Table of contents Page 3— 4: People

Henry Ford : American automobile pioneer and industrialist.

Clyde Tombaugh: The young man who discovered Pluto.

Page 5—6: Politics

Great Depression affects the world.

New Deal in the US

Page 7—8: The world at glance

World war II begins

The Holocaust

Page 9: Music

Louis Amstrong, The trumpet man.

Swing

Page 10: Sports

Joe Dimaggio’s profile

Joe Louis, The Black heavyweight champ

Page 11: Fashion

New trends

Page 12: Letters to the editor.

Editor—in– chief: Myriam Romero Editor: Joselyn Gutierrez Designer: Fabian Choppelo Picture editor:Paulo Sandoval Advertising director: Gonzalo Moya

- 3 -

People

Henry Ford American automobile pioneer and

industrialist

In 1932, Henry Ford produces the "en block", or one piece, V-8 engine. It is a sophisticated car that is 20 years ahead of its time. There is an improvement in terms of proportions and styling of this car reflected Edsel Ford's genius for design.

The use of standardized designs, assembly-line techniques and a division of skills amongst the labor force or specialized machines arrange in the most efficient manner possible.

Henry Ford contributes to the automobile assembly line that nowadays is a controversial and unorthodox approach; therefore he has catapulted the Ford Motor Company which ultimately has become a conglomeration of one of the most successful corporations in the world. The 1932 Ford v 8 is a car that any American person would like to have, because it is a large car that enhances its power, and soft-sprung.

Here is the car Ford V-8 Cabriolet: 65 horsepower, 221 cu.in. displacement, 2,398 lbs., $610 .

- 4 -

Clyde Tombaugh The young astronomer who discovered Pluto.

The American astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh has just discovered a new dwarf planet. Tombaugh was working for the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He was given the job to perform a systematic search for a trans-Neptunian planet which had been predicted by Percival Lowell and William Pickering. Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch astrograph to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used a blink comparator to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of Neptune. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month. The name "Pluto" was suggested by Venetia Burney, an 11-year-old English school girl. It won out over numerous other suggestions partly because it was named after the Roman god of the underworld because he was able to render himself invisible and because Percival Lowell's initials PL formed the first 2 letters.

Tombaugh also discovered nearly 800 asteroids during his search for Pluto. Tombaugh is also credited with the discovery of comet C/1931 AN, though its orbit is currently unknown.

Random fact: Nuclear weapon was invented by the USA

during the 1930’s because they thought the Nazis

were building one.

- 5 -

Politics

Great Depression affects the world The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II.

The Great Depression started in 1929 and lasted until the late 30’s or early 40’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. The depression originated in the U.S., starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world.

It was caused by the breakdown of international trade and an over-investment, malfeasance by bankers and industrialists, or incompetence by government officials. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand.

The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%.

Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the start of World War II.

- 6 -

New Deal in the US

“I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people” said by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932, in order to use the government as an organized form of self-help for all classes and groups in the US.

The New Deal is a domestic program that was born thank you to the president Roosevelt in 1933, in order to bring effective economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labor, and housing,

and also obtain increase on the scope of the federal government’s activities.

According to the New Deal legislation, it was enacted during the government of Roosevelt’s president, known as the “hundred years”. In terms of administration, it has to deal with the huge number of unemployed workers, so there are some agencies, including the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps that are useful agencies, in which unemployed workers can have a solution for their situation, like provide temporary jobs, employment on construction projects, farms, and youth work in the national forests.

Unfortunately some New Deal laws have been declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court, so the federal government authority is granted to regulate industry or to undertake social and economic reform. However the president Roosevelt was very confident of the legality of all the measures, therefore he proposed in 1937 a reorganization of the court. Finally many of the reforms and laws have achieved national acceptance.

Random Fact: Televisions were commercially

available since 1930.

- 7 -

The world at a glance

September 3rd 1939: Great Britain and France declare war on

Germany; World War II begins.

On September 1st, 1939, Great Britain and France sent Adolf Hitler an ultimatum - either withdraw German forces from Poland or Great Britain and France would go to war against Germany, and on September 3rd Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.

Adolf Hitler, a Polish man who had been elected president of Germany is very ambitious since he wants more land in order to expand Germany according to the Nazi policy of lebensraum. Germany gained Austria and Czechoslovakia without a fight, because Great Britain and France did not want to repeat the bloodshed of World War I. The confident Hitler believes that he can gain more land moving to the east, acquiring Poland without having to fight Britain or France. However, on the night of August 31, 1939, Nazis took an unknown prisoner from one of their concentration camps, dressed him in a Polish uniform, took him to the town of Gleiwitz, and then shot him. The scene shows that the dead man was Polish, and Hitler used this strategy to attack as the excuse to invade Poland. Therefore this was the way that Hitler used to invade Poland and start the World War II just because he wanted to expand his land and power.

- 8 -

The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-

sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million

Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. The Nazis, who

came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans

were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior".

In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine

million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany

would occupy or influence during World War II. By 1945, the

Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every

three European Jews as part of the "Final Solution," the Nazi

policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the

Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary

victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma

(Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled

patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were

murdered in the so-called Euthanasia Program.

In the early years of the Nazi regime, the National

Socialist government established concentration camps to detain

real and imagined political and ideological opponents.

Increasingly in the years before the outbreak of war, SS

and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims

of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and

monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later

deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators

created ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews

during the war years. The German authorities also established

numerous forced-labor camps, both in the so-called Greater

German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews

whose labor the Germans

sought to exploit.

We can see the huge

level of violence used by

the Nazi regime to place its

beliefs in a superior race,

and expand it for all

Europe.

- 9 -

Music Louis Armstrong, the trumpet man

Louis Armstrong is a very famous musician well known all around the world for his stage personality that matches his flashy cornet and trumpet playing and his raspy singing voice.

The musician has been a prodigy since he was a child, not only he could play the horn and trumpet at a young age, but also he can feel the music, becoming one of the best musicians in the genre of

JAZZ.

Apart from his abilities with the instruments there is something else that enhances Louis Armstrong, and this is his smile, which I adore it and many people in the whole world agree with it.

Swing

Swing music, also known as swing jazz or

simply swing, is a form of jazz music that

was born in 1930 and became a distinctive

style by 1935 in the United States. Swing

uses a strong rhythm section of double

bass and drums as the anchor for a lead

section of brass instruments such as trumpets and

trombones, woodwinds including saxophones and clarinets, and

another instruments such as violin and guitar, medium to

fast tempos, and a "lilting" swing time rhythm. Swing bands

usually perform soloists who would improvise on the melody over

the arrangement.

The verb "to swing" is also used as a term of praise for

playing that has a strong rhythmic "groove" or drive. I can say swing brings happiness again, to this period of

chaos, which the whole world is living.

- 10 -

Sports

Joe DiMaggio

Full Name: Joseph Paolo DiMaggio. Born: November 25, 1914 in Martinez, California. Nationality: American. Sport: Baseball. Battled: Right. Threw: Right. MLB debut: May 3, 1936 for the New York Yankees. Batting average: .325. Hits: 2,214. Home runs: 361. Runs batted in: 1,537.

Years active: 13 years in the Major League Baseball.

Joe Louis

The first black heavyweight champ Full name: Joseph Louis Barrow Born: May 13, 1914 in La Fayette, Alabama Nationality: American Sport: Boxing Team: Heavyweight (Unlimited) Level: Professional Boxing record: Won: 69 Lost: 3 Champion: Since 1937 to 1949

Fashion in

1930

New trends

(from left to right)

1.– Long, blue coat = $80 2.- Long, yellows dress = $35 3.– Flowery, short sleeve dress

$63

4.– Plain blue dress = $40

(from left to right) 1.– Velvet, green dress = $100 2.– Velvet, brown coat = $250 3.– Long sleeve, green dress = $50

Letters to the editor

The Great Depression

After reading the article based on the Great Depression, I realized that I have been acting very mean, and if I think in the idea of having nothing really hurts. I have seen many men that have lost their jobs, and his children get up very early in the morning waiting in lines for receiving a microscopic crumb of bread. Fortunately I am very lucky because I have no needs, but that does not mean that I am happy for this situation. I want to the things change and the economy rises, because people are extremely sad and depressed by the devastating effects of the black events.

Jocelyn, Concepción.

Racism After reading the article about the Holocaust, I couldn’t imagine how could exist those levels of racism at the time. The idea of a superior or perfect race it’s just impossible. Nobody is perfect, and nobody has the rights to kill people because their differences, like killing people because they are Jews or they are from a different race. I just expect that situations like this do not happen again in the future. I strongly believe that people will accept people as the way they are and these episodes of discrimination will never happen again.

Camila, Santiago.

Random fact: One 1930

dollar would have the purchasing power of about 9.3 cents today.