university of maryland, advancing caloric materials for ... · 2 o f a r a a t o [p m e p r s r p c...
TRANSCRIPT
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Disclaimer: issues needis not intenddevice efforconcepts anresearcherscollected an
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This report ised to advancded to be a corts. So, exampnd needs, with, or groups. And drafted thi
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Cooling wenges and
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ased Systetific and E
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with CalorOpportun
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nd update on frigeration froaloric materispectrum of ror neglect ane responsibiliparticipants.
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context and om this worksals and refrigesearch to prny specific woty of the Cha
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key shop. It geration resent ork, ir, who
4
5
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8
exe WORAssesreverstransfmatersystem
VaporsystemU.S. Cpredictest‐beven
Yet, srefrigsolid minflue
Such advantransfcriticaapplicpace advanthermneutr
With numeconveof a sneeds
ecutiv
KSHOP GOALs current stasible caloric formational erials in devicems design suc
r‐compressioms consumeCompared tocted to have beds, which athe most refi
uccessful maeration concmaterials, anence of extern
a materials nces in contformations –al that the mcations, requof design to ances in theomodynamic mons, such as i
the develoerous potentiersion, and soolid‐state refs for cooling!
sue
L atus of caloric
materials efficient calore application.ccess for socie
n refrigeratie at least ono the vapor‐clower envirore in their infned vapor‐co
rket penetratept – is impend how to connal fields (mag
design effortrol over che– particularly material(s) beiring ultimateaccomplish thory and commeasurementincreasingly a
pment of mal uses, fromolid‐state refrfrigeration m
mm
c materials aexhibiting i
ric cooling tec In addition, etal impact –
on approachne out of evompression conmental impfancy, exceedompression u
tion of the eneded by missntrol the procgnetic, electri
rt for reversemical and the associate amenable ely a systemhis has been mputational ts, imaging ravailable at na
multi‐million‐c actuation, serigeration – baterial and an
mar
nd address kimproved pechnologies, anreport on nea 20‐30% dro
hes its fundvery five kilocycle, solid‐stpact and highds that of avanits.
nergy‐efficiensing basic knocesses in solidic, and stress)
ible caloric microstructuted entropy afor integratis approach ifurther bolstpower, as wresolution, aational user f
cycle phase ensing, switchby far the biggn operationa
ry
key basic scieerformance nd a systems cessary pathsop in energy n
damental effo‐Watt‐hourstate, caloric‐bher efficiencyailable therm
t caloric coolowledge on ds that yield t) at the neede
behavior witure makeup, and interfaceon into enein the designtered in the pwell as in cs well as cofacilities.
transformathing, informagest large‐scal device is a 2
ence challengand long capproach fors forward forneeds for coo
ficiency limits (kWh) genbased coolingy. The efficie
moelectric dev
ing – a truly thow to desigthe caloric efed temperatu
th long cyclemagnetic, a
e physics. In rgy‐conversion process. Acpast decade bcharacterizatoherent light
tion materiaation storage,ale use. The s20‐30% drop
ges to advanccycle life for the use of thr materials anoling.
t, yet coolinerated in thg is universalency of calorvices and riva
transformativgn the needeffect under thure range.
e life requireand structuraddition, it
on devices foccelerating thby tremendoution, includint sources an
als, there ar, direct‐energsocietal impacin U.S. energ
7
ce or he nd
ng he ly ric als
ve ed he
es al is or he us ng nd
re gy ct gy
8
1
Modefood comfowith mand cby vap
changvectotempeto a cisothe
ThintrGmG
Thfe
Threcr
All pdevithe concpossinflusourresidcookWh
1 Chapter
ern society is supply wouortable living modest climaryosurgery wpor‐compress
ged either isr, and tensoerature (T)? Mchange of entermally (adiab
he magneto‐cn an applied ransition. Theómez et al.,
magnetocalorid5(Si‐Ge)2 allo
he electrocalerroelectrics.
he baro‐caloelated and trirystallograph
[1785
parts of a vapoice have beenyears due,
certed R&D sible by a suux from federarces. Yet, dential andling consumesh of electricity
EfficCh
highly depenuld be seasoconditions w
ates, and certwould be imposion technolo
othermally oor field – naMagneto‐calotropy (tempebatically).
caloric effect field (loss oe thermodyn2013]. Manyic cooling at roy [Pecharsky
oric effect is See [e.g., Lu &
ric and elastiggered by hyic phase tran
–95; < Fre
or‐compression refined ovein part, tefforts mad
ustained dollaal and industria
still, U.S commercias at least 1 in y generated!
cient Cohallenges
ndent on reliaonal and limwould be impain medical aossible. It is stogy that rema
Future vapor‐cofundametechnoloof the estoday oambientfuture of
Caloric rthat em
or adiabaticaamely, magnoric, electro‐cerature) when
(the most wof spin disordnamic cycles y proof‐of‐priroom tempery & Gschneid
an electric‐fi& Zhang, 200
to‐caloric (a.kydrostatic presformation –
nch caloriq
n er o e ar al S. al 5
ooling ws and Opp
able cooling tmited to locossible everyadvancementtartling that mains essentiall
improvemenompression ental limit ogies with a stimated 20 tonly to lowet will make f the United S
refrigeration merge when ally. Does thenetic (H), elecaloric, elaston the strengt
ell studied) oder) that indare textboonciples devicrature. The gier, 1997] igni
ield‐induced 09; Valant, 20
k.a. mechanoessure or uniwith absorpt
Calorique < Latin
with Calportunitie
technologies.cally produceywhere, causits, such as orgmost cooling ly unchanged
ts may onlyrefrigerationof energy potential to to 25% of theer and holda tremendoState and wo
relies on reva control fiee caloric behectric (E), stro‐caloric, and th of the rele
occurs as maguces a magnk, but revisites (see coveriant magnetoited great int
polarization‐014; Ožbolt, e
o‐caloric or taxial stress, rtion or releas
ic – of or n calor hea
loric Maes for Bas
. Without refed, non‐periing overpopugan and tissuapplications
d for over a ce
y be incremen is alreaefficiency.
save as muce generated ed temperatuous impact orldwide.
versible caloreld around a havior arise fress (σ), presbaro‐caloric evant control
gnetic momennetization‐deted for refrir) confirm thocaloric effecterest and dev
depolarizatioet al., 2014].
thermo‐elastrespectively, se of latent he
pertaining
at + French
aterialssic Scienc
rigeration, ouishable itemulation in areaue cryostoragare supporte
entury.
ental becausdy near itHence, neh as one‐thirelectricity usere below thon the energ
ric phenomengiven solid from a scalassure (P), aneffects all lea field is varie
nts are alignemagnetizatiogeration [e.ge feasibility ot discovered vices.
on transition
ic) effects arthat induces eat.
g to heat.
h ‐ique ‐ic]
s: e
ur s, as e, ed
se ts w rd ed he gy
na is ar, nd ad ed
ed on g., of in
in
re a
Calordiffer(in)orindividipoleenerg
Basic
BetterequirNecesbeyonseverconveefficie
Calorithermreview[e.g., the dsystem
The ccoolinor absize oof theeffectone seffectthermbetwefield cfractio
Tab
ric materialrent chemicrganic compodually and coe–electric‐fiegy efficiency is
c Science Cha
r yet, can a mre a new devssarily, then,nd the tradital elements ersion for appent room‐tem
ic test beds, wmoelectric devws show theSootsman, eesign processms rely on th
oefficient of ng power andsorbed heat of the caloric e driving fieldts are at theistate into anot may be modynamic vaeen relevant changes (smaon of Carnot
ble 1.1. Potent
ls generallycal makeup:ounds, polymollectively unld coupling) ts 1/5 to 1/3 m
allenges and
material be dvelopment pa mapping ational tempeand comple
plications in amperature coo
which are in tvices and riva lower efficiet al., 2009].) s because thee size of the c
performanced work input; to work requeffect (e.g., cd (magnituder extremes wother (disordenhanced ifariable. Regaphases by small work inpuCOP), and, if
tial uses of mu
y have num: the extendmers, and hderpin formsthat approacmore overall,
d Transform
developed thaaradigm whernd tuning a rature‐compoex interfacesa desired rangoling in readil
their infancy,al refined vapency and equCaloric coolie material is acaloric effects
e (COP) – oneor, for the muired to inducchange in ente of applied fwhen a materdered to ordef the transirdless of themall fields is kts) to controdesigned for
ultimillion‐cycl
merous feaed family incybrid maters of energy coh 100% efficiwhile (de)ma
mative Oppor
at is controllere the responmaterial’s m
osition (T‐c) s (e.g., microge of temperaly available fie
already exhibpor‐compressually large mng devices, han integral ps and how the
e metric of efmaterial, it cance the phase tropy ΔS) andield, assuminrial responds ered, or fromition is disce type of calokey. Preferabol the transforeduced fatig
e phase transf
atures in ccludes metalials. Importaonversion (e.giency! For exagnetization i
rtunities in C
ed using multnse and its usmulti‐field phphase diagrostructure) wature and fielelds without
bit efficiency ion units [Go
materials chalhowever, reqart of the sysey are contro
fficiency – is n be defined change. So, d inversely png the minimto a field ch
m one polymcontinuous oric event, ably a tuned mormations, thgue, a multitu
formation mat
common des, alloys, inteantly, every g., spin–magxample, in mais 99+%.
Caloric Mate
tiple fields? Sse are designhase diagramam, and for which controlds to achievedestroying th
exceeding thoetzler et al., 2llenges for thuire a systemstem and funolled for effici
defined as thas the ratio oCOP scales proportional t
mum field is nange by tran
morph to ano(i.e., first‐orltering the ematerial requereby increasude of uses (T
terials [James,
espite vastlermetallic ancaloric effecnetic‐field anagnetocaloric
erials
Such materianed in concerm is requiredsystems wit
ol the energe, for examplhe materials.
hat of availab2014]. (Recenhermoelectricms approach ndamentally aiency.
he ratio of thof the releaseproportional to the strengtnear zero). Thsforming fromther), and thrder) for keenergy balancires only smasing COP (as Table 1.1).
Science 2015]
9
ly nd ct nd cs,
als rt. d, th gy e,
le nt cs in all
he ed to th he m he ey ce all a
].
10
WhetPiccarconstrefrigadiabKelvinsince devicefor low
So, wmagnlimita
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For solife, wtechntechn
Figurecaloriis 28.8From
her the discord [1917], as ructed in 193erators basedatic demagnen. Near‐room1997 (see coe, and operatw‐temperatu
why, even afneto‐caloric ation in mater
erous systemstate, caloricfor various ca
sitic losses at n intrinsic pay of them to bs the extendeso considerent review arurements, chto consider nive list of rele
enges and O
ocietal impactwithin a systnologies. Thunological chall
e 1.1 COP vs. dic and thermoe8 for hot 298 KFig. 3 in [Take
overy of magnargued rece
33 [Giauque ad on 3He vapoetization in ram‐temperaturover). Howevetional temperure work.
fter two decrefrigeratorials, and dev
m‐level studiec‐based coolinaloric and the
the materialrt of materiabe addressed ed family of cd, especially ticles [e.g., Sharacterizationon‐magnetoevant articles.
Opportunitie
t, we need toems approacus, to achielenges need t
dimensionless electric materiK and cold 288 uchi & Sandem
netocaloric efntly [Smith, 2and MacDougor are used toare‐earth‐basre prototype er, they are mrature desired
cades of a nr not here?vice engineerin
s predict lowng comparedermoelectric
l level, howevals design. Tconcurrently
caloric matericoncerning Smith et al.,n, regeneratocaloric along .
es List
o develop andch, that will eve industry to be overcom
latent heat foials. Carnot limK (ΔT=10 K).
man, 2015].
ffect was by E2013], the firgall, 1933]. Fooday for resesed PrNi5 has refrigerators
much more dd, unlike the
near‐room‐te? Basically, ang issues (wh
wer environm to the vapormaterials in
efficiencthermoemost rebanesparasitimateriaa physidevice acurrent ineffectmay bmechantherefo
ver, must be The nature oy and synergiials. So, in facthe assessme, 2012] provor geometry, with magnet
d advance revdeliver transand marke
me.
r mit
E. Warburg [1rst working mor cooling dowarch; whereapermitted res for every‐difficult to devadiabatic dem
emperaturea small calorihich depend o
mental impacr‐compressioFigure 1.1. cy of caloric electric deviefined vapor‐cof caloric c losses at al levels, all oical system. and system land mecha
tiveness, andby detailed nical and re, may be m
minimized inof the materstically, whilect, non‐magnent of perforvide perspect and device ptocaloric prop
versible calorsformational et acceptanc
1881] or by Pmagnetic refriwn to 10–1 Keas, for exampesearchers today use wervelop, both frmagnetizatio
e working pric effect (ΔT~on the materi
t and higheron cycle, see Albeit in thetest beds exices and rivcompression refrigerationthe system
of which redu Often goodlevel losses (anical lossesd system pby electrifluidic mo
minimized.
n the caloric ial’s parasitice maximizing netocaloric prrmance metrtives on theperformance,perties. They
ric materials wefficient coo
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P. Weiss and Aigerators werelvin, magnetple, the nuclea approach 10re constructerom materialn refrigerato
rototype, is ~ 5‐10 K), pricial in use).
r efficiency focomparison oeir infancy, thxceeds that ovals even thunits. Yet, th devices ar, device, anuce the COP od estimates o(e.g., I2R, edds, regeneratoressure dropical, thermaodeling and
material itsec losses allowcaloric effectroperties murics and COPermodynamic, as well as thalso provide
with long cycoling materiamaterials an
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s required tocially true forol may becommay be leadin
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with a factor pid commerci
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h Reduced Dr
o drive calorr magnetic anme unsustainng to materia
ient materiall caloric effecion would std make comm
ated to U.S. es at the levetrons to coning small driv
r Instabilities
terials achievstates of the
designed witariant criticant concentracaloric respon of 3 to 10.
romising areawe characterizadvances in
aloric Effect fo
g technique tom a series of celated loss. Eo 5ΔT or mord refrigeratiohat it is todaic material wdriven by an
of 3–10 incrialization of c
related to U.m‐ and energ? The field ofate caloric mheir changing
iving Fields fo
ric effects arnd electric fieable in an actl failure due t
ls with reverscts in fields till be unavoi
mercialization
DOE Grand Cel of electronsntrol behavioving fields, the
s for Strong R
ved to date is material that
th access to l points, whation of phasnse, holding
a is directly rze and contrn caloric ma
or Reduction
o increase thcaloric materiEven with a gre) is requiredon (~30 F). Avy) would be within a caloapplied elect
rease in the ccaloric refrige
S. DOE Grandgy‐efficient syf caloric cooli
materials thatg environmen
or Efficiency:
re generally elds. Even thtual caloric dto cyclic fatig
sible phase trhat are 3 to idable, the dof caloric coo
Challenge #1s? Here, oneor of materiaereby produc
Responses:
based on mat are stable in
non‐equilibrere even a ses that aresubstantial p
related to U.Srol matter awaterials will
n of Active Re
he effective oial beds, eachgood caloricd to achieve tvoiding it altoa major bre
oric cooler, ptric current, b
caloric effecteration techno
d Challenge #ynthesis of ring would be t operate at nts, much like
:
difficult to he stress fielevice, considgue.
ransitions at l10 times lowdrastic reductoling attractiv
[GC Report, e must manipal systems –cing strong co
aximizing the n high and low
rium states dsmall chang
e in a metaspromise to ex
S. DOE Grandway ‐ especibe strength
egeneration:
overall systemh with it uniqeffect, activetemperature ogether (e.g.,eakthrough thpotentially asbut with signi
t in the sameologies.
#2 [GC Reporevolutionary greatly advathe theoret living system
produce andld that is relaering that the
low driving fiwer than usedtion of cost ve.
2007]: How pulate the cha– shuttled booperative ca
difference bew driving field
due to nearlge of field mstable equilibxceed the cu
d Challenge #ially very farened by de
1
m temperaturue ΔT range)e regeneratiospans neede, by increasinhat provides s simple as ficantly highe
e applied field
rt, 2007]: Honew forms onced by a neical limits anms can do.
d sustain, anatively easy te strong stres
ields – capabd today. Eveto sustain th
do we controarge, spin, anetween vastloric effects.
etween two ods.
ly zero‐energmay lead to brium, and trrent state‐o
#5 [GC Reporr away ‐ fromevelopment o
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This aof macan wtempespaceatoms
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putational andation of enha
Multi‐Field Cal
though commng fields to rical current taneous use ade more effi
: Calorics thanse (e.g., H‐fi
use advancedional control , thus maximiting multicale‐art in calori
area addresseatter emerge we control theerature–mage (e.g., T‐P‐Hs to create ne
e 1.2 (T,P,H) baro‐caloric eces for transitimagnetic (PM) o‐PM (red) antaken from [ded by V.K. Pe
d experimentanced caloric
loric or Nove
mercial refrigachieve coolin Peltier sof more thanicient by plac
at uniquely eield in magne
d caloric mateto either resizing the calooric effects acs by a factor
es DOE Grandfrom comple
ese propertiesnetic‐field (T), it should ew – multical
phase diagrameffect in Gd5(on from ferromstates. Hysternd PM‐to‐FM Magen, et al.charsky, Ames
al tools to stueffects in we
l Hybrid Mate
eration utilizling, for exasystems, tradn one field. Vaing evaporato
exploit multi‐fetocalorics), s
erials exhibit store the initioric effect anand, potentialr of 2 to 10.
d Challenge #ex correlations? By movingT‐H), or tempbecome possloric – pheno
m for magnet(Si2Ge2). (T,P,magnetic (FM)esis lies betwe(blue) surfac, 2005]. Grap Lab (2015).
udy and contaker fields, a
erials for Bet
es several phmple, pressuditional cooliapor‐compreor into an ele
field control, ee Figure 1.2
phase volumial state, or pnd the range lly, novel hyb
#3 [GC Reportns of the atog away from tperature–stresible to orchomena.
to‐H)‐ to een es. hic
Figure 1.entropy cand/or Hspans a laas shown
rol phase sepnd potential
tter Control a
henomena anure in vaporing technoloession refrigerectric or magn
rather than 2.
me changes, spush a systemof operation
brid materials
t, 2007]: Howomic or electrthe restrictiveess (T‐P), to thestrate the
3 Schematic ochange (left) vH applied. Supearger range of n in Fig. 1.1, fo
parated statesmultiple driv
and Efficiency
nd, corresponr‐compressioogies cannot rators, for exnetic field.
the tradition
stress can bem further inton, see Figure may surpass
w do remarkaronic constitue 2‐dimensionthree‐ or foubehavior of
of magnetizatioversus tempererimposed calooperational ter practical use
s, enabling thing fields.
y:
dingly, severn systems, obenefit from
xample, canno
nal single‐fiel
e utilized as ao the require1.3. Materias current state
able propertieuents and honal space, e.gur‐dimensionelectrons an
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large latent ity, low criticsystem cost.nd mechanicaSmith et al., 2ena play dom
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multicaloric mmeline (Figurar that more, particular iand performa
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shop, as noted(1) Reduce ason unloadingfatigue (and focaloric technThe issues remsed in the nex
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heat (high pcal stress and These optal responses,2012], for wh
minant roles in
mechanismsm of elastocadue to supprn. More systracture failurstry.
ls, for which nning. For ed, including Gal., 2008; Manaterials are cre 2.2) and the focused, den possible hynce for entry
ations
d by Tušek ets best as possg; (2) Design fracture) life nology. Missimain part to xt Chapter.
and electrocaChallenges aric material ee cooling tech
power densitystrain, long ctimizations r as well as dhich phase trn advancing c
s in SMAs [Baaloric materiaression of crtematic fractre for a succ
multiple drivexample, couGd5(Si2Ge2) [Mnosa et al., 20currently in thhe performaneliberate studybrid materiay into the mar
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axevanis & Laals differs signrack‐tip growure studies acessful imple
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