university of nigeria rise and fall of social studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of...

11
University of Nigeria Virtual Library Serial No Author 1 NWAGU, Eric K. N. Author 2 Author 3 Title The Rise and Fall of Social Studies in Nigerian Education System Keywords Description The Rise and Fall of Social Studies in Nigerian Education System Category Education Publisher Publication Date Signature

Upload: others

Post on 12-Jul-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

University of Nigeria Virtual Library

Serial No

Author 1

NWAGU, Eric K. N.

Author 2 Author 3

Title

The Rise and Fall of Social Studies in Nigerian Education System

Keywords

Description

The Rise and Fall of Social Studies in Nigerian Education System

Category Education Publisher

Publication Date

Signature

Page 2: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation
Page 3: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation
Page 4: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

. . /iil l o ~ c ~ \ t n ~ € i £ i f j ( . i r r o d numa c r i u s e n i m o d a t modifying t h e e x i o t i n g

r x n d i n t r c ~ ~ u c i . n t ~ n rlcw c u r r i c u l u m mater ia l t h a t d i r e c t l y a d d r e s s e s \

t { . i . [ ; r : r : i r . i r i n u c i a 1 prol.~:I.uinr;. Thrt c a u c o m w R o c i n l . Studies i n t o Niger ian

i:~l~i(:rtt,i orlri:L nchomo.

T.ho S t u d i e s c u r r i c u l a \lave been irrlplemented f o r some y e a r e now,

L . arc br: ing iu~,iic n L rec j !n t c u r r i c u l u m c o n f e r e n c e s and workshops for t n e

~:c!:,il:rit::inn of Ni{<o.rinn c h i l d r e n urid y o u t h s . The call presupposes t h a t

.. . ; . iOc: i . ! . \S . i i t i l r l i c c havo not; b e e n f 'unctj .onn1 enough. But why7 1s the problero

i : . ; . L r l t , ! \ ( t c;urr.icu:Ln, Lhtt i r t~plwnolntnt ion o r t h o e v a l u n t i o n techniques? Ie it

.<.i i i: 4 : l ~ o . t c c : c l ~ c r , . the: 1c: l r l ler o r t h c o o c i e t y i n ~ e n o r n l ? The l n t o r s e c t i o n s

(, I: is!\ L:l , p : t p o r a r.tpproachc:ri tfk:?co questiono by d i u c u o e i n g t h e r i s e o f ,Socin! .

;; I . . : , L : I ~ ! : : I ? t h o naturst ': o f t h o c u r r i c u l r . ~ , t h o p r a c k i ~ c d c u r r i c u l u m implemen+;n-

i .1-11. t;ho cn l .1 f o r new j~royrumrncs , a n d t ho ti103t p l r ~ u a i b l e way&' of rususci sting , r

TI16 RISL OF SOCIAL STUDIES f i r s t

Sociri'L s t u i i o o rro n c o u r s e of r;tudy wno L '. introduced i n t o Niger ian

-. L(\L::I o f 8or:in:L StudJ.ufi i n t h o f i r a t out; o f c u r r i c u l u m mater in l s : 6ocirxl

'L'hu e f f o r L : j o f t h o toam n t t : r ~ i c t e t i t h e i n t e r e s t o f CESRC and t h e s p o n s o r s h i p . .

j ~ i J'ord E'ouudut i o ~ ~ r , . 'J'tic? combined c f f o r t e c u l m i n a t e d i~ f u r t h e r advonccs i n

! q u t r l l . t;y nnd o f f e c i i v e n o o n of s o c i a l s t u d i e o + n s t r u c t i o n a l p e r s o n n e l i t 1

Liie : i c i ~ ~ o I und t h o r c v i u c c l ->nd aillarger1 e d i t i o n of t h 3 c u r r i c u l u m m n t e r i a l

f .i:lnl!.y pub.Li.oIlud i'or uce i n l o w o r c lnf iaua o f n e c o n r i ~ r y o c h o o l s . Sonlo

r a p , l . a r ~ r ~ l ~~ovprnmont r ; i.11 Ni~-c r i -n d i ? n o t i.i!imedi~.tt.ly embrnce t h o idor?. of . . . , ;. . . . . , . ' ! I

. i t , t u d i e u . . . . .

f i b ? h u c o n t i n u n l r r l l o v c l , t h e r e were lnovtls t o i n t ~ o d u c e Social S t u d i c o

tnio t h o progrnrnsu o f o c h o o l s i n R f r i c n n c o u n t r j . e s i n conaonsnce wf.t,h what

o b tnincd i n l i r n e r i c ~ , Gren t U r i t a i n and o t h e r w e ~ t e r n countries.

, , i ~ t i intornntionnl c o n f o r o n c u waa h e l d in Mombaaea i n 1968 t o d iscuss

ir.iouoa i.11 i n c o r p o r n t i ~ ~ g s o c i a l s t u d i e s i n t o t h a curricula of e c h o c l s in

Page 5: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

i ! i r i o ~ i t t ; i ~ l l : ; of d i f f c r ' e l i t riculo:; i n s o l n e o f t h e l i f r l c a n c o u n t r i c ~ i n a t t ~ n -

.:; . ~ , I L ~ : I . c . ~ ) t ~ f ' ~ . r . c ~ ~ c : c : : ; ritil.1 w o l , l c : ; t l o p c i wcrc o r ~ g t ~ n i s e c t b y w s p c c . i ~ \ l l y t h e N~i: l iC

, . 1 J . , I ; I : i i t i d . , I I. i I : ! ;ooil l l S b u d i c a c u r i - i c u l u m rmt~:rj.u?s R ~ i r :

! l 1 ! l ~ L ~ ; I I ! I : I I I,.! on " ; i L rn t t : ~ : ? ,::; I ' O Y l.l"t'C:; p r i r l ~ ~ r y rind JS s c h o o l s ( P I ld{C , 197i.:) .

, . . . , L C I : I C O ~ ? ~ I : ~ C L ~ 1 ' ~ . t I \ I ~ n t i o r l ~ o l l o w c ~ ' j $ ~ i . t . . muc,t!, l a t e r , . I n d e u d \. . , I . . . :\ % . , " , .. . , . ; , , i : ; :. , . . $: 1,;. .' ,, .,

I' < .,:. , , , , - . - . . , I . . . ' I I . I ' / _ . , , I . . ' I . ' .

i i: v ~ . ~ u i . ~ l ;~ i , i ) ( : i t r t i l i i t Li!u t e ~ a l i u r y i n s t i l . u t i o ~ i s ~ ' s t n b ~ i s h ~ d f lgc i@;S ' t u d i i s L ' :. , . ! I . ' : . . . ' . .' . , ; 4 : ' ' . , ,. . , . . . . . - . , . ..

. I y~'I.11~5 :I J.L cr t t l c C O ~ T I ~ ( ? I I C ~ ~ C I I t ~f the . p r ~ i r a m m e i n . . \ . . r n o . ~ ! . . . primary .

' I . . : . , . . .

. . ,

I : t i 1 0 . : ,,;i w i l l b e o e u n s i i o r t l y , t h i s l a t e n e s s .: . i n ,:, . ., trnirli o(j . , .. . ,

' : . '

t ~ ~ r t c l l ~ . ~ r : ; for ! ;oc i . ,~ l . ! ; ( ; u d i c s i l l u t r u c t i o j \ h o u ; o o r i o u u i r , ! p l i c n t i o n e .. . . . fors t i le 8. ,

: . : ~ l c c o : ; . i i'lil. 5 !lil~lcrncrl L i t t ion o f t h e pl.ogrrt!srne t i t t h e p r i n ~ i r r y iind JS scllool

Page 6: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

i

THE SOCIl iL STUDILS CURRICULUM -- 'L'iltj prir!lixry o b j e c t i v e o f r ; o c i n l s t u d i e s i n pr inmry and J.S. s c h o o l s

i t j to I ) ~ V V . \ ~ S G L ! ~ t & l c I f : r ~ r n i n g oxperionoeo , f o r f u n c t i o n a l s o c i a l educa-

\ : ion o f t i lo pupil^. I t : i o e x p e c t e d tlirlt l e a r n i n g t h e f i t i p u l a t e d c o n c e p t s . .

t , l : t.cou!:t~ t h o nuggoo t,od LIC t i v i t i c s would p r o v i d e t h e pupi l f i o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o

8

p ~ " o r l . u c t i . v e :Livinfx i n r\ democracy. Tr-nining o f t h e p u p i l s i n good c i t i z o n -

r:l'i:i J I , ~10c. i t1_ to :?c : rancc nnc! u11ity c o n o c i o u c n c r ; ~ is a l s o i m p l i e d i n t h e I -

Ii'or t h o JL:;, thc! S o c i n l S t u d i ~ c ; curriculum c o n t e n t 8 wore drawn f r o n

n o c . i n l cnvi ronwunt ' , . p h y ~ j i c ~ \ l e n v i r o n m e n t , c o o p o r u t i o n :tricl cc.inf':l.ict I n n t i t u t i o n c , c i v i c r i g h t s nnd r u s p o n s i b i l i t i e s + c:ul?;ure :-in? i t f c n t i t y , I ' l iger inn c u l t u r t ~ l p a t t u r n e and l i i . r~t: ,r ici iS o r i ~ i n , corrlrnon h c r i t n g o and n a t i o n u l a y ~ n b o l ~ , ;Lcnrlcrntlif~ n n t i f o l l o w e r a h i p , clevc:lopr~ierit , 6 o c i o t n l chnngii'6 ovt:rS Yiu i~ ' , R C ~ ~ I I C C , t ;echnology nnd s o c i e t y , Nntionnl. i;co~iowi.c Life, 'She a r l g i t l of Mnn, e o c i n l i z t ~ f ; i o n , its ;.rgitr~c:ies r i r l t l p r o c o a o o e , 'Yhe World a n d i t n i 'eoplb, nnd I

Woyl-tl ' i 'rnr1o~1or.t nnd c o r n m u n i c n t i o n .

p 4 i ; ~ c t ~ r ) n ~ o to], c l c ) ! ! m i ~ ~ ~ , b u t c? g r e n t c!r nurnber n r e o f t h e lower c o g n i t i v n

J I ~ ~ U C ~ ~ I I ; ; t y p c n . 'P l~o c o i ~ t o u t n a r c n$oo c l e a r l y e l u c i d u t e d with t h e s p e c i f i c

p '. I" . a , ~ X C J J Y ~ n 9 ' n 6hor t co ! r1 i r1~ i n t h e c u r r i c u l u ! ~ a r e i nc l i cn t ed i n due c o u r s e .

1 I .

I \ Ln t h e case o f p r imary oc l ioo ls t h e c u r r i c u l u m modules , which 1.0 t h e + t

~,~~ [ :c t i c : r . s~ i ~ i u t r u c t i u n r ~ l h a n d b o o k , arc as e x p e c t e d , slightly more d e t a i l e d (

Page 7: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation
Page 8: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

: . . . ~ . ~ I I L ; ! . \ . u b j c:c: tivo:; n . r c n o t c o n ~ c i o u s l y p u r o u e d e i t tkcr d u r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n n l

i ~ i i ; t ~ r . u c t i o n onljr i t l v o l v e a p u p i l s i n w r \ t c h i n g nnd l i u t o n i r l g t o t e n c h e r

I?c:r:;:)rlri, r ~ 1 0 ~ l n y i t ~ p ; , p rob lv ln so.Lvitig o r i e n t e d y ~ r o j e c t s and o t i l e r ~ i c t i v i t i e o

.:l..i.i)~l:!:iI.i:rl t o f i \c . i . . l . i tc \ t ;~ t h . ~ r \ t f ; n inmdr i t o f t h o o b j e c t i v e s i n S v c i o l S t u d i e s

. : . , 1lowc!vor7 r c - . ~ ~ ! ~ r i t c d . 14oroovcr , t l ~ e dorn innnt c ? v : ~ l u r ~ t i o n t c c h n i r j u c i o

'. 6 . : ; t, i , r ; g v i ! l i ( . : l ~ c!fi;ur.\l.i.y . ~ : c > ( : ~ ~ s I ! z t h e I.owcr c o i ~ r l i t i v c procccsco, o n

; i ~ : . ; t : i - v n t i u n , i ~ i t o ~ v i c : w / t l i s c u : ; r ; . i c . ~ r ~ , c o c i o m e t r y nrld o t t i e r i n d i c n t c d evral!ln-

t i c11i t . c~chr i iqucr ; rlru t joirlg rc. t .c.git tcd t o d o ~ u u t u d c .

'HtE T ' 1 ~ ~ U l ~ L . l ~ ; dI1!J1 SOCIi ,L S'rUUILS. ----

1 . i ~ ~ c u u r r j u ir.; t h c r o f o r e n o t i n l i c r e n t i n t h e c u r r i c u l u m m n t e r i n l s per G O .

fili:il,rs~~c'ii.on;~:L n l ) p r . c ~ ~ . c I ~ b e i n g ndopted by L o c i n l S t u d i e s t u u c h o r o a t a l l ,'

i11 n ~ c i f i l ~ t \ ~ i l i e n . Tho affective components of the c o u r s e 6 objecki.ve w h i c h '

iil~rru3.d I ~ L tr\o15c: h i g h l y weig t i tc t l i n i n ~ p o r t n n c c nru l e s o s t r e s e e d . P u p i l 8 n r o

.LucLarr:d t u bocuwi? good citizens, u n i t e d , h o n e a t , t o l e r a n t nnd n o c i a l l y j u s t .

. . ./7*

Page 9: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

. .. , . . .... .- ' , .,..

J>I . I> 1 . 1 ~ 0 t t ~ i ~ ~ ~ > ~ i ~ i l l ~ ~ ! t ~ t U S ],u11i ;L,: ~ 1 u x i 1 , l L u r y i11id t errii4inal- p ~ r . f . o r ! t l f \ . n ~ ~ . , ~ - i n tllf----. .. . -

. .

I , ' \ I . : ! . i : ) 1 1 : ~ \ ~ I I I ; I ~ I I : ; (.#I' ol, jvc: t i v c ! s n r c p r o v i d e d f o r . H o w ~ v c r , t h *

I : I I I l o . L i I 1 o r f 1 s o c i e t y . l ' h a i

. ! l l : ' l e ~ l , l ; 1 1 : I ' i ' l l i ; t w o f u n c t i o n i n concc?rt; t o s h a p ( . n

, . I i 1 o f I I : ( . ; o t . , i I c : i ~ i z c n : ; l i i 1) c ; t n n o t b e i r i s t i l l c d i n I ) L I J ) ~ I . S

. I 1 ; I , I I I , . I i u ; t i n . Ploreovcr., [{ood c i t i ;:irn-

. . ! 1 1 [ , : t l ! r r > t . i ~ c : ~ : : t : , ; i . l , ; I . I . ; IJ . I I~. L L I I I ~ i l t ? ~ i ~ u ~ ~ ! i L ~ ~ i ~ t c ( l w i l f u l l y i t 1 11 v e r y ~ d 1 ' 1 ~ 1 i ~ ~ ~ t

I , ! 1 ~ t . r . ~ : I , J , . ; I : : ; c ~ < . : , i c : L ; ; ! / t i ! cii i ; i i r t : ; ( ; r i : i i t i v c t o C ~ J C wclf ' ;~rc bl ' i t s c i L i?,-;~t:; .

. 8 5 1 1 1 . ,,,;I: o f ! j o c i ; ~ l ~ . ; ~ L ~ c I ~ ~ . I J L l~crcf 'or-c tiet;111s i [ n p r ~ ~ c t i c ~ l b l . c i n r i i ~ ~ ! r i ~ \ ~ l

' : 1 ! 1 I , I i ~ r l t l i r i l : t :rri i l l iznt iort o f tlle mussage , the

. ../a.

Page 10: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

. . . . , . , . t;.,,!.!:?<'i.:a% ;>.. , , . I. ., .:.4& , &.;i3

< . ,iw+,b t,.+:yY;::? , , .. , .., .. ;?;. :, , , , . . .&??lumnn n o g d s , ' t h e l n c k o f wtlicll n u r t u r e d c r j p e r r l t i o n , s h o u l d be

, . : . .

L1l~:~conci:rn of l c a t l e k s l ~ i p , t l lcn thu f o u n d a t i o n o f l o v e - f o r - c o u n t r y whic \ i

::ociiiX c i tud leu ir, c!xpel,:ted t-o e v o l v o nrld n u s t a i n w o u l d h a v e beet1 e s t n -

- ' I i t r i of' i11 i ;c rcs l ; i n the: r~u11-coglli t i v e o u t c o m e of' ~ o c i n l

* - :; 1, 1.11.l.i~:; i n c t r u c t i c,n coulc l P C - o r i e n t n t e '$iii,'i'l?i' 'li,^tl;ri.l'ing aiiil"pii'\r'e ' t ' h ' ~ ' ' ~ ~ ~ " "

f o r r\cquj.o?. t i o n o f r . f ? l i : vau t ' l;ocir\I s k i l l s , f i t t:i. t u c l e ~ and v n l u e c . Tht?

:.;J'II(\(!?I n:i:ji .~:r\~!\ b y ~ . C : ; I C : ~ ~ U ~ ' S nf tttr . c n r c f u l nnd s y t i t e l n n t i c o b 6 e r v n t ; i o n

~ ~ n d ci.i:;cu:;sion o f t . l lc oocj - i t l beh; lvi .ous o f t h e p u p i l s s h o u l d b e higtl1.y

wc:l.l:iiru 01 c h i ~ d r o n s h o u l d . become' pr imt l ry t o t h e v a r i o u s l s v c l s

:>I ~,;ovr!rno~c:nt. C h I % d r t : n should, t o r l rcnnor lnbl t ! o x t e n t , b e i t l au lnkt !d

f r . , : 1 1 1 L l ~ c c l c p r i r r n t j . o n s -onoec ,ucr~ccd by the. n a t i o n ' s economic d o w n k u ~ l l .

'1'ii.i.:; ~.i.rl , . : wouLf1 f n r r : ~ t he br1s.i s o f tile l o v c - f o r - c o u n t r y b e i n e p r 0 p a ~ ~ 3 t t . d - . . . ) /9 .

Page 11: University of Nigeria Rise and Fall of Social Studies.pdf.&??lumnn nogds,' the lnck of wtlicll nurture dcrjperrltion, should be ,.: . . L1l~:~conci:rn of lcatleksl~ip, tllcn thu foundation

: # . . ..... , & , ),,x,* ... t.. . . . I i ! . i ? ' : 4 ... -'-

, ~ - :,':.!.3!,ij(,;!*.::; - - *-- ' , ( ;>: ,,,, ,,?>,), , , , ;, . , ! : ;$ ;;:.j:.-- .

, -. . . ......... k , ,,:>,'.,;!' ....*.........- , . ,, I. -..---%-'1 .I," - , . .

, , , . : I : . . ,., .<(! j,., & b : . I . , . ...*;I.[;!.'l I , , . ! ~ , ( \ ! l 1 . ,

, 1 . : t i I , ; : i i l ~ I r . l o l i u o ' ! ~(ih,;&: l)~~.~,Li , i tc , . . . , , I i ; h i ~ ; : ~ . i ~ ~ ~ l . I,,. , ,

, , I ; , Ulliv,:l-:;i.ty " 1 ' ~ I , ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ I , ~ ' I ~ ~ ~ I ‘ ~ ~ . ~ I I ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ : . . . . . < . . . .. ...:.... . . . . . -----. . -. - .- - . - . . . A ' - . . . , : l!,\t';;,r I , . . !, !.;:%;, . : ; < . , : : ! I ;,.I, I ,!;.[.. * ! >

I 1 , : i . t I.!.] 1 1 : , 1. ~ . y . ( I I. ~c.~!uc.;: t i c > r l , ::c:j.t:llcc: k 111C:ct~nolb,gy"(~985) ..-.. ; .. IJz~ti ,m:~~l . ' ! ! 1 .1 . # . . : !,!,: _.._ I $ ) I , ,I 1 1 1 . . i __. > > I - : : , . ~ ~ l i ~ ~ l , l ; l 1 , ~ !;r:tin,~L~i. : ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , - , ~ : . , ~ , , ~ o c ~ i : i l , st,i~$il:.j~!

! , ' , -

, . . . J i., . ! I I , ; , , : ; ' ~ . l ~ , l : l : , ~ l ~ , , , . i l ~ , : ; L ~ i ~ . ~ ~ l i ~ l j j $ , ( , l i : i ~ , I ~ I ' Y ~ ; ~ ' ~ ~ I ~ , ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ - - - ' - ~ ~ p;'; t*.' : I . ' , i p ;. i, : . I ,* . ,;<,:A...;.; , : * 5 ' .*? .: <

............ . . . . . . ..... . . . . , . . r . . a -. h, ,:. '". . . . , . ' - !,'.! I [ . ! f , ; \ [ j ) * , t ~ ! ; . ; , , : (,< ly~,.i,ill.!,l ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ , ; / i I . # . . , . . . . .

I , . . . . . . . . : I , . \ I l v # . : I , I ( # . ! I i t !;~::;ll. i.11 b : b , ~ ~ ( i v u ( j ) + ,'!;9ci,sil. , S i u c l i t , . : . . ,...,, < ( :... ....- . . . . . ....

, , : . :,.: _ : . : ! ! .. , L , ;; 1 , . _~ : i l + t . ~ , : _ , , . i ; , . l ; t . r l i : > d ~ t l i u p c , l ~ ~ ~ ~ b l i , ~ , ' t ~ ' i i ~ ~ ; . . -C!L~*]J<>I.:. I. i ~ ~ 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . ........ ., : , : , , , o , , , ! < .-' .: <" -..-" ..... . . . . . . . .

, . , , . I . I I , ~ I 1 I I : . I c ~ r l 1 . l ; iLi ur1!11 1 ' ~ : l i C y . . . . . . . . . . o n : b r l u c . i i t i o t ~ ' . , . ( , l ' i c : ~ ~ j .

5 L . I I . . - -

1 , , ; 1 1 ! : 1 , I t : I - . t : : .Lv;><I'L ' , I I - . - - , - . . . . . . " . - . . - - . . .....--..-..-----..---. - - , :.. . . . . . . . .

__,_ ,- :.- . . _ . . _ . ........... .... lt,,*o,~.i;,:l.; !.,; i l ~ , ~ s ~ ~ ~ , s . . , ! t ! , . m c ,.::j l , i 111.i LI:<!" . - - . ' ; .,:., , . . , , . '

---.I-' a .

. .

L.-.I -1 /_ ' .:!". * , :'6 :.. ,, <!, . r ., :.;,. i : , c . ! ,19'/;)) . I;ui c ! c o ' i i [I,-:; I'1,irrl:tr.y !ic)l&o3. C u r r l c\iIutrt;-----. H ~ : p ( 3 1 ~ \ ~ - u f . . ~-IL!,:,--- --- -- . . --

' ! . , I. ,i .,!I.\ I i:,, 1,;: :i\,iii> .,I- 1 : r . l III!;.!;~. 1~;~i i . ic~~t. i .o~~ ,:-,/'t'p~~:~'l, '26 ' % b 3 ' $ \ ( I Y : ~ ~ I . '1'97"l I. 4- - -. - - .. .. ............. . . . . . . . - - . . - . ----- . . .-i%---% . : . . I . . . : 7--+.L.-i--6-l ... . \