unmanned aircraft systems (uas) 101 - modc (monmouth seminar 10-4-17.pdf · • unmanned aircraft...

Presented to: National Tribal Transportation

Conference

Presented by: Robert Winn, Aviation Safety Inspector,

Unmanned Aircraft Systems Office

Date: October 4, 2016

Unmanned Aircraft

Systems (UAS) 101

Federal Aviation Administration

National Tribal Transportation Conference 2

www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Overview

• Unmanned Aircraft Systems

• FAA Authority

• Hobby/Recreational

Operations

• UAS Registration

• Small UAS Rule (Part 107)

– Becoming a Pilot

– Operating Rules



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

What is a UAS? • A UAS is a system:

1. Unmanned Aircraft

2. Ground Control Station

3. Command & Control Link(s)

• Also known as: – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

(UAV)

– Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS)

– RC Model Aircraft

– Drone

Communication



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Why Use a UAS?

• UAS operations are particularly effective for

missions that are dangerous or dull

– Humans are not put at risk

– Continuous operations are possible

• Operations with UAS often cost less than using

manned aircraft



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

What is the FAA’s Authority?

• The FAA has the authority to

manage airspace and civil aircraft

operations

– 49 U.S.C. §40103(a)(1)

• An aircraft is any device used, or

intended to be used, for flight

– 49 U.S.C. §40102(a)(6)

• UAS are aircraft and must comply with

FAA regulations



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Types of UAS Operations Recreational Operations Non-recreational/Commercial Operations

Pilot

Requirements

• No pilot requirements • Must have Remote Pilot Airman Certification

• Must be 16 years or older

• Must pass TSA vetting

Aircraft

Requirements

• Must be registered if over 0.55

pounds

• Must be less than 55 pounds

• Must be registered if over 0.55 pounds

• Must undergo pre-flight checklist

Location

Requirements

• Must notify all airports and air traffic

control (if applicable) within five

miles of proposed area of operations

• Class G airspace without ATC permission

• Class B, C, D, and E require ATC permission

Operating

Rules

• Must ALWAYS yield right of way to

manned aircraft

• Must keep aircraft in visual line-of-

sight

• Must follow community-based safety

guidelines

• Must keep aircraft in visual line-of-sight*

• Must fly under 400 feet*

• Must fly only during daylight hours*

• Must fly at or below 100 mph*

• Must yield right of way to manned aircraft*

• Must NOT fly over people*

• Must NOT fly from a moving vehicle*

Definitions • Education or recreational flying only • Flying for commercial use

• Flying incidental to a business

• Flying public aircraft operations

*These requirements are subject to waiver.



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Hobby/Recreational Aircraft • Generally,

hobby/recreational operators

do not need FAA

authorization to fly, but they

must fly safely at all times:

– Avoid manned aircraft

– Maintain visual line-of-sight

– Fly only for hobby/recreation



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

The Small UAS Rule (Part 107)

• First rules for routine operation of small UAS

(<55 pounds)

• Took effect August 29, 2016

• Recreational operators may fly under Part 107

or Public Law 112-95 Section 336/Part 101



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Part 107 Basics

• UAS operators must obtain

a Remote Pilot Certificate

• Visual line-of-sight, daylight

operations

• 400 feet or below in

uncontrolled (Class G)

airspace; other airspace use

requires authorization

• UAS must weigh less than

55 lbs. and be registered



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Becoming a Pilot under Part 107

• Must be 16 years old or older

• Must read, write, speak English

• Must pass an aeronautical knowledge exam at

an FAA-approved Knowledge Testing Center

– Part 61 certificate holders can take online training at

faasafety.gov instead of the knowledge exam

• Must undergo TSA

background security

screening



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Operating Rules

• Visual line-of-sight only

• Daylight or civil twilight only

• No operations over people

• Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft

• One UAS per operator

• Max groundspeed of 100 mph

• External load operation only permitted if the load does not affect flight operations or control



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Part 107 Airspace Requirements

• Operations in Class G without ATC authorization

• Operations in Class B, C, D & Class E surface areas require ATC authorization

• Phased approach to airspace authorizations

• Online portal available at https://www.faa.gov/uas/request_waiver/

https://www.faa.gov/uas/request_waiver/



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Reporting Unsafe UAS Activity

• While flying or at the airport:

– Report the sighting to Air Traffic Control

• Note the location, altitude, and characteristics of the aircraft

• Anywhere else:

– Call local law enforcement

• The FAA has published guidance for law enforcement to help

them respond to unsafe UAS activity

• Be as detailed & specific as possible

– Location, altitude, direction, pictures, videos, etc.



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

UAS Outreach and Education



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Part 107 Inquiries

• UAS Help Line: 844-FLY-MY-UAS

• UAS Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Questions?

www.faa.gov/uas



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Waivable Provisions of Part 107

• Operation from a moving vehicle or aircraft (§ 107.25)

• Daylight operation (§ 107.29)

• Visual line of sight aircraft operation (§ 107.31)

• Visual observer (§ 107.33)

• Operation of multiple small UAS (§ 107.35)

• Yielding the right of way (§ 107.37(a))

• Operation over people (§ 107.39)

• Operation in certain airspace (§ 107.41)

• Operating limitations for small UAS (§ 107.51)

Online portal available at www.faa.gov/uas/request_waiver/

https://www.faa.gov/uas/request_waiver/



www.faa.gov/uas

October 4, 2016

Aeronautical Knowledge Exam Topics • Applicable regulations relating to small unmanned aircraft

system rating privileges, limitations, and flight operation

• Airspace classification and operating requirements, and flight restrictions affecting small unmanned aircraft operation

• Aviation weather sources and effects of weather on small unmanned aircraft performance

• Small unmanned aircraft loading and performance

• Emergency procedures

• Crew resource management

• Radio communication procedures

• Determining the performance of small unmanned aircraft

• Physiological effects of drugs and alcohol

• Aeronautical decision-making and judgment

• Airport operations

• Maintenance and preflight inspection procedures


Challenges Facing

the FAA in Integrating

UAS in the National

Airspace System

(NAS)

Ferne Friedman-Berg, Ph.D.

UAS Team Lead – UAS Coordination Team

Engineering Research Psychologist

William J. Hughes Technical Center

Aviation Research Division

Human Factors Branch, ANG-E25

Monmouth-Ocean Development Council

Drones for Business Seminar

October 4, 2017

Federal Aviation Administration 33

A Disruptive Technology

We’ve only just begun to think of the many uses:

• Environmental & conservation – Wildlife population, habitat

monitoring

– Anti-poaching efforts

• Package Delivery

• Surveying

• Aerial assessment of disasters – Floods, fires, earthquakes

• Aerial application in agriculture

• Communication relay

• Monitoring – Pipeline, railroad, bridges, wind

turbines

• Video – News, real estate

• Military

• Law enforcement

• And so on…


Drones for Business Seminar - October 4, 2017


Fly For Fun Fly For Work

Pilot Requirements No pilot requirements

Must have Remote Pilot Airman Certificate

Must be 16 years old

Must pass TSA vetting

Aircraft Requirements

Unless exclusively operated in compliance with

Section 336 of Public Law 112-95 (Special Rule for

Model Aircraft), the aircraft must be

registered if over 0.55 lbs.

Must be less than 55 lbs.

Must be registered if over 0.55 lbs. (online)

Must undergo pre-flight check to ensure UAS is in

condition for safe operation

Location Requirements 5 miles from airports without prior notification to airport

and air traffic control Class G airspace*

Operating Rules

Must ALWAYS yield right of way to manned aircraft

Must keep the aircraft in sight (visual line-of-sight)

UAS must be under 55 lbs.

Must follow community-based safety guidelines

Must notify airport and air traffic control tower before

flying within 5 miles of an airport

Must keep the aircraft in sight (visual line-of-sight)*

Must fly under 400 feet*

Must fly during the day*

Must fly at or below 100 mph*

Must yield right of way to manned aircraft*

Must NOT fly over people*

Must NOT fly from a moving vehicle*

Example Applications Educational or recreational flying only

Flying for commercial use (e.g. providing aerial surveying or

photography services)

Flying incidental to a business (e.g. doing roof inspections or real

estate photography)

Legal or Regulatory Basis

Public Law 112-95, Section 336 – Special Rule for

Model Aircraft

FAA Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model

Aircraft

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulation (14 CFR) Part 107




Multifaceted UAS Challenges for Integration

• UAS size classes – Definition of well clear for small and large UAS

• See and Avoid Compliance

• Command and Control (C2) links

• Navigation – In the NAS

– Below 400 ft

• Lost Link, Lost Comm, Lost Detect and Avoid

• Small UAS (sUAS) use case definitions

• Certification of pilots, airworthiness

• Lack of real world data – Creating standards for safety

• Air Traffic Control (ATC) training and

familiarization

• Public socialization to UAS

• System-specific issues – UAS Platforms built for military uses

• Not designed to meet stringent airworthiness standards

• Not designed with navigation support necessary for operating in the NAS

– ATC system issues related to the unique performance characteristics of UAS

• Speed of technological change – The dynamic or trade space related to innovation vs. safety




Getting it Together:

Defining and Addressing Unmet Research Needs

UAS Integration

UAS ExCom

UAS ARCs

UAS TCRG

RTCA SC-203, 228,

147

OSD UAS SAA SARP

Pathfinder Programs

ASSURE COE

Test Sites

NPRM

Government & FFRDC Research Programs

UAS Integration

Office

UAS PMO

UAS RTTs

DAC




Helping to Address the Unmet Need:

UAS R&D Objectives at the WJHTC

• Support UAS integration into current and future National

Airspace System (NAS)

– Establish engineering, modeling and simulation (M&S) capabilities

– Capture system performance baselines

– Provide critical information to refine near-term operating concepts

– Explore NextGen technologies & concepts with UAS

• Support:

– Standards development, safety case, RTCA Special Committee-228

requirements validation

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuG8aLWx9dY

– UAS Advisory and Rulemaking Commitees (ARCs)

– UAS Technical Community. Representatives Group (TCRG)



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuG8aLWx9dY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuG8aLWx9dY




WJHTC UAS Coordination Team Research Portfolio

Foundation Lead:

Mike Konyak

Foundation Lead:

Joe Galushka

Found. Lead: Ferne

Friedman-Berg

Foundation Lead:

Phil Maloney

Foundation Lead:

Kristina Carr

Pillar Lead:

Mike DiPilato

Reduce the

risk of near-

airport UAS

aircraft

encounters.

Pillar Lead:

Jim Patterson

Assess how

UAS tech can

be integrated

into airports for

safety and

security

applications

Pillar Lead:

John Bradley

Enable the

transition of

UAS research

concepts into

real operations

Pillar Lead:

Stuart

Searight

Identify

standards for

UAS

operations to

safely

integrate UAS

into the NAS.

Pillar Lead:

Lyndsay

Digneo

Identify

necessary

weather

capabilities for

safe UAS

operations

Pillar Lead:

Ed Marciano

Inform the UAS

users and NAS

stakeholders of

cyber hazards

associated with

UAS expansion

Pillar Lead:

Matt McCann

Identify, verify,

and validate

requirements for

the NAS to

enable safe

integration of

UAS


WJHTC Laboratory Assets: NIEC, RDHFL,

AFTIL

• Configured for Grand Forks RAPCON, ZMP ARTCC, & UAS

GCS’s




FAA UAS Web Resources

• Main Website

– https://www.faa.gov/uas/

• UAS Registry

– https://registermyuas.faa.gov/

– https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/registration_deletion/

(Section 336, FMRA))

• B4Ufly

– https://www.faa.gov/uas/where_to_fly/b4ufly/

• Part 107 Prep

– https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/fly_for_work_business/beco

ming_a_pilot/

• Airspace restrictions

– https://www.faa.gov/uas/where_to_fly/airspace_restrictions/



https://www.faa.gov/uas/



https://registermyuas.faa.gov/

https://registermyuas.faa.gov/

https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/registration_deletion/

https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/registration_deletion/

https://www.faa.gov/uas/where_to_fly/b4ufly/



https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/fly_for_work_business/becoming_a_pilot/



https://www.faa.gov/uas/where_to_fly/airspace_restrictions/

https://www.faa.gov/uas/where_to_fly/airspace_restrictions/

Federal Aviation Administration Federal Aviation Administration

Ferne Friedman-Berg, Ph.D.

Engineering Research Psychologist

(609) 485-7460

[email protected]

Human Factors Branch, ANG-E25


William J. Hughes Technical Center, Building 28

Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405

http://hf.tc.faa.gov

Questions &

Contact Information




http://hf.tc.faa.gov/


BACK-UP SLIDES




Waivers to Part 107

The small UAS rule (14 CFR part 107) includes the option to apply for a certificate of waiver, which allows for a small

UAS operation to deviate from certain operating rules if the FAA finds that the proposed operation can be performed

safely.

• Waivable sections of part 107

• Operation from a moving vehicle or aircraft (§ 107.25)*

• Daylight operation (§ 107.29)

• Visual line of sight aircraft operation (§ 107.31)*

• Visual observer (§ 107.33)

• Operation of multiple small unmanned aircraft systems (§ 107.35)

• Yielding the right of way (§ 107.37(a))

• Operation over people (§ 107.39)

• Operation in certain airspace (§ 107.41)

• Operating limitations for small unmanned aircraft (§ 107.51)

*No waiver of this provision will be issued to allow the carriage of property of another by aircraft for compensation or hire. Applicants

should submit their waiver requests to the FAA as early as possible. Processing time depends on the complexity of the request; however

the agency strives to respond within 90 days. Certificates of waiver may include specific special provisions designed to ensure that the

small UAS operation provides an equivalent level of safety as part 107.




Timeline of Major Simulation and UAS Activities Description of Activity FY09-11 FY12-14 FY15-17 Outcome & Impact

DEMO 4 Sim 1 & 2 on UAS Lost Link Procedures SC 228 (203) & UAS Lost Link Squawk Code

INI Sims - Initial NAS Integration Studies SC 228 (203)

Victorville – Class D Airspace Operational Evaluation SC 228 (203)

Model Verification HITLs & Flight Management System (FMS) Integration (Shadow, Predator, Scan Eagle)

UAS Performance Model Validation and

Calibration for Simulations

Information Requirements – Sense and Avoid (SAA) HITLs SC228 DAA MOPs

UAS Maintenance and Repair (M&R) Tracking HITL M&R Tracking System Development

Control Latency HITLs Evaluating the Impact of Control Latencies on Pilot

Performance SC228 C2 MOPs

Contingency Operations – Cognitive Walkthroughs & HITLs SC228 DAA MOPs / NAS Systems

(ERAM/TAMR) Requirements & UAS Lost Link

Squawk Code

DoD Joint Test for Contingency Operations Joint Test Procedures for Contingency Ops

Delivered to FAA

UAS ARC Early Implementation Plan (EIP) Working Group (WG) for Integrating

UAS in Class A Airspace UAS ARC EIP WG Package

SAA NAS Feasibility Fast Time HITLs SC228 DAA MOPs

UAS NextGen Lab Opened & Expanded Development of High Fidelity Simulation

Capability for UAS

Control & Nonpayload Communications (CNPC) Bench Test & Flight Test SC228 C2 MOPs

Command & Control (C2) Link Compatibility Testing SC228 C2 MOPs

DAA Multi-sensor Data Fusion Tracker Developed Multi-sensor Tracker delivered to RTCA

Counter UAS Field Demos – ACY, DEN, JFK, DFW, MSY 2206 Report to Congress

UAS in the NAS Studies NAS Systems (ERAM/TAMR) Requirements

Exploration

Mid-Term UAS Scenario HITLs UAS Scenario Validation

Lithium Battery Testing UAS Safety & Policy

UAS Weather Needs UAS Safety & Policy

UAS Flight Data Research in Support of ASIAS UAS Safety & Policy






Major Simulation and UAS Flight Activities

Snapshot: FY09 – FY11

46

Activities

FY09 FY10 FY11

NAS

Requirements

Laboratory

Services

December 2010December 2010

UAS Demo 3 – Flight TestUAS Demo 3 – Flight TestAugust 2010August 2010

Initial NAS Integration

Simulation-1 (“INI Sim-1”)


Simulation-1 (“INI Sim-1”)May 2010May 2010





June 2010June 2010




Simulation-1 (“INI Sim-1”)August 2011August 2011

Operational Assessment: UAS and

Manned Aircraft in Class D

Airspace (“Victorville”) -

HITL Simulation

Operational Assessment: UAS and

Manned Aircraft in Class D

Airspace (“Victorville”) -

HITL Simulation

June 2010June 2010

UAS NextGen Laboratory OpeningUAS NextGen Laboratory Opening


RQ-7B Shadow UAS Operational Assessment:

Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, NC – HITL Simulation

RQ-7B Shadow Achieved Performance

Model Verification – Flight Test

RQ-7B Shadow coupled with a Flight

Management System – Flight Test

RQ-7B Shadow UAS Operational Assessment:

Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, NC – HITL Simulation



RQ-7B Shadow coupled with a Flight

Management System – Flight Test

July 2009July 2009





April 2010April 2010

MQ-9 Predator B Achieved Performance




May 2010May 2010


Model Verification – HITL Simulation


Model Verification – HITL Simulation


UAS NAS Integration: RQ-7B

Shadow with FMS (“Mini INI-1”)

UAS NAS Integration: RQ-7B

Shadow with FMS (“Mini INI-1”)

March 2011March 2011

ScanEagle Achieved Performance

Model Verification (“Demo 1-SE”) –

Live Flight


Model Verification (“Demo 1-SE”) –

Live Flight

July 2011July 2011


Model Verification (“Demo 1-SE”) – Live Flight

and HITL Simulation


Model Verification (“Demo 1-SE”) – Live Flight

and HITL Simulation

UAS

Performance

Model

Validation and

Calibration for

Simulations

IMPACTS

SC 203





Snapshot: FY12 – FY14

47

Activities

FY12 FY13 FY14

NAS Requirements

Laboratory

Services


UAS Demo 4 – HITL

Simulation 2

UAS Demo 4 – HITL

Simulation 2

January 2014 - September 2014January 2014 - September 2014

UAS Operational Assessment:

Contingency Operations –

HITL Simulation

UAS Operational Assessment:

Contingency Operations –

HITL Simulation

February 2014 - March 2014February 2014 - March 2014

Series of NAS feasibility studies

(SAA) – Fast-time Simulations

Series of NAS feasibility studies

(SAA) – Fast-time Simulations

January 2014 - March 2014January 2014 - March 2014

UAS Acceptable Control

Latencies - HITL Simulation

UAS Acceptable Control

Latencies - HITL SimulationNovember 2011November 2011

UAS Demo 4 – HITL

Simulation 1

UAS Demo 4 – HITL

Simulation 1

August 2013 - September 2013August 2013 - September 2013

UAS IRSA – Information

Requirements (SAA) High-Fidelity -

HITL Simulation


Requirements (SAA) High-Fidelity -

HITL Simulation

December 2012 - January 2013December 2012 - January 2013

UAS Maintenance and Repair

Tracking System – HITL Simulation

UAS Maintenance and Repair

Tracking System – HITL Simulation

August 2012 - November 2012August 2012 - November 2012


Requirements (SAA) Low-Fidelity –

HITL Simulation


Requirements (SAA) Low-Fidelity –

HITL Simulation

November 2012November 2012

New UAS NextGen

Laboratory opened

New UAS NextGen

Laboratory opened

March 2012 - October 2012March 2012 - October 2012

UAS NextGen

Laboratory expansion

UAS NextGen

Laboratory expansionDevelopment of

High Fidelity

Simulation

Capability for UAS

SC228

DAA MOPS

SC228

C2 MOPS

M&R

Tracking

System

Development

IMPACTS

SARP





Snapshot: FY15 – Current

48

Activities

FY15 FY16 FY17

NAS

Requirements

Standards and

Technical

Evaluations

cUAS

February 2017February 2017

UAS C2 Link Compatibility Testing

Airborne TACAN Validation and TACAN

Interference Test Report

UAS C2 Link Compatibility Testing

Airborne TACAN Validation and TACAN

Interference Test Report

October 2016October 2016

DAA Multi-Sensor Data

Fusion Strategies

Sample Tracker to RTCA

DAA Multi-Sensor Data

Fusion Strategies

Sample Tracker to RTCA


UAS CNPC Comms

Test – Flight Test

UAS CNPC Comms

Test – Flight Test


UAS CNPC Comms

Test – Bench Test

UAS CNPC Comms

Test – Bench Test


ACY Field Test

Demo

ACY Field Test

Demo

May 2016May 2016

JFK Field Test

Demo

JFK Field Test

Demo


DFW Field Test

Demo

DFW Field Test

Demo

November 2016November 2016

DEN Field Test

Demo

DEN Field Test

Demo

May 2016May 2016

Human Factors

Investigation

of UAS in the NAS – User

Needs Analysis

Human Factors

Investigation

of UAS in the NAS – User

Needs Analysis


Human Factors

Investigation of UAS in the

NAS – Knowledge Sessions

Human Factors

Investigation of UAS in the

NAS – Knowledge SessionsDecember 2016

ATC Receipt and Display of

Contingency Information Terminal

Cognitive Walkthrough



Contingency Information - En

Route Cognitive Walkthrough


Contingency Information - En

Route Cognitive Walkthrough

January 2017January 2017

Mid-Term UAS Scenario HITLs

– Infrastructure Surveillance

Mid-Term UAS Scenario HITLs

– Infrastructure Surveillance

March 2017

Mid-Term UAS Scenario HITLs –

Emergency Activity


Emergency Activity

December 2016


Contingency Information Terminal

Cognitive Walkthrough

March 2017


Emergency Activity

2206 Report

for Congress

SC228

C2 MOPS

SC228

DAA MOPS

UAS

Scenario

Validation

NAS Systems

(ERAM/TAMR)

Requirements

Exploration

IMPACTS

UAS ARC EIP

WG Package

unmanned aircraft systems (uas) 101 - modc (monmouth seminar 10-4-17.pdf · • unmanned aircraft...

Documents