University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

A Micro Sensor System

for

Smart Regulation of Indoor Climate

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

A micro sensor system forsmart regulation of indoor climate

Introduction• State of the art air conditioning

Project “EcoSens”• Thermal comfort• Novel principle of intelligent climate control

Project “Solar Diode Window”• Data acquisition at “La Pradera”, Havana (Cuba)

Conclusion

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

State of the art air conditioning

Electrics

Macrosensor

Fan Compressor

Air conditioner

Airtemperature

Client‘s request

Air temperature(T =18...24°C)

Fan speed(low,medium,high)

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Cooling compressor

Fan

State of the art air conditioning Compressor and fan states

low

high

medium

cold cool slightly cool

600 W2000 W 1300 W

75 W

100 W

50 W

usualworking point

Air temperature

Air

velo

city

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

State of the art air conditioning

Operation principle• Client defines both temperature and fan speed• Temperature controlled compressor• Uncontrolled fan speed

Technology Bimetal temperature switch Easy electrical circuitry

Working condition - Mainly out of comfortability limit- Unhealthy climate, deseases (cold, stiff neck) - Noneconomical

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfort

ISO 7730:

„The condition of mind

which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment“

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortRegulation of body temperatureHeat sensor (Hypothalamus)• Slow response at T 37 °C• Vasodilation of blood vessels• Increased blood flow to skin

=> Sweating• Sweat evaporative energy from skin

=> Cooling

Cold sensor (skin)• Fast response at T 34 °C• Vasoconstriction of blood vessels• Reduced blood flow to skin• Stimulation of muscles

=> Shivering=> Increase in internal heat production

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortNegative influences

Local thermal discomfort Draft

Large vertical temperture difference

Uncomfortable floor temperature

Local convective cooling Asymmetric radiation

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortEnergy balance

Heat produced in body = Heat lost from body

M – W = H + S + R

Heat production• Metabolism (M): chemical energy and mechanical work

by (an)aerobic activities in body(muscle activity typ. 100 W, when sitting

relaxed)• External Work (W): effecticve mechanical power

Heat loss• Dry heat loss from body surface (H): by radiation, conduction and convection• Heat exchange from skin (S): by evaporation• Heat exchange by respiration (R): by evaporation and convection

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortPhysical Parameters

Air

te

mp

era

ture

Re

lati

ve

hu

mid

ity

Air

ve

loc

ity

Ra

dia

tion

Me

tab

olis

m

Ext

ern

al w

ork

Clo

thin

g in

sula

tion

Dry heat loss X X X X X XHeat exchange from skin X X XHeat exchange by respiration X X X X

measured estimated

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Temperature and humidity transducerMacrosensor

ROTRONIC HTO-45W HygroClip • Air temperature: +5...+50 °C -40...+85 °C• Relative humidity: 10...95 % 0...100 %

100 mm

67 mm

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Air velocity transducerMacrosensorDANTEC 54T21• Air velocity: 0.05...1 m/s• Air temperature: 0...45 °C• Frequency: 2 Hz

90 mm460 mm

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Grading-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3

cold...cool...slightly cool...comfortable... slightly warm...warm...hot

Parameters• Air Temperature• Relative Humidity• Air velocity• Radiation• Metabolism• External Work• Clothing Insulation

Thermal comfortPredicted Mean Vote

hot

+0.5

-0.5

cold

PMV

Parameters

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortQualificationPMV = predicted mean vote

= individual impression of thermal comfort

PDD = predicted percentage of dissatisfaction= fraction of people dissatisfied with the climate

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortEffect of individual climate impression

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Air temperature / °C

Air

ve

loc

ity

/ m

/s

slightly cool

-1 +0,5

cool

-2

slighly w arm

+1

neutral

PMV = 0

w arm

+2-0,5

Relative humidity

60%

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortTurbulence effect

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Air temperature / °C

Air

ve

loc

ity

/ m

/s

Turbulence = 60%(Draft rate = 15%)

Turbulence = 0%(Draft rate = 15%)

Relative humidity

60%

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortField of operation

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Air temperature / °C

Air

ve

loc

ity

/ m

/s

slightly cool

-1

Turbulence = 60%(Draft rate = 15%)

+0,5

cool

-2

slighly w arm

+1

neutral

PMV = 0

w arm

+2 Turbulence = 0%

(Draft rate = 15%)

-0,5

Relative humidity

60%

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfortHumidity effect

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Air temperature / °C

Air

ve

loc

ity

/ m

/s

slightly cool

-1

Turbulence = 60%(Draft rate = 15%)

+0,5

cool

-2

slighly w arm

+1

neutral

PMV = 0

w arm

+2 Turbulence = 0%

(Draft rate = 15%)

-0,5

Relative humidity

80%

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Smart control of indoor climate

Electronics

Microsensor

Fan Compressor

Air conditioner

Air velocity

Relative humidity

Airtemperature

Client‘s request

impression of climate

(slight cool...slight warm)

(PMV = -1...+1)

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Thermal comfort ISO 7730Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) -0.5...+0.5

Air temperature 16...28 °CRelative humidity 25...65 %Air velocity 0...0.5 m/s

Turbulence 0...60 % Draft rate < 15 % at neck and ankle

Floor surface temperature 19...29 °CRadiant temperature 15...35 °C

Vertical air temperature difference < 3 °C from ankle to headRadiant temperature asymmetry < 10 °C from cold windows

< 5 °C from warm ceiling

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Cooling compressor

Fan

Smart control of indoor climateCompressor and fan states

low

high

medium

cold cool slightly cool

600 W2000 W 1300 W

75 W

100 W

50 W

usualworking point

Air temperature

Air

velo

city

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Cooling compressor

Fan

Smart control of indoor climateClient’s request

low

high

medium

cold cool slightly cool

600 W2000 W 1300 W

75 W

100 W

50 W

usualworking point

PMV

Air temperature

Air

velo

city

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Cooling compressor

Fan

Smart control of indoor climateDetection of actual turbulence

low

high

medium

cold cool slightly cool

600 W2000 W 1300 W

75 W

100 W

50 W

usualworking point

Tu

rbu

len

ce

PMV

Air temperature

Air

velo

city

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Cooling compressor

Fan

Smart control of indoor climateDetection of actual humidity

low

high

medium

cold cool slightly cool

600 W2000 W 1300 W

75 W

100 W

50 W

usualworking point

Tu

rbu

len

ce

PMV

Air temperature

Air

velo

city

Relative

humidity

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Smart control of indoor climate Energy saving and working point

Cooling compressor

Fan

low

high

medium

cold cool slightly cool

600 W2000 W 1300 W

75 W

100 W

50 W

Energy saving

usualworking point

optimumworking point

Tu

rbu

len

ce

PMV

Air temperature

Air

velo

city

Relative

humidity

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Cooling compressor

Fan

Smart control of indoor climate Set of compressor state and fan speed

low

high

medium

cold cool slightly cool

600 W2000 W 1300 W

75 W

100 W

50 W

optimumworking point

Tu

rbu

len

ce

PMV

Air temperature

Air

velo

city

Relative

humidity

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Smart regulation of thermal comfortPrincipleClient’s request of climate• cool...warm (PMV = -1...+1)

Detection of relative humidity • definition of v(T) - working field

Detection of air velocity (calculation of turbulence)• definition of working point (energy saving aspect)

• maximum temperature in working field• definition of related air velocity

regulation of air velocity by continous adoption of fan speed

Detection of air temperature regulation of air temperature by changing on/off duty cycle of compressor

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Economical benefits

Electrical power consumption• Cooling compressor: 2000 W• Ventilation fan: 100 W

Measurement in „La Pradera“ (Havana, Cuba)

Replacement of air cooling by air ventilation Energy saving Reduction in oil combustion Environmental protection

Air temperature 23 °C 24 °C 25 °CCompressor on/off-state 100% / 0% 80% / 20% 30% / 70%Total power consumption 2100 W 1400 W 700 W

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Air velocity sensor Principle

R (T(Air velocity))heated

Air flow

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Humidity microsensorPrinciple

R (Air temperature)

C (Relative humidity)

Water vapour

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Micro climate sensorPrototype chip

5mm 25 mm

relativehumidity

air velocity

air temperature

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

International Health Center „La Pradera“(Havana, Cuba)

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Sensors installed at „La Pradera“ (Havana, Cuba)

power meters

temperature and humidity sensors

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Data acquisition at „La Pradera“

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Solar Diode Windowat „La Pradera“ (Havana, Cuba)

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Solar Diode WindowPassive Double PanesLow heat conductivity -> Low heatingHigh heat reflection -> Deflection of solar heatLow energy transmssion -> Moderate lightening without extra lamps

„Energy saving by minimizing heat transfer“

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics

Faculty of Information, Media and Electrical Engineering Microsystems and Thin FilmTechnologyProf. Dr. Karl Kohlhof

Conclusion

Projects for energy saving

• Active technology:Micro sensor system „Ventilation instead of cooling“

• Passive technology:Solar diode window: „Prevention of heat transfer“

• Applied mathematics:Energy management: „Intelligent distribution of energy generation and consumption“