unlocking new value streams in menat - ge · figure 6 - wind power density in turkey figure 7 - pv...

UNLOCKING

NEW VALUE

STREAMS IN

MENAT

THE RENEWABLE

HYBRIDS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 3

DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 4

MENAT / MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA, TURKEY ............................................................................... 4

RENEWABLE HYBRIDS .............................................................................................................................. 4

HOW CAN RENEWABLE HYBRIDS HELP? .............................................................................................. 4

THE POTENTIAL ............................................................................................................................................. 7

THE SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 8

WIND + SOLAR (CO-LOCATED / WISE) ................................................................................................ 8

ENERGY STORAGE ................................................................................................................................ 11

THE VALUE .................................................................................................................................................. 12

WIND + SOLAR CO-LOCATED/WISE ................................................................................................... 12

WIND + SOLAR CO-LOCATED/WISE + STORAGE ............................................................................. 14

USE CASES For THE MENAT REGION ....................................................................................................... 15

SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 16

FIGURE 1 – MENAT COUNTRIES ........................................................................................................................ 4

FIGURE 2 - RENEWABLE GENERATION CAPACITY BY ENERGY SOURCE ................................................................... 4

FIGURE 3 - LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PRICE FORECAST ............................................................................................. 5

FIGURE 4 - GE RESERVOIR BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................ 5

FIGURE 5 - HYBRID CONTROLS .......................................................................................................................... 5

FIGURE 6 - WIND POWER DENSITY IN TURKEY ...................................................................................................... 7

FIGURE 7 - PV POWER POTENTIAL OF TURKEY ..................................................................................................... 7

FIGURE 8 - WIND POWER DENSITY PAKISTAN ...................................................................................................... 7

FIGURE 9 – PV POWER POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN ................................................................................................. 7

FIGURE 10 – PV POWER POTENTIAL OF MENA .................................................................................................. 7

FIGURE 11 - WIND POWER POTENTIAL OF MENA SUPERIMPOSED OVER PV POTENTIAL ........................................ 7

FIGURE 12 – EXAMPLE 1 - YEARLY VIEW ON COMPLEMENTARY WIND AND SOLAR PROFILE IN PAKISTAN ............... 8

FIGURE 13 – COMPARISON OF SYNERGIES ON SOLAR INTEGRATION .................................................................... 9

FIGURE 14 - EXAMPLE 2 - YEARLY VIEW ON COMPLEMENTARY WIND AND SOLAR PROFILE IN PAKISTAN .............. 10

FIGURE 15 - WIND + SOLAR RENEWABLE HYBRID PLANT ................................................................................... 13

TABLE 1 - VALUE/BENEFITS OF CO-LOCATED WIND AND SOLAR ....................................................................... 13

TABLE 2 - VALUE/BENEFITS OF CO-LOCATED WIND, SOLAR AND STORAGE ....................................................... 14

ABSTRACT

UNLOCKING NEW

VALUE STREAMS

03

PERFECT MATCH

02

ENERGY ECOSYSTEM

01 THE CHANGE

Renewables are becoming mainstream, industries are going digital, and

under the trends of Decarbonization, Digitization and Decentralization,

Renewable Hybrids are on the way to making renewable energy base-load,

while keeping it reliable, affordable and sustainable.

THE POTENTIAL

MENAT has an abundance of wind and solar resources and countries are

setting ambitious targets and implementing policies to harness the region’s

renewable energy potential, driving economic growth and energy security.

Renewable Hybrids can be a perfect match to support the changing

dynamics of the region.

THE VALUE

Renewable Hybrids unlock new revenue and value streams for all

stakeholders in the energy ecosystem, from developers to EPCs, O&M

Contractors to Suppliers, and TSOs to policy makers. Hybrid renewable

energy is a highly local form of power generation, this requires that each

opportunity needs a tailored approach and an analysis of the local

electricity landscape and regulation maximize the value streams.

Unlocking New Value Streams

with Renewable Hybrids in

MENAT

UNLOCKING NEW VALUE STREAMS IN MENAT THE RENEWABLE HYBRIDS

G E R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y | 3 | Hybrid Solutions

The number of cities

powered by at least 70%

renewable electricity

more than doubled

between 2015 and 2017.

Total renewable power

capacity more than

doubled in the decade

2007-2017.1

INTRODUCTION

One of the greatest challenges for mankind in the 21st century

is powering the planet while, at the same time, drastically

reducing carbon emissions and lowering the cost of energy.

The three trends below (the 3D’s) are disrupting the traditional

power sector;

1. DECARBONIZATION: By 2040, RENEWABLES will

represent 40% of global net electricity2

2. DIGITIZATION: DIGITAL economy will account for 25%

of the world entire economy by 20203

3. DECENTRALIZATION: Annual installed capacity across

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) market is expected

to grow from 109.9 GW in 2015 to 335.8 GW in 20244

As of today, we’re in the middle of three revolutions.

First: Renewable Energy is going mainstream. The transition to

environmentally sound, sustainable, and affordable sources of

electricity is well underway. This global transition to renewable

energy is accelerating, driven by the decreasing cost of

producing electricity due to significant technological

advancements in renewable energy technology.

Second: Industrial is going Digital. The Industrial Internet of

Things (IIoT) is rapidly creating new paths to productivity,

reliability, and longevity. With it, we have the power to change

the way we run the world’s core infrastructure.

Third: Renewable Hybrids are rapidly moving towards making

renewables base-load; being interconnected with wind

power, photovoltaic solar power and/or storage solutions to

generate power which is reliable, predictable and

economical;

The MENAT region, with its significant resource availability of

both solar and wind, the changing market dynamics, the

strong drive of governments to develop renewable energy

projects, the setting of ambitious targets and implementing



DEFINITIONS

MENAT / MIDDLE EAST, NORTH

AFRICA, TURKEY

To clarify the definition of MENAT: The

MENAT region is defined as covering

a vast area of 24 countries comprising

Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Libya,

Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Oman, Yemen,

Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,

Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran,

Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine,

Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey

(see Figure 1).

Figure 1 – MENAT Countries

Figure 2 - Renewable generation

capacity by energy source

(IRENA)

policies to spur economic growth and secure energy

security through the diversification of the energy mix, is

already providing a platform for the three energy

revolutions mentioned above.

Under these circumstances, Renewable Hybrid solutions

can unlock new value streams for all stakeholders of the

energy ecosystem in MENAT to further ensure no one has

to choose between reliable, affordable and sustainable

energy.

RENEWABLE HYBRIDS

In this paper, Renewable Hybrids are defined as a

combination of renewable generation sources with one

another (i.e. Wind + Solar) and/or energy storage

integrated (i.e. Wind + Solar + Storage) where Energy

storage can be:

• Batteries,

• Pumped Storage,

• Thermal Storage, etc.

At GE Renewable Energy, the focus as of now, is on utility-

scale renewable energy integrated systems

HOW CAN RENEWABLE HYBRIDS HELP?

With all the fast-paced changes in the global energy

ecosystem, several key trends are driving hybridization,

including renewables reaching grid parity, record

deployment of renewables, significant cost reduction in

renewable energy technology and batteries, and digital

solutions optimizing plants and power output. As the MENAT

region develops renewable energy and diversifies it energy

mix, it has been a showcase for almost all the key

hybridization trends.

2179 GW,

end of 20178



Figure 3 - Lithium-Ion Battery Price

Forecast 5

Exponential cost reductions for

batteries: The price of batteries has

fallen 24% since 2016 and 80% since

2010, according to BNEF as seen on

Figure 3 - Lithium-Ion Battery Price

Forecast. The total battery storage

capacity is expected to increase

dramatically to 250 GW by 2030

(IRENA6), thanks to a significant drop

in prices mainly driven by Electric

Vehicles (EV). In addition, in certain

parts of the US, solar with batteries is

now cheaper than a new combined

cycle gas power plant, ($36/MWh

compared to $47/MWh, respectively)

according to BNEF7.

Figure 4 - GE Reservoir Battery

Energy Storage System

Renewables reaching & lowering grid parity: More and more

utility-scale wind and solar projects are reaching grid parity

every year with record-breaking figures especially observed in

MENAT region for utility-scale wind and solar PV. According to

the latest tender results in Saudi Arabia, wind stands at 2.13

USD cent/kWh and solar at 2.34 USD cent/kWh; where in

Dubai the LCOE for solar is 2.3 USD cent/kWh.

Record deployment of variable renewable generation:

According to Renewable Capacity Highlights Report (IRENA)8,

Global renewable generation capacity at the end of 2017

reached to 2,179 GW, where growth in renewable energy

capacity addition was 8,3%, corresponding to an increase of

167 GW globally, 85% of which belongs to wind and solar.8

Digital solutions enabling integration of multi-gen sources: The

industry is adopting Digital technologies to become more

efficient while the abundance of data & computing power is

enabling innovations to deliver revolutionary outcomes,

paving the way forward for the maximum utilization of hybrid

solutions via hybrid controls.

Figure 5 - Hybrid Controls

INCREASED CAPACITY FACTOR PLANTS



FIRM TO FORECAST / SHAPED LOAD

LOSS RECAPTURE + ANCILLARY SERVICES

As of end-2017, corporate entities

worldwide had actively sourced 465

TWh of renewable electricity1

Renewable Hybrids can be a great

choice to enable the increase of the

predictability and dispatchability of

renewables to enable firm Power

Purchase Agreements.

Renewable Hybrids can be the enabler for unlocking new

value streams which can help solve the problem statements

below.

• Renewable Energy variability: The complementarity of wind

and solar resources, can offset the impact of sudden

change in wind availability or speed and solar irradiance.

Integrating storage technologies, can also reduce or

eliminate curtailment by storing excess power for use during

periods of low supply

• Better LCOE at the POI: In co-located wind and solar farms,

the annual energy production (AEP) on the same point of

interconnection (POI) increases through complementary

generation of wind and solar during different times of the

day, improving the plant’s capacity factor (the percentage

of generation vs the grid capacity). Integration can also

result on reduced CAPEX through equipment and balance

of plant optimization. The sum of the above helps reduce

system levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) versus a stand-

alone wind or solar plant

• Reducing Grid stress: Renewable Hybrids can help reduce

the stress on the grid by reducing intermittency of supply

adding frequency and voltage support via storage, hence

stability to manage increasing MWs of renewable assets

• Demand Matching / Load Following: Thanks to better and

complementary generation profiles, Renewable Hybrids

enable the alignment of the generation profile with

demand and/or consumption, making load following

possible especially where the solar peak aligned with air

conditioning loads in MENAT.

• Arbitrage opportunity: Together with storage solutions,

Renewable Hybrids can be used to shift energy to times

with high prices thereby unlocking new revenue streams

• More renewable energy integrated systems via Corporate

PPAs: Renewable energy projects make sense both

economically and environmentally. In 2016, more than 1GW

of capacity was purchased by large corporations through

power purchase agreements (PPAs) – that’s three times

more than the year before.



Figure 6 - Wind Power Density in Turkey

Figure 7 - PV Power Potential of Turkey

Figure 8 - Wind Power Density Pakistan

Figure 9 – PV Power Potential of Pakistan

THE POTENTIAL

The MENAT region has abundance of renewable energy

resources in terms of the strength of the wind and the heat of

the sun. The potential of these resources can further be

unleashed by implementing renewable hybrid solutions.

Figure 10 – PV Power Potential of MENA9

Figure 11 - Wind Power Potential of MENA10 superimposed

over PV Potential

The MENAT region has many locations where wind and solar

power generation can be favorable together as seen on

Figure 12 and Figure 14. In addition, considering other factors

such as limited land availability, limited or weak grid

connections, mostly complementary nature of resources, high

capacity factor (CF) expectations and avoidance of

additional grid infrastructure investments, Renewable Hybrids

can be a better choice to deliver more value than stand-

alone wind or solar plants.



Figure 12 – Example 1 - Yearly View on Complementary

Wind and Solar Profile in Pakistan

THE SOLUTIONS

WIND + SOLAR (CO-LOCATED / WISE)

Stand-alone wind or solar plants can be connected to the

same grid interconnection point; however, under Renewable

Hybrids solutions, the integration of the wind and solar power

is made either at farm-level or at wind turbine/PV array level.

Both solutions may also be integrated further with a Battery

Energy Storage System (BESS).

In a “Co-Located” Solution, the integration is made at the

plant level, and synergies are achieved by the elimination

and effective utilization of some common Balance of Plant

(BOP) components such as substation, switchgears and

transformers.

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

So

lar

pro

du

ctio

n

(500kw

dc

)

Win

d S

pe

ed

(m

/S)

24 Hours

Wind Speed Solar ProductionSolar and Wind are serving

better in tandem when

complementary generation

profiles are observed (wind

at night and solar during

the day and thanks to

synergies created on

development, existing

infrastructure, CAPEX and

OPEX.



Wind Integrated Solar Energy concept

(WiSE)

In a “Wind Integrated Solar Energy” (WiSE) solution, instead of

running a wind and solar plant independently, plant owners

integrate wind and solar at the wind turbine level instead of

at the farm-level. Integrating at the wind turbine level

leverages the existing wind converter as a hybrid converter to

source AC and DC power together, further eliminating the

need for a separate solar inverter. With the integration at the

turbine level one can also leverage the existing electrical

connection infrastructure and Balance of Plant equipment

which reduces the overall CAPEX per MW output further. For

the WISE solution (applicable to certain GE Wind Turbine

models), source segregation with separate metering also

enables having individual Power Purchase Agreements.

In addition, combining complementary wind production and

solar production similar to Figure 12 above enables a more

stable and higher annual energy production (AEP), further

reducing LCOE while leveraging one common O&M provider

since wind O&Ms are typically capable of performing O&M

activities for solar thus maximizing the synergies in terms of

manpower, access means, and performance of services.

On the controls side, digital advanced Hybrid Controls &

SCADA manage, monitor and control both the wind and solar

generation assets to optimize the farm’s output energy.

Figure 13 – Comparison of Synergies on Solar Integration

(assuming same size of solar) (GE)



Another example of complementary generation profile is

shown in Figure 14 where wind speed and solar irradiance

trends are similar (while magnitude of wind speed varies) and

limited instances of co-incidental peak wind speed and solar

irradiance (lower in Wind Season) occur, resulting in limited

curtailment and higher combined benefits.

Figure 14 - Example 2 - Yearly View on Complementary

Wind and Solar Profile in Pakistan

Figure 13 show a comparative standing of some cost items

relevant for Stand-alone, Co-located and WISE solutions. Total

cost savings were estimated to be between 3 to 13 percent

for CAPEX and 3 to 16 percent for OPEX11.

Also, as a brownfield approach, solar can be integrated to

and with existing Wind farms to enhance the benefit of the

existing infrastructure and interconnections. Subject to the

curtailment studies based on the generation profiles at that

particular site, most of the wind farms may be found

technically available to accommodate solar plants.

Existing wind farms can also

be integrated with a solar

plant to enhance the

benefit of existing

infrastructure and

interconnections.



ENERGY STORAGE

The most prevalent form of energy storage today, in terms of

installed capacity, is pumped hydro storage. This form of

storage has its origin in the first dams that were installed across

streams to provide steady and reliable power for a water

wheel or similar device. In a pumped hydro storage facility,

water is pumped uphill into a reservoir when excess

generating capacity is available (and electricity prices are

low), and then allowed to flow downhill through turbines

when demand is higher (and electricity prices are higher). The

round-trip efficiency of this type of system is approximately

80%. There are more than 160 GW of pumped storage

installed globally today.

Other forms of energy storage in use have been deployed

with varying success around the world. The primary drawback

to most of these storage systems has been cost; however,

recent significant developments in battery technology mean

that today both Li-ion batteries and pumped storage

represent the one of the most commercially feasible forms of

storage.

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are typically configured

in one of two ways, either a “power” configuration or an

“energy” configuration, depending on their intended

application. This is accomplished by adjusting the ratio of

inverters to batteries in the system. In a “power” configuration,

the batteries are used to inject a large amount of power into

the grid in a relatively short period of time. There is a high

inverter to battery ratio required to accomplish this. In an

“energy” configuration, the batteries are used to inject a

steady amount of power into the grid for an extended period

of time. This application has a low inverter to battery ratio and

would typically be used for addressing issues such as the

California “Duck Curve” in which power demand changes

are occurring over a period as long as several hours or shifting

curtailed PV production to a later time of the day.

With declining costs, it is

becoming economical to

couple battery storage with

wind and solar co-located

plants. This further results in

enabling new features such

as better response time,

smoothing of energy

production and reduction

of the impacts of

unpredictability



THE VALUE

WIND + SOLAR CO-LOCATED/WISE

The below table is a summary of benefits that co-located/WISE Renewable Hybrid solutions can bring over a

stand-alone wind or solar plant of same capacity. Not surprisingly an important point to consider is that some

of these benefits depend on the local conditions, resources, and policies as Renewable energy is the most

local form of power generation and the electricity landscape determines the needs and how the

stakeholders define value.

Value/ Benefit

(Over Stand-alone) Achieved Through

Decrease in

project development

costs

For Existing Renewable Sites

the existing knowledge on site

limited efforts needed to update the design consideration, studies

Grid connection Agreement requiring minor changes

elimination of new deed of land / land-lease

availability of certain energy generation related approvals

For Greenfield Development

Synergies and efficiencies on development, feasibility, environmental, social,

connection, marketing, studies, project permits / filings, licenses

Helps reducing the shared costs for site related plant type independent

studies (site visits, geotechnical and topographical surveys, ecological,

archeological surveys etc.)

Savings on professional services (i.e. financial, legal, technical advisory)

Utilization of Land

Asset/Availability

Maximizing the power density via better use of space and helps reducing the

cost of land / MW

Use of existing site facilities (roads, buildings, areas) and elimination of

projects mobilization, communication, security and construction costs

Optimized project schedule for construction by managing work force in idle

times (high wind season)

Better Generation Profile /

Firming Effect

Complementary generation profile resulting in higher capacity factors at the

point of interconnection with less degree of intermittency

Improved commercial flexibility due to reduced difference in generation

levels between daytime and nighttime periods as well as seasonal high/lows

Improved PPA offering and certainty due to better generation profile and

lower intermittency

Better mitigation of risk over single generation-type



Value/ Benefit

(Over Stand-alone) Achieved Through

Optimized Grid

Connection

For Existing Sites

Modifying the existing substation and reducing the costs for major electrical

equipment as well as additional civil works

For Greenfield Development

Potential savings coming from the optimized substation design allowing to go

for a lower rating than the sum of two stand-alone plants

Improved Design

reducing

CAPEX

Potential savings coming from the optimized plant design allowing to go for

sharing the balance of plant (BOP) equipment, facilities, cabling,

infrastructure, landscaping, fencing and central systems (SCADA, security,

monitoring etc.)

Synergies reducing

OPEX

Using the single/same workforce optimization manpower, access means, site

intervention and performance of services

Managing of one asset and reduced administrative/management and

functional costs (accounting, human resources, sales & marketing, supply

chain, legal, licensing etc.)

Table 1 - Value/Benefits of Co-Located Wind and Solar

Figure 15 - Wind + Solar Renewable Hybrid Plant



WIND + SOLAR CO-LOCATED/WISE + STORAGE

In addition to the benefits introduced under Table 1, the below value streams and benefits are dependent

on the project, local conditions, resources, policies, grid code, electricity landscape as well as battery prices

and require a tailored analysis to further evaluate the value for different stakeholders.

Table 2 - Value/Benefits of Co-Located Wind, Solar and Storage

Additional Value/ Benefit

(enabled by BESS) Achieved Through

Energy Arbitrage Increased revenue through improved ability to arbitrage wholesale

power prices

Peak Shaving Manage the plant so to compensate power injection excess/deficits at

POI

Firming / Penalty Reduction

Improved matching of production and consumption

Reduction of penalties for forecast deviation

Reduction of penalties for Balancing / Deviation and Settlement

schemes

T&D Deferral Increased load factor

Reduced T&D CAPEX by shifting generation to meet peak loads

Ancillary Services Increased revenue through increased participation in multiple ancillary

services markets

Remote Power Managing the plant to keep the overall power flow at POI within a value

command

Curtailment Avoidance Managing the plant according to grid frequency support

command/response algorithms

Ramp Rate Control Managing the plant according to grid frequency support


Frequency Regulation Managing the plant according to grid frequency support


Scheduled Power Manage the plant so to limit to the best extent drift from a daily/weekly

schedule

Islanding The BESS makes up for the needed power when grid drops off

Black Start The BESS restarts the plant after an outage and self-synchronizes with

Grid



USE CASES FOR THE MENAT REGION

Below are some use cases for the MENAT region.

Morocco – Capacity Factor Maximization:

Due to the high penetration of wind energy in Morocco the grid operator requires new renewable plants

to behave more like base-load generation. Meaning controllable, high capacity factor and predictable.

Renewable Hybrid plant can deliver more capacity factor while still being competitive in terms of LCOE

with respect to traditional power generation. With the additional deployment of BESS system, the plant

becomes “dispatchable” and further ancillary services become available to stabilize the grid. This is

especially important when the power plants are far from the load centers which is the case in many

projects in Morocco.

Turkey – Energy Arbitrage, Minimization of costs due to Balancing and Settlement Regulation &

Forecasting Deviation

Currently almost all the wind farms in Turkey are selling the energy at a Feed-In-Tariff which starts at 7.3

USDcents/kWh. However, starting from 2019 until 2023, every year in average 560 MW of wind plants will

be getting out of the feed-in-tariff pool and will be starting to sell the power to the merchant market.

Assuming an average market price of electricity around 5 USDcents/kWh, battery storage can play an

important role for these plants maximizing plant’s revenues via energy arbitrage.

With the Day Ahead, Intra-day and Balancing Power markets in place in Turkey, there is Balancing Power

Groups mechanism under the current legislation where Power Producers are almost fully protected

against charges of balancing and forecasting deviations. However, in case of a change in Balancing

Power Groups legislation allowing the plants to group only if they are connected to the same transmission

region or requiring each wind plant to manage its own balancing and forecasting, this would lead to a

substantial cost increase for renewable projects which would make the implementation of battery

storage at the plants level financially viable.

Pakistan – Captive Power Generation

In Pakistan there is interest in Industrial consumers entering into PPAs with renewable plants due to high cost of

natural gas and RLNG. Hybrid Renewable Plants are suitable for this application because they bring several

benefits. These includes load following, lower electricity costs with stable long-term pricing. This allows the

industrial consumer to become more competitive and to avoid risks associated with changing fossil fuel

pricing. Additionally, the reduced carbon production is a selling point for purchasers of the final goods.



SUMMARY

With an accelerating global and regional transition to

renewable energy coupled with the trends driving

hybridization, the MENAT region has the potential and

resources to exploit the best of both wind and solar solutions

with Renewable Hybrids. Renewable Hybrids can deliver

value of synergies and efficiencies during development,

construction and operation of renewable energy assets and

enable new revenue streams via new business models or

introducing new features that cannot be utilized when these

plants realized as stand-alone.

When further combined with battery storage solutions, more

revenue streams are unlocked and value stacking increases

thanks to additional features enabled due to storage.

Taking also into account other factors such as limited land

availability, limited or weak grid connections, the mostly

complementary nature of resources, high capacity factor

(CF) expectations and avoidance of additional grid

infrastructure investments, Renewable Hybrids can be of first

choice to deliver more value than stand-alone wind or solar

plants in MENAT.

Renewable Hybrids are rapidly

moving towards bringing

dispatchable renewables to the

grid with the promise of

affordable, reliable and

sustainable energy,



ENDNOTES

1 REN 21 Renewables 2018 Global Status Report http://www.ren21.net/gsr-2018/ 2 IEA World Energy Outlook 2017 https://www.iea.org/weo2017/ 3 Digital Economic Value Index, Accenture, January 2016 4 Distributed Energy Resources Global Forecast. Navigant Research, January 2017 5 BloombergNEF New Energy Outlook 2018 -https://bnef.turtl.co/story/neo2018?teaser=true 6 IRENA REthinking Energy 2017 Report - http://www.irena.org/-

/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/IRENA_REthinking_Energy_2017.pdf 7Bloomberg Article -https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-17/solar-with-batteries-cheaper-

than-gas-in-parts-of-u-s-southwest 8 IRENA Renewable capacity highlights -https://www.irena.org/-

/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/RE_capacity_highlights_2018.pdf?la=en&hash=217957

87DA9BB41A32D2FF3A9C0702C43857B39C 9 Global Solar Atlas – Downloads http://globalsolaratlas.info/downloads/middle-east-and-north-africa 10 Global Wind Atlas – Downloads https://globalwindatlas.info/en/downloads/MENA 11 Co-Location Investigation - A study into the potential for co-locating wind and solar farms in Australia –

AECOM Australia Pty Ltd - http://www.aecom.com/au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Wind-solar-Co-

location-Study-Final.pdf

http://www.ren21.net/gsr-2018/

https://www.iea.org/weo2017/

https://bnef.turtl.co/story/neo2018?teaser=true

http://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/IRENA_REthinking_Energy_2017.pdf

http://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/IRENA_REthinking_Energy_2017.pdf

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-17/solar-with-batteries-cheaper-than-gas-in-parts-of-u-s-southwest

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-17/solar-with-batteries-cheaper-than-gas-in-parts-of-u-s-southwest

https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/RE_capacity_highlights_2018.pdf?la=en&hash=21795787DA9BB41A32D2FF3A9C0702C43857B39C



http://globalsolaratlas.info/downloads/middle-east-and-north-africa

https://globalwindatlas.info/en/downloads/MENA

http://www.aecom.com/au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Wind-solar-Co-location-Study-Final.pdf

http://www.aecom.com/au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Wind-solar-Co-location-Study-Final.pdf

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