university of south alabamacrystal: isometric . pt. group: 4/m 3 2/m . habit: octahedral, sucrosic ....
TRANSCRIPT
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GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy
Lecture 13: Halides
Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
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Last Time (on line)
More Oxides 1. Chromite (and Chromium)
2. Uraninite (and Uranium) 3. Chromite formation (ultramafic intrusions)
4. Uraninite formation (sedimentary, placer)
5. Supergene enrichment (recap of hydrothermal emplacement)
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Chromite (FeCr2O4) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: octahedral, sucrosic SG: 5.10 H: 5.5 L: metallic Col: black (brownish) Str: black (brown) Clev: none; twinning on {111}; concoidal fracture
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Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing chromium
Oxide Minerals
http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Samples/Chromite/s12s.JPG
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Oxide Minerals
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Uraninite (UO2) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: massive, botryoidal SG: 7.0-9.5 H: 5.5 L: submetallic to dull Col: black Str: brown to black Clev: none; concoidal fracture
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Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing uranium
Oxide Minerals
http://www.treasuremountainmining.com/eb56uran1M.jpg
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Oxide Minerals
http://serc.carleton.edu/images/research_education/nativelands/UraniumDeposits.jpg
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Supergene enrichment Hydrothermal: a process involving “hot” water (usually groundwater under confining pressure). Epithermal: <200°C (50°C and above) Mesothermal: 200-300°C Hypothermal: >300°C Supergene enrichment involves meteoric water (“cold”)
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Today’s Agenda
Halides 1. Select minerals
2. Occurrences and Associations
Featured minerals: Evaporites
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Halides
This class also includes bromides (ABrx) and iodides (AIx); i.e., the halogens.
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Halides
Iodides and bromides are rather rare, but you do get them in the Cerargyrite group of Ag-compounds
AgCl: chlorargyrite AgBr: Bromyrite
AgI: Iodryite
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Halite (NaCl) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: cubic, hopper crystals SG: 2.17; H: 2.5 L: vitreous; Str: white Col: white (various shades) Clev: perfect [100], [010], [001] Optics: Isotropic (n=1.544)
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Name derivation: From the Greek halos (salt)
Halide Minerals
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Halite (NaCl) Occurrence: the most common soluble evaporite mineral Associated Mins: calcite (limestone), dolomite (dolostone), gypsum, anhydrite, sulfur (salt diapirs) May be confused with: sylvite Uses: Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s french fries
Halite Minerals
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Salt (data in kilo tonnes)
Halide Minerals
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016
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Salt (US data)
Halide Minerals
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016
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Sylvite (KCl) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: cubic, hopper crystals SG: 1.99; H: 2.5 L: vitreous; Str: white Col: white (various shades) Clev: perfect [100], [010], [001] Optics: Isotropic (n=1.4903)
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Name derivation: named after Dutch chemist Sylvia de la Boe (1614-1672)
Halide Minerals
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Sylvite (KCl) Occurrence: potash deposits (evaporite basins); much less common than halite of which it is always mixed with. Associated Mins: halite, gypsum May be confused with: halite (distinguished because of its sectility) Uses: fertilizer (potash)
Halite Minerals
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Carnalite (KMgCl3·6H2O) Crystal: Orthorhombic Pt. Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m Habit: massive, fibrous, hexagonal SG: 1.6; H: 2.5 L: greasy (deliquescent); Str: white Col: variable (white, grey, reddish) Clev: none/indistinct Optics: biaxial+ nα= 1.467; nβ= 1.475; nγ= 1.494
Name derivation: after a German mining engineer
Halide Minerals
http://webmineral.com/data/Carnallite.shtml
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Carnalite (KMgCl3·6H2O) Occurrence: evaporite deposits Associated Mins: halite, sylvite May be confused with: sylvite, halite Uses: fertilizer/potash ore
Halite Minerals
http://www.dmr.go.th/images/info/mineral/carnallite_1.jpg
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Potash (data in kilo tonnes)
Halide Minerals
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2015
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Potash (US data)
Halide Minerals
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016
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Rocanville Potash Mine, Saskatchewan, Canada
Halide Minerals
Location: Saskatchewan, Canada Ownership: Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (100%) Geology type: Devonian evaporite sequences Mineral type: Sylvite, carnallite, halite and clay Reserve base: 372Mt mineable; 1,132Mt inferred resource Annual production: 7.5Mt of ore and 2.57Mt of potash products (2005) Mining method: Underground long room-and-pillar, using two- and four-rotor continuous miners Processing method: Crushing, desliming, cyclones, flotation Employment: 340 Key Equipment: Underground: Marietta two- and four-rotor continuous miners Concentrator: Allen Bradley central control system
http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/rocanville/
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Subsurface potash deposits in Sask.
Halide Minerals
http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/A_CH10/FG10_18.GIF
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Fluorite (CaF2) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m Habit: cubic, octahedral crystals SG: 3.0-3.25; H: 4 L: vitreous; Str: white Col: variable Clev: [111] perfect Optics: Isotropic (n=1.434)
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Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing fluorine
Halide Minerals
http://www.electric-lady-land.com/004.%20Fluorite-LW.jpg
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Fluorite (CaF2) Occurrence: epithermal veins (Mississippi Valley ore deposits). Associated Mins: widespread; dolomite, calcite, sphalerite, galena May be confused with: calcite Uses: metal fluxes (Al and Fe); chemical
industry
Halite Minerals
http://webmineral.com/specimens/Fluorite.jpg
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Cryolite (Na3AlF6) Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: massive to prismatic SG: 2.97 H: 2.5-3 L: vitreous to greasy Optics: Anisotropic (biaxial) Col: variable (white, grey, reddish) Str: white Clev: none
Name derivation: From the Greek kryos meaning “frost”
Halide Minerals
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Cryolite (Na3AlF6) Occurrence: rare, pegmatite intrusion (Greenland); one other deposit in Russia Associated Mins: Greenland: microcline, quartz, siderite, fluorite May be confused with: just about everything Uses: Al refining (electrolysis). Now artifically made from Fluorite
Halite Minerals
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Evaporite Formation
http://www.fsc.uaeu.ac.ae/Geology/c/sabkha%20trip/images/sabkha2.jpg
Coastal sabkha near Abu Dhabi
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Evaporite Formation
http://www.fsc.uaeu.ac.ae/Geology/c/sabkha%20trip/images/sabkha2.jpg
Coastal sabkha near Abu Dhabi
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Evaporite Formation
http://www.fsc.uaeu.ac.ae/Geology/c/sabkha%20trip/images/sabkha2.jpg
Coastal sabkha near Abu Dhabi
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Evaporite Formation
First Last Aragonite (ooids) Dolomite Gypsum Anhydrite Halite Sylvite*
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Today’s Stuff To Do 1) Choose a mineral for your poster!
2) Oxides/hydroxides mineral quiz (12:15 PM) (followed by Carbonate/halide minerals in lab)
3) Mineral notebook examination!
Next Time 1. Nothing……Fall break holiday….BUT
2. Lecture test 2 (in class) Thursday Oct 13th
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GY 302: Crystallography and Mineralogy
Lecture 13: Halides
Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick [email protected]
This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes.
For personal use only.