -4.6 4.9 2.1

Number of Metropolises, by direction of change: 1980-2000

Index of segregation higher in 2000 15 124 69

Index of segregation lower in 2000 240 86 47

Recent changes in segregation