urban oasis people places &comfort · urban heat island effect transportation pollution urban...

Mentor : Felix Thumm

URBAN OASIS People Places &Comfort

Great Public spaces are a measure of Livable Cities…

The project explores how to design comfortable and usable public spaces for neighbourhoods

Research by :Mahrooh [email protected]

With help of Felix Thumm

NEW DELHI density > 5x FRANKFURT density 11733/km2 2300/km2

CITIES

ELECTRICITY

WATER

OPEN SPACEGreen capita in cities lower than acceptable as per UN HABITAT

NEW DELHI placed LAST AMONG 95 CITIES by the UN

Climate abnormalities, and increase in annual mean minimum temperature

15% INCREASE IN AC DEMAND IN LAST YEAR!

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

TRANSPORTATION

POLLUTION

URBAN EFFECTToday cities are experiencing unprecedented densities and on comparing New Delhi is five times greater than the density of Frankfurt.This urban effect puts a lot of pressure on the city including lack of open space , where UN statistics placed New Delhi last among 95 cities evaluated for Green Capita.This results in rising temperatures in the cities due to urban heat island effect, which in turn increases energy demand.

GENTRIFICATION

FINE URBAN GRAIN ISOLATED BLOCKS

OPEN SPACEGreen capita in cities lower than acceptable as per UN HABITAT

NEW DELHI placed LAST AMONG 95 CITIES by the UN

MALLS TODAYTRADITIONAL MARKET

Social space Inward Looking Energy GuzzlersAdverse local economiesSocial barriersCongregation Community

Passively designed Local Economies

SHIFT in TYPOLOGIESThis results in gentrification of our fine grain typologies, embedded with a public realm, into islocated air conditioned blocks.We can take the example of the local market place being replaced with air conditioned malls.

Malls are designed inward away from the public realm. This creates social barriers, adversely affects local economies and consumes more energy and resources.Therefore it is important to demonstrate strategies which can create comfort in outdoor spaces and prolong their use and vitality as urban retreats.

This will promote hybrid typologies for IT parks, recreation parks, educational campuses etc keeping the finer grain.

METHODOLOGY | RESEARCH

OUTDOOR COMFORT INDEX.

STRATEGIES for OUTDOOR COMFORTPROJECT DEFINING

Reseach

- Climate Analysis

- Tool for comfort

- Comfort Scenarios

Pressing issue!!

CLOTHING

ACTIVITY

DIRECT SOLARRADIATION

DIFFUSE SOLARRADIATION

AIR TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

WIND

INFRARED RADIATION

The first part of the project is RESEARCH which included1) Studying outdoor thermal comfort interaction factors. We chose universal thermal climate index (UTCI) to evaluate user comfort,and it takes into account the following :

2) Finding appropriate strategies to increase pedestrian outdoor comfort in tropical hot and Humid climate. Steps followed are:a)Climate Analysisb) Comfort Toolsc) Strategies for micro climate

PARAMETRES

CLIMATIC

Air temperature

Humidity

Air velocity

Solar radiations

Infrared radiations

HUMAN

Activity

Clothing

MONSOON

CLIMATE | New Delhi

Dry Bulb Temperature

SUMMER

Relative Humidity

Wind

Max. Outside temperatue 450CMin. Outside temperature 4.80CYearly mean Outside temperature 24.90C

Summer from March to October

35% Humidity > 14g/kgAnnual precipitation average of 700mm

Monsoon from July to September

Average annual wind velocity 1.5m/s

Wind relatively more during the hot and dry season, during the daytime.

a)Climate Analysis Almost 80% of India experiences hot and humid climate and New Delhi is chosen for investigation as it experiences a more extreme summer and winter, compared to most.

Fig 1 ) Delhi experiences long summer from March to October and the temp rises upto 450C.

Fig 2) Monsoon occurs from July to Sep. For 35% of the year humidity outside is above 14g/kg which causes discomfort

Fig3) The average annual wind is 1.5m/s and it is more during the daytime in the hot and dry period .

CLIMATE | New Delhi

MONSOONUTCI < 320C

25% of year UTCI > 320C 72% of Summer UNCOMFORTABLE

UTCI < 90C

SUMMER

is considered comfortable in hot and humid climate

experiences cold stress

(Summer- daytime)

0 0 0 0

47 5169 64 73 77

99 9576

5642 46

5463

95

137

145120

49

3452 90

7954

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

50

100

150

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250

jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

Insola

tion [kW

h/m²]

IWEC 2.0 New-Delhi-SafdarjunHorizontal

total 1767 kWh/m²/a Ground Reflection 0 kWh/m²/a Diffuse Radiation 796 kWh/m²/a Beam Radiation 972 kWh/m²/a

HORIZONTAL SOLAR INSOLATION

a)Climate Analysis We map UTCI over the year; which takes into account the dry bulb temp, relative humidity, wind and considers mean radiant temp of the surrounding same as the ambient temp ( open field condition).

In a hot and humid climate UTCI < 320C is considered comfortable. We can see here that the monsoon period with high humidity and less wind is most uncomfortable. Winter is not problematic and with a higher clothing factor, thermal comfort can be easily achieved.

72% of summer daytime is uncomfortable. And during the hot and dry summer, due to less cloud cover there is high direct solar radiation.

CLIMATE WIND ANNUAL UTCI > 320C

UTCI < 90C

Average annual wind speed is 1.49m/s

During the summer predominant wind is from NORTH WEST ( when UTCI > 320C)

During the winter predominant wind is from the SOUTH WEST ( when UTCI < 90C)

a)Climate Analysis When UTCI > 320C, the predominant wind direction is from the North- West. This presents an opportunity to channel wind from the NW in site planning to improve comfort.

ADIABATIC COOLING

INCREASED WIND SPEED

OPERABLE SHADING 0% Transmittance

BASE CASEBLACK SURFACENO SHADINGNO WIND

PASSIVE STRATEGIES

Shading Increased Wind Adiabatic Cooling

HIGH SOLAR REFLECTIVE SURFACE

FIXED SHADING 50% Transmittance


30% 39% 38% 49% 53% 36% 43%

TOOLS FOR COMFORT : SUMMARY

UTCI < 32°C

b) Comfort Tools

From the climate analysis we

understand the need for

SHADING to protect from solar

radiation

INCREASED WIND helps improve

comfort

ADIABATIC COOLING reduces air

temperature

TOOLS FOR COMFORT

BASE CASE

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

IWEC20_new-delhi-safdarjun_421820_VAR1_black_20W_noS_8760

UTCI<0 0<=UTCI<9 9<=UTCI<26 26<=UTCI<32 32<=UTCI<38 UTCI>=38Moderate cold stress Slight cold stress No thermal stress Moderate stress Strong heat stress Very strong heat stress

52% Comfortable

30% 1250hrs Comfortable



94% Comfortable

A person standing the entire year on a black surface receiving full solar radiation and almost no wind.

BLACK SURFACENO SHADINGNO WIND

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

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UTCI<0 0<=UTCI<9 9<=UTCI<26 26<=UTCI<32 32<=UTCI<38 UTCI>=38

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

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0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

94%

34%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

72%

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6%

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67%

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36%

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0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

57%

79%

71%

17%

31%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

25%

20%

23%

0% 3%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

18%

0%5%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

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Summer day3141hrs

Summer night1024hrs

Year8760hrs

Summer | March - Oct4165hrs

Winter | Nov-Feb2040hrs

c) Strategies for micro-climate

To evaluate the moderation effects of

different strategies towards optimizing

outdoor thermal comfort, we consider

BASE CASE which shows

During summer daytime only 20% of

the time it is comfortable and during

summer night time 60% of the time it

is comfortable

TOOLS FOR COMFORT


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

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1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

57%

79%

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VAR21


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33%

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VAR21


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27%

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33%

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17%

24%

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VAR21


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

94%

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VAR21


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

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VAR21


Summer day3141hrs

Summer night1024hrs

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

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WHITE SURFACENO SHADINGNO WIND

7% 59% Comfortable

9% 39% Comfortable

9% 29% Comfortable

11% 71% Comfortable

Mostly Comfortable

1% Cold stress

Year8760hrs




For the pavement material solar reflectance or albedo , is the primary determinant of the material's maximum surface temperature.

Conventional paving materials such as asphalt and concrete have solar reflectances of 5 to 40 percent, which means they absorb 95 to 60 percent of the energy reaching them. light-colored pavements with solar reflectances greater than 75 percent reduces surface mean radiant temperature.We see 9% improvement in summer with just improving the ground material.

Alternately permeable pavements also helps keep surface temp lower through evaporative cooling.


Opaque fixed shading reduces exposure to solar radiation including infrared-radiation, which keeps the surface temperature lower and thus improves comfort.However the heat transmitted during the day through the shading is trapped even during night, creating a reverse effect. Hence we see a decrease of 3% in comfort hours during the summer night when compared to base case.In order to take advantage of night sky cooling potential, operable shading is advisable.

TOOLS FOR COMFORT


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

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0% 0%

14%

0% 0%

34%

30%

21%20%

33%

35%

38%

39%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

7%

46%

71% 74%

64%

56%

44%

20%

0% 0%

48%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

70%

19%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

30%

0% 0%

15%

0% 0%

29%

45%

23%

14% 13%20%

46%

63%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

1%

33%

45%

54%

70%

76%

53%

6%

0% 0%

43%

0% 0%

0%3%

31% 32%

17%

3%0% 0%

0% 0%

11%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR22


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

94%

34%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

72%

0% 0%

28%

0% 0%

6%

60%

40%

8%

18%

33%

70%

28%

0% 0%

32%

0% 0%

0%6%

60%

75%

72%

67%

29%

0%

0% 0%

36%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

17%10%

0% 2% 0%

0% 0%

3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

90%

23%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

61%

0% 0%

25%

0% 0%

10%

67%

38%

9%14%

31%

67%

39%

0% 0%

34%

0% 0%

0%

10%

62%

79%

77%

69%

33%

0%

0% 0%

39%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

12%9%

0% 1% 0%

0% 0%

2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR22


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

57%

79%

71%

17%

31%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

25%

20%

23%

0% 3%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

18%

0%5%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

100% 100%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

88%

100%97%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

12%

0% 3%0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR22


Summer day3141hrs

Summer night1024hrs

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

45%

14%

1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

57%

79%

31%

17%

31%

25%

27%

15%

6% 7%

15%

30%

25%

25%

20%

20%

0% 3%

25%

24%

30%

32%

42%

43%

35%

28%

18%

0%

23%

0% 0%5%

35%

55%62%

52%

43%

33%

14%

0% 0%

25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




BLACK SURFACE0% TRANSMITTANCE, SHADINGNO WIND

13% 65% Comfortable

19% 49% Comfortable

26% 46% Comfortable

3% 42% Uncomfortable

Mostly Comfortable

Operable shading will allow the ground to reject heat absorbed during the day to the sky

Year8760hrs




Operable shading takes advantage of night sky cooling potential, and allows the ground to reject heat absorbed during the day to the sky. This lowers the surface mean radiant temperature. Therefore we see a 12% increase in comfort hours during summer night when compared to the base case.

TOOLS FOR COMFORT


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

45%

14%

1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

57%

79%

31%

17%

31%

25%

27%

15%

6% 7%

15%

30%

25%

25%

20%

20%

0% 3%

25%

24%

30%

32%

42%

43%

35%

28%

18%

0%

23%

0% 0%5%

35%

55%62%

52%

43%

33%

14%

0% 0%

25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%4%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1%

96% 99%

78%

29%

2% 0% 0% 0% 0%

50%

91%

98%

45%

0% 0%

21%

45%

33%

18% 17%

28%

59%

46%

9%

0%

23%

0% 0% 1%

25%

43%

57%

71%

70%

40%

4%0% 0%

26%

0% 0% 0% 1%

22%25%

12%

2% 0% 0% 0% 0%5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR28


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

45%

14%

1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

0% 0%

11%

0% 0%

25%

27%

15%

6% 7%

15%

30%

25%

0% 0%

19%

0% 0%

25%

24%

30%

32%

42%

43%

35%

28%

0% 0%

32%

0% 0%

5%

35%

55%62%

52%

43%

33%

14%

0% 0%

37%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

78%

29%

2% 0% 0% 0% 0%

50%

0% 0%

20%

0% 0%

21%

45%

33%

18% 17%

28%

59%

46%

0% 0%

33%

0% 0%

1%

25%

43%

57%

71%

70%

40%

4%

0% 0%

39%

0% 0%

0% 1%

22%25%

12%

2% 0% 0%

0% 0%

8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR28


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

27%

7%0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

16%

0% 0%6%

0% 0%

33%

17%

7% 6% 3%9%

17%

24%

0% 0%

14%

0% 0%

34%

30%

21%20%

33%

35%

38%

39%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

7%

46%

71% 74%

64%

56%

44%

20%

0% 0%

48%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

70%

21%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

33%

0% 0%

15%

0% 0%

29%

45%

24%

14% 13%

22%

49%

61%

0% 0%

32%

0% 0%

1%

33%

46%

54%

71%

75%

51%

6%

0% 0%

43%

0% 0%

0% 2%

28% 31%

16%

2% 0% 0%

0% 0%

10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR28


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

94%

34%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

72%

0% 0%

28%

0% 0%

6%

60%

40%

8%

18%

33%

70%

28%

0% 0%

32%

0% 0%

0%6%

60%

75%

72%

67%

29%

0%

0% 0%

36%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

17%10%

0% 2% 0%

0% 0%

3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

99%

54%

4%0% 0% 0% 0%

90%

0% 0%

34%

0% 0%

1%

46%

63%

30%27%

47%

91%

10%

0% 0%

38%

0% 0%

0% 0%

33%

69% 73%

53%

8%

0%

0% 0%

27%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 2% 1% 0% 1% 0%

0% 0%

0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR28


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

57%

79%

71%

17%

31%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

25%

20%

23%

0% 3%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

18%

0%5%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%4%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2%

96% 99%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

91%

98% 96%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

9%

0% 2%0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR28


Summer day3141hrs

Summer night1024hrs

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

45%

14%

1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

57%

79%

31%

17%

31%

25%

27%

15%

6% 7%

15%

30%

25%

25%

20%

20%

0% 3%

25%

24%

30%

32%

42%

43%

35%

28%

18%

0%

23%

0% 0%5%

35%

55%62%

52%

43%

33%

14%

0% 0%

25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




BLACK SURFACE0% TRANSMITTANCE, OPERABLE SHADINGNO WIND

16% 68% Comfortable

23% 53% Comfortable

27% 47% Comfortable

12% 72% Uncomfortable

Mostly Comfortable

Signi� cantly more comfortable days and also improves Nighttime comfort

Year8760hrs




Elevated wind improves comfort, especially during the hot and humid days of the year and we see an overall improvement of 6% in comfort hours during summer, when compared to the base case.

TOOLS FOR COMFORT

INCREASED WIND SPEED 2m/s

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

45%

14%

1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

57%

79%

31%

17%

31%

25%

27%

15%

6% 7%

15%

30%

25%

25%

20%

20%

0% 3%

25%

24%

30%

32%

42%

43%

35%

28%

18%

0%

23%

0% 0%5%

35%

55%62%

52%

43%

33%

14%

0% 0%

25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

18%

5%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

13%

3%

78%

70%

51%

17%

1% 0% 0% 0% 2%

39%

61%

78%

33%

4%

25%

26%

26%

18%

11% 13%

22%

40%

22%

26%

9%

20%

0% 0%

20%

23%

28%

32%

41%

43%

31%

29%

12%

0%

22%

0% 0%3%

33%

53%57%

46%

35%

28%

9%

0% 0%

22%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR24_b


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

45%

14%

1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

0% 0%

11%

0% 0%

25%

27%

15%

6% 7%

15%

30%

25%

0% 0%

19%

0% 0%

25%

24%

30%

32%

42%

43%

35%

28%

0% 0%

32%

0% 0%

5%

35%

55%62%

52%

43%

33%

14%

0% 0%

37%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

51%

17%

1% 0% 0% 0% 2%

39%

0% 0%

14%

0% 0%

26%

26%

18%

11% 13%

22%

40%

22%

0% 0%

22%

0% 0%

20%

23%

28%

32%

41%

43%

31%

29%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

3%

33%

53%57%

46%

35%

28%

9%

0% 0%

33%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR24_b


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

27%

7%0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

16%

0% 0%6%

0% 0%

33%

17%

7% 6% 3%9%

17%

24%

0% 0%

14%

0% 0%

34%

30%

21%20%

33%

35%

38%

39%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

7%

46%

71% 74%

64%

56%

44%

20%

0% 0%

48%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

34%

10%

1% 0% 0% 0% 2%

22%

0% 0%

8%

0% 0%

35%

18%

10% 9% 9%15%

25%

24%

0% 0%

18%

0% 0%

27%

28%

20% 22%

34%

39%

36%

41%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

4%

43%

69% 69%

57%

46%

37%

13%

0% 0%

43%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR24_b


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

94%

34%

1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

72%

0% 0%

28%

0% 0%

6%

60%

40%

8%

18%

33%

70%

28%

0% 0%

32%

0% 0%

0%6%

60%

75%

72%

67%

29%

0%

0% 0%

36%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

17%10%

0% 2% 0%

0% 0%

3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0%

97%

40%

2% 0% 0% 0% 2%

81%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

3%

54%

44%

16%

27%

45%

84%

19%

0% 0%

36%

0% 0%

0%6%

55%

71%

64%

55%

13%

0%

0% 0%

31%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

13%9%

0% 1% 0%

0% 0%

3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR24_b


0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

57%

79%

71%

17%

31%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

25%

20%

23%

0% 3%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

18%

0%5%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

18%

5%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

13%9%

78%

70%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

61%

78%

72%

4%

25%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

26%

9%

16%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

12%

0%3%

0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


VAR24_b


Summer day3141hrs

Summer night1024hrs

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0%

82%

66%

45%

14%

1% 0% 0% 0% 1%

33%

57%

79%

31%

17%

31%

25%

27%

15%

6% 7%

15%

30%

25%

25%

20%

20%

0% 3%

25%

24%

30%

32%

42%

43%

35%

28%

18%

0%

23%

0% 0%5%

35%

55%62%

52%

43%

33%

14%

0% 0%

25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%




BLACK SURFACENO SHADING2m/s WIND

1% 53% Comfortable

3% Cold stress

9% Cold stress

6% 36% Comfortable

6% 26% Comfortable

7% 67% Comfortable

Mostly Comfortable

Year8760hrs




Adiabatic cooling using a high humidifier efficiency improves the comfort hours significantly . Here it is critical to use the right equipement to ensure evaporation without leaving a damp feeling on the user.

TOOLS FOR COMFORT

ADIABATIC COOLING

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Summer day3141hrs

Summer night1024hrs

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9% 61% Comfortable

13% 43% Comfortable

12% 32% Comfortable

17% 77% Comfortable

Mostly Comfortable

Year8760hrs



BLACK SURFACENO SHADINGNO WIND90% HUMIDIFIER EFFICIENCY


To conclude from the analysis we find use of high albedo material and shading as the most effective and economical passive strategy to achieve outdoor comfort.

ADIABATIC COOLING

INCREASED WIND SPEED


BASE CASEBLACK SURFACENO SHADINGNO WIND

PASSIVE STRATEGIES

Shading Increased Wind Adiabatic Cooling




30% 39% 38% 49% 53% 36% 43%

TOOLS FOR COMFORT : SUMMARY

UTCI < 32°C

The second part of the project is DESIGN

To demonstrate application of the strategies in a test-bed plaza.

To understand at the fine grain, what layers impact design decisions.

A design process to convert climate strategies into concrete solutions.

METHODOLOGY | DESIGN

OUTDOOR COMFORT INDEX. SITE ANALYSIS

STRATEGIES for OUTDOOR COMFORT APPLICATION IN TEST-BEDPROJECT DEFINING

Reseach Design

Design

Analyze

Optimize

- Climate Analysis

- Tool for comfort

- Comfort Scenarios

Pressing issue!!

CLOTHING

ACTIVITY



AIR TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

WIND

INFRARED RADIATION

Site selection:

We choose a dying commercial district, in New Delhi, Nehru Place which is ear-marked for gentrification.

ALL OF THESE ACTIVITIES BRING

PEOPLE TO NEHRU PLACE EVERYDAY

NEHRU PLACE

Dying Urban District

Gentri�cation

Detoriated conditions

Not Comfortable

Not Programmed

No Green Provision

Water problems

DEMONSTRATION PROJECT : New Delhi

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

16F

4F

6F

6F6F

8F

6F6F

6F

6F 6F 6F

6F

6F

16

16

14F

14F

4F

OFFICES COMMERCIAL

LOCAL ECONOMIESENTERTAINMENT

EATERIESSMALL SHOPS

M E T R O S T A T I O N

NEED COMFORT FOR MORE RATIONAL USE OF SPACENEED COMFORT FOR MORE RATIONAL USE OF SPACE

Site problem

Nehru place already has a fine-grain network of pedestrian streets and plazas. However from the picture we can identify that the self shaded narrow streets are over used whereas the large plazas are uncomfortable and hence under utilized.

If we can program and create comfort in the large plazas, we will decongest the bottle neck areas, and at the same time support more local economies.

2000-30001000 -2000<1000

3950

3884

3077

2809

1388

250

2352

19002421

626

2489

2409

2070

2398

1397

820

840

740

766

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS | SUNHOURS

ANNUAL 4198 hours TEST BED

Plaza selection

We use sun hours to indicate the worst case plaza, which is selected for redesign.

SITE ANALYSIS | PROGRAM

M o v e m e n tM e t r o s t a t i o n

B u s s t o p

Site program analysis

This plaza is in the pedestrian path connecting the two transit stations ( Metro and Bus) on either end of the precinct. Hence a lot of people move via this area during the day.


R e s t a u r a n t

C o m m e r c i a l

M o v e m e n t


The ground floor is mostly commercial and restaurants, which can spill on to the plaza and activate the ground floor


O f f i c e s

R e s t a u r a n t

C o m m e r c i a l

M o v e m e n t


The offices surrounding the plaza will bring large footfall to the plaza during the lunch hour and after office hours. This makes it a viable location for local economies to be set up.

SHADING STUDY | 21 March

10:00 13:00 16:0025% shade in plaza

sunrise 06:28, sunset 18:27Site analysis

March 21st is used to evaluate the shading condition on the plaza, as similar condition will prevail for most part of the summer.

The buildings itself shade 25% of the plaza.

SHADING STUDY | 21 March

10:00 13:00 16:00

10:00 13:00 16:00

25% shade in plaza

70 - 75% shade in plaza by covering 45% of the area MOST CRITICAL TO SHADEMost exposed sun

sunrise 06:28, sunset 18:27Site analysis

Evaluating different shading configurations, we find that by providing shade over 45% area, as shown here, we ensure 70-75% shaded areas in the plaza.

SITE DESIGN | P R O G R A M C O M F O R T

SPILL OVER CAFES12:00 - 15:00 | 19:00 - -23:00

13:00 Programming the plaza

The cafes are programmed to spill onto the plaza. They cater to the people working in the surrounding offices. The will operate during lunch hour and after office hours until late night.


SPILL OVER CAFES12:00 - 15:00 | 19:00 - -23:0013:00

Base Shade Fan (2m/s)

Radiant floorFan (1m/s)

CLOTHING

ACTIVITY



AIR TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

WIND

INFRARED RADIATION

Summer | Mar - Oct | UTCI < 32°C

24% 54% 74%

Programming + Comfort

Providing shade and elevated air speed improves comfort hours by 30%, however in a dining scenario draft may not be preferred.

For fine dining restaurants, cooled floor with activated slab and low wind speed can provide much more comfort. We must bear in mind that this would mean more investment in construction and maintainance.


CONGREGATION | AMPHI18:00 - 23:00

15:30Programming the plaza

After office hours the plaza will be used for congregrational.

We program the congregational zone in an area which is in shade after 3:00pm, so by evening when it is used by people, the surface temperature is much lower.

SITE DESIGN | CONGREGATION | AMPHI18:00 - 23:00

Base Self Shade

Shade Mist Jetfan


53% 61% 89%

P R O G R A M C O M F O R T


Just with the right programming we improve the comfort hours to 61%, when compared to programming it in an area always exposed to sun.

During performances or cinema, use of mist jet fans provide comfort for 89% of the scheduled time.


KIOSK | Local economy11:00 - 23:00

11:00

View

Programming the plaza

Local kiosk zone programmed along pedestrian movement, allows users to always stroll under shade. This maintains wind movement and visual connection from one side to the other.

SITE DESIGN |

13:00 KIOSK | SHADE


BAMBOO WEAVE

BAMBOO MOVABLE

WATERPROOF LAYERDURING MONSOON


Using local material like bamboo will be a cost effective solution which will engage local craftsman.

Bamboo mats can be made operable, to use night sky cooling potential and allow the ground to reject heat absorbed during the day to the sky

During monsoons a rain protection layer is added leaving an air gap allowing ventilation, ensuring no heat is trapped inbetween the two layers.

SITE DESIGN |

11:00 - 23:00


Base Bamboo Shade

Shade Mist fan


29% 45% 86%

KIOSK | Local economy

CLOTHING

ACTIVITY



AIR TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

WIND

INFRARED RADIATION

CLOTHING

ACTIVITY



AIR TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

WIND

INFRARED RADIATION

8%

Fan only 5% improvement


Using an operable shade will increase comfort hours by 8%, compared to a fixed shade.

Elevated wind and adiabatic cooling using mist fan creates localized comfort pause points , where people can stop and relx.These pause points are comfortable for 86% of the scheduled time.


18:00 - 23:00

KIOSK | Food Bazar

Base Tree shade


53% 61% 86%

Programming the plaza

The central area is programmed as a night food market. It is shaded with trees which reduces the amount of solar radition during the day and it will be comfortable for use during the evening and night. The no-shade zone allows for the fumes to exhaust easily.

Programming

Overall program of the plaza

Comfort

Shading for comfort

WATER Use of water for Mist fans

We require 280lts of water per hour for the mist fans proposed to create localized comfort in 15% of the plaza area. It is important to schedule when the mist fans are working to minimize consumption.

The analysis shows with shading and elevated air speed for 55% of the hot and humid summer and 33% of the hot and dry summer are still uncomfortable and need misting for comfort.

This helps us estimate the quantity of rainwater havesting needed to meet the requirement.

WATER Availability of water on site & water quality

1/4th of the rainwater harvested from the adjacent car-park roof is sufficient to meet the total need for all the mist fans.

We should bear in mind the importance of maintaining water quality when using misters. Legionella bacteria can breed in water stored between 200C - 600C, and prove fatal when sprayed. It is important to ensure proper disinfection and filtration before the water is used in mist fans.

LEARNINGS

Major factors contributing to thermal comfort in Hot & Humid

Surface Temperature

High Solar reflectance (Albedo) - Limit heat gain*Pearmeable surfaces permit evaporative cooling when moistVegetated Surface temperature lower than ambient air temp

SHADING CONDITIONS

*Wearing of material can reduce perfermance over time

LANDSCAPE & BUILDING MATERIALS

COOL PAVEMENTSreduce MRT

Min 30% Green CoverSolar and rain protection

ShadingLow Solar transmittance (Opaque)Low Sol. absorption ( White high reflectance)Emissivity Operable : Sky cooling potential

Shade from buildings

EVAPORATIVE COOLING + INCREASED WIND

To conclude:

Outdoor thermal comfort is regulated by atmospheric environment and urban density.

The surface materials and vegetation cover significantly help improve comfort. High albedo paving materials or permeable surfaces can help reduce the surface temperature. Vegetated surfaces lower the ambient air temperature due to evapotranspiration.

Shading is a cost effective passive measure to create comfort. Low solar transmittance (i.e opaque) and low solar absorption ( i.e white) material is recommended. Using operable shading allows to benifit from night sky cooling potential.

Increased air speed and adiabatic cooling is effective to improve comfort in hot and humid climate like Delhi.

LEARNINGS Designing plaza India | Hot & Humid

Surface Temperature

SHADE WITH BUILDINGS

Taller buildings to the South and WestBUILDING HEIGHT

PROGRAMMING

OPTIMIZE COMFORT requires site specific study

FlexibilityVariety

35m

Optimum size people can recognize from one side to other

Meandering + Easy navigation

Flexibility Focal points of comfort

Orient N/S

Openings towardswindward direction during summer

2H

H

2H

1.5HBuildings less in height towardswindward direction

To translate into design guidelines

First optimize the surounding massing to create shade in the plaza and at the same time allow it to be cross ventilated.

Building height to plaza width is important to consider to create self shaded areas with appropriate scale. Height to width ratio of 1:2 to 1.5:2 is reasonable. Building heights should be planned to redirect the wind downward.

At the fine grain the surrounding context and program need to be analyzed to design for optimized comfort.

Jan Ghel recommends a plaza width of 35m , and if more the plaza should be divided into smaller programs. Rather than creating comfort in the entire plaza, create comfortable pause points which people will navigate towards

DANKE SCHÖN for a great year! Cheers!

Mentor : Felix ThummAlejandra Cassis, Christian Degenhardt, Christian Fenzel, Joshua Vanwyck, Mathias Ramming, Matthias Schuler, Martin Engelhardt, Moni Lauster, Raphael Lafargue,Tommaso Bitossi, Thomas Auer, Wolfgang Kessling + All Transsolar

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