university at buffalo's nees equipment site geotechnical laminar

UB Users WorkshopUB Users WorkshopSeptember 18September 18--19, 200619, 2006

University at Buffalo's University at Buffalo's NEES Equipment Site NEES Equipment Site

Geotechnical Laminar Box Geotechnical Laminar Box Shaking FacilityShaking Facility

S. ThevanayagamS. ThevanayagamNurhanNurhan EcemisEcemis, , PhD CandidatePhD Candidate

Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental EngineeringEngineering


5.0 m

2.75

m

6 .2 m

Shak ing Fram e on Strong F loor

G roup Pile

α=2 or 3 deg.

Sand

3.35

m

5 .6 m

B all B earings

•• Modular MultilayerModular Multilayer--LaminateLaminate--Bearing Design; Bearing Design; 5.0x2.75x6.2m (85 cubic meter maximum 5.0x2.75x6.2m (85 cubic meter maximum capacity)capacity)

•• Simulate 2Simulate 2--D Ground ResponseD Ground Response–– For SoilFor Soil--FoundationFoundation--Structure Structure

Interaction Studies at or Near Full ScaleInteraction Studies at or Near Full Scale–– For Liquefaction StudiesFor Liquefaction Studies–– For OthersFor Others

•• 11--g Geotechnical Studies to Compliment g Geotechnical Studies to Compliment CentrifugeCentrifuge

Geotechnical Laminar Box Geotechnical Laminar Box -- DetailsDetails


22--D Large Scale D Large Scale Geotechnical Laminar BoxGeotechnical Laminar Box

5 . 0 m

2.75

m

6 . 2 m

S h a k i n g F r a m e o n S t r o n g F l o o r

G r o u p P i l e

α = 2 o r 3 d e g .

S a n d

3.35

m

5 . 6 m

B a l l B e a r i n g s


Shaking Base & 240 Ball BearingsShaking Base & 240 Ball Bearings


Shaking Base & Laminar BoxShaking Base & Laminar Box


(Half) Box & Shaking Base(Half) Box & Shaking Base


Modular BoxModular BoxModule A1

– On Strong Floor

- 6.2m High

- 2.75 x 5 m Base

- 185 Tons

Module A2

– On Shaking Tables

- 3.1 m High; <100 Tons

Module B1

– 6.2m High

- 2.75 x 2. 5 m Base

Module B2

– 3.1 m High

- 2.75 x 2. 5 m Base


Laminar Box DetailsLaminar Box DetailsModule A2 B1 and B2 A1

Box-Internal Base Size (mxm) 2.75x5 2.75x2.5 2.75x5 Box-Height (m) 3.1 6.2 or 3.1 6.2 Box-Metal Weight (empty) (tons) 8.5 11.2 or 5.6 17.0 Box-Max Soil Vol. (m3) 38.6 34.6 or 17.3 77.2 Support Steel-bridge-

spanning two tables Steel-bridge-spanning

two tables (6.2m) or on a single table (3.1m)

Strong Floor

Number of Laminates 12 24 (or 12) 24 Laminate Thickness (m) 0.26 0.26 0.26 Interlaminate Bearings Ball Units Ball Units Ball Units Spanning-Base Steel Bridge (tons) 7.5 7.5 7.5 Payload Capacity 40g-ton 40 g-ton (6.2m) or 20 g-

ton (3.1m) 0.3g max

Maximum Weight (incl box & soil) 100 tons 100 tons (6.2m) or 50 tons (3.1m)

185 tons

Shaking Dir. Horiz: X, Y Horiz: X, Y Horiz: X or Y Inter-laminate displ. (nominal) limit (mm)

36 36 36

Inter-laminate displ. (for special tests) limit (mm) (may increase this limit for 1-D tests)

74 74 74

Permanent Displacement between Laminate

To be decided on a case-by-case-basis




Internal Bearing & IInternal Bearing & I--Beam Beam AssemblyAssembly


Interlaminate BearingsInterlaminate Bearings


Extensible Rubber MembraneExtensible Rubber Membrane-- Internal Box LinerInternal Box Liner


Ottawa F55 Sand; 145 Tons Ottawa F55 Sand; 145 Tons availableavailable

Soils Data Report Soils Data Report –– Grain Size, Grain Size, UndrainedUndrained Cyclic Triaxial Data & Cyclic Triaxial Data & Monotonic Triaxial Data Available Monotonic Triaxial Data Available (Thevanayagam et al. 2003)(Thevanayagam et al. 2003)

User is responsible for new material, User is responsible for new material, removal, and handlingremoval, and handling

SoilSoil


Sand Construction MethodSand Construction Method--Hydraulic FillingHydraulic Filling

Hydraulic Pumps (5hp; 1hp) & 3” Dia Hoses Available – Useable from March to November


Sand Preparation & Shake TestSand Preparation & Shake Test

Step 1: Install soil instruments inside the box

Step 2: Fill the box with water up to 2 ft.

Step 3: Controlled Pumping of slurry into laminar; Density control tests

Step 4: CPT or other tests

Step 5: Safety cables, Actuator/sensor/DAQ fine tuning

Step 7: Base Shaking

Step 8: Pump the slurry back to the storage areas

Typical Procedure - 3 Weeks


Hydraulic Filling TrialHydraulic Filling Trial

• Water depth= 1 – 3 ft

• Discharge Pipe horizontally moving

• Diffuser & Nozzle vertical


Soil Placement DensitySoil Placement Density

Depending on discharge velocity and discharge configurations relative density can be controlled within a narrow range.

Density limits - About 30% to 70%.

Users must develop/decide on hydraulic placement methods and controls.


Typical InstrumentationTypical Instrumentation


Typical Instrumentation (NS & EW View)Typical Instrumentation (NS & EW View)


Shape Acceleration ArrayShape Acceleration ArrayFeaturesFeatures¾”¾” Diameter Cable Diameter Cable enclosing 3 MEMS enclosing 3 MEMS Accelerometers Accelerometers (X,Y,Z) at 1(X,Y,Z) at 1--ft ft intervalinterval

Total Length = 24 ftTotal Length = 24 ft

Total Arrays = 4Total Arrays = 4

Used to measure Used to measure acceleration profile acceleration profile with depth, and with depth, and displacement profile displacement profile with depthwith depth

RealReal--time time acceleration and acceleration and shape displayshape display


Typical Instrumentation TableTypical Instrumentation Table


Typical Ground MotionTypical Ground Motion

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time(s)

Dis

plac

emen

t (in

)

-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.30.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Time (s)

Acc

eler

atio

n (g

)

Any Earthquake or Synthetic Motion Possible subject to umax= ±6’’ & Overturning Safety considerations.

Horizontal actuator Capacity = Two 100 ton displacement controlled dynamic actuators

-0.006-0.004-0.0020.0000.0020.0040.006

0 1 2 3 4 5Time (s)

Acce

lera

tion

(g)


Typical Schedule for Shake Tests Typical Schedule for Shake Tests Task Name Duration Start Finish

Preparatory Shake Tests 28 days Mon 9/18/0 Wed 10/25/03m Box Test 14 days Mon 9/18/0 Thu 10/5/0

Fill the box with water for leak tes 2 days Mon 9/18/0 Tue 9/19/0Reduce water level to 2ft 1 day Wed 9/20/0 Wed 9/20/0Pump the slurry to theLB up to 3m 3 days Thu 9/21/0 Mon 9/25/0Cone & Bucket Density Tests 3 days Thu 9/21/0 Mon 9/25/0CPT 1 day Tue 9/26/0 Tue 9/26/0Remove top 3m rings 1 day Wed 9/27/0 Wed 9/27/0Install accelerometers top of the 1 day Wed 9/27/0 Wed 9/27/0Safety Cables; Shaking/Actuator 3 days Wed 9/27/0 Fri 9/29/0NDS & DS Shaking 1 day Mon 10/2/0 Mon 10/2/0Pump the slurry back to the stora 3 days Tue 10/3/0 Thu 10/5/0

Test LG-O 14 days Fri 10/6/0 Wed 10/25/0Put soil instruments inside the bo 2 days Fri 10/6/0 Mon 10/9/0Fill the box with water up to 2ft 0.5 day Tue 10/10/0 Tue 10/10/0Pump the slurry to theLB 3.5 day Tue 10/10/0 Fri 10/13/0Cone & Bucket Density Tests 4 days Tue 10/10/0 Fri 10/13/0CPT 1 day Mon 10/16/ Mon 10/16/Safety cables, Actuator/sensor/D 1 day Tue 10/17/0 Tue 10/17/0NDS & DS Shaking 1 day Wed 10/18/ Wed 10/18/CPT 1 day Thu 10/19/0 Thu 10/19/0Pump the slurry back to the stora 4 days Fri 10/20/0 Wed 10/25/

17 24 1 8 15 22Sep 17, '06 Sep 24, '06 Oct 1, '06 Oct 8, '06 Oct 15, '06 Oct 22, '0

Allow a LOT of time for Detailed Planning


Safety, Safety, Safety Safety, Safety, Safety

Overturning

Excessive sliding

Water leakage

Overloading

Quicksand/sand boils

Dust exposure

Etc.

Etc.

Etc.


Thank YouThank You

Questions?Questions?


Ongoing Research Ongoing Research ……....““Experimental and Micromechanical Computational Study of Pile Experimental and Micromechanical Computational Study of Pile Foundations Subjected to LiquefactionFoundations Subjected to Liquefaction--Induced Lateral SpreadingInduced Lateral Spreading””

•• A NEESRA NEESR--SG Grant involving: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, UniversitySG Grant involving: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University at at Buffalo, University of CaliforniaBuffalo, University of California--San Diego, Tulane, NIED, and Tokyo Institute of San Diego, Tulane, NIED, and Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTechnology

•• Leveraging off of the facility infrastructure at the UBLeveraging off of the facility infrastructure at the UB--NEES Site; Reaction Wall, NEES Site; Reaction Wall, Strong Floor, Dynamic ActuatorsStrong Floor, Dynamic Actuators--High Performance Hydraulic System, 2High Performance Hydraulic System, 2--D D Geotechnical Laminar Box and DAQ and Image processing, tests wilGeotechnical Laminar Box and DAQ and Image processing, tests will be l be performed in years 1performed in years 1--4 (20054 (2005--2008)2008)

Pile Group. Single Piles

5 .0 m

2.75

m

6 .2 m

S E C T IO N A L V I E W

P L A N

S h a k i n g F ra m e o n S tro n g F lo o r

P ile

α = 2 o r 3 d eg .

N e v a d a S a n d , D r~ 4 5 %

3.35

m

5 .6 m

2 -D L a m in a r B o x (2 4 L a m in a te s )

B a ll B e a r in g s

(E I) 1

(E I)2> > (E I)1

S e e n o te s b e lo w

5 .0 m

2.75

m

6 .2 m

S E C T I O N A L V I E W

P L A N

S h a k in g F ra m e o n S tro n g F lo o r

G ro u p P i le

α = 2 o r 3 d eg .

N e va d a S a n d , D r~ 4 5 %

3.35

m

5 .6 m

2 -D L a m in ar B o x (2 4 L a m in a te s)

B a ll B e a rin g s

S e e n o te s b e lo w


Ongoing Research Ongoing Research …… ((ConCon’’tt))•• The 2The 2--D Geotechnical Laminar Box is deployed on a 12D Geotechnical Laminar Box is deployed on a 12’’x26x26’’ steel plate steel plate

leveled and secured to the strong floor upon which 240 ball bearleveled and secured to the strong floor upon which 240 ball bearings ings integrated into the base assembly will allow 2integrated into the base assembly will allow 2--D motions.D motions.

•• Two dynamic actuators deployed against the Two dynamic actuators deployed against the reaction wall will be used to reaction wall will be used to ““shakeshake”” the the 170 ton assembly containing 80170 ton assembly containing 80--cubic meters cubic meters of sand.of sand.


•• Understand Understand the phenomenon of sand the phenomenon of sand liquefaction during lateral spreading near pile liquefaction during lateral spreading near pile foundations; foundations;

•• Solve Solve the engineering questions on how to the engineering questions on how to design pile foundations against lateral design pile foundations against lateral spreading both in simplified terms as well as in spreading both in simplified terms as well as in terms of providing a basic understanding for terms of providing a basic understanding for appropriate analytical platforms; and appropriate analytical platforms; and

•• Clarify Clarify the correct way to use centrifuge the correct way to use centrifuge modeling in future research and engineering modeling in future research and engineering applications. applications.

•• Research plan also involvesResearch plan also involves–– UB NEES 1g 2D shaking, 6mUB NEES 1g 2D shaking, 6m--tall laminar boxtall laminar box–– RPI NEES centrifuge facility, and ERPI NEES centrifuge facility, and E--Defense Miki Defense Miki

CityCity–– Advanced sensors and DEM & FEM AnalysesAdvanced sensors and DEM & FEM Analyses

Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives


UB Site UB Site –– Test ScheduleTest Schedule

Equipment Modification & Calibrations (9/05-8/06)

Free-Field Liquefaction Tests – (9/06-10/06)Single Pile – Lateral Spreading – (10/06-5/07)Group Pile – Lateral Spreading – (5/07-8/07)Group Pile – Lateral Spreading (orthogonal

shaking) –(9/07-11/07)


5.0 m

2.75 m

6.2 m

SECTIONAL VIEW

PLAN

Shaking Frame on Strong Floor

Pile(Test 1A: High EI pile,Test 1B: Low EI pile)

α=2 or 3 deg.

F#55Sand, Dr~45%

3.35 m

5.6 m

2-D Laminar Box (24 Laminates)

Ball Bearings

Single Pile (Tests 1 & 2)Single Pile (Tests 1 & 2)(shaking in perpendicular directions)(shaking in perpendicular directions)


Group Pile (Tests 3 and 4)Group Pile (Tests 3 and 4)(shaking in perpendicular directions)(shaking in perpendicular directions)

5.0 m

2.75 m

6.2 m

SECTIONAL VIEW

PLAN

Shaking Frame on Strong Floor

Pile

α=2 or 3 deg.

F#55Sand, Dr~45%

3.35 m

5.6 m

2-D Laminar Box (24 Laminates)

Ball Bearings

Pile Cap


SoilSoil--Pile InstrumentationPile Instrumentation

Schematic Diagram- Sectional ViewsStrain Gauge Piezometer Accelerometer Potentiometer

MEMS ShapeCable


SoilSoil--Pile InstrumentationPile Instrumentation

Schematic Diagram – Plan View

Strain Gauge Piezometer Accelerometer Potentiometer MEMS Shape Cable

Reaction Wall

Actuator


Instrumentation SummaryInstrumentation SummarySoil SensorsSoil Sensors•• 34 Accelerometers34 Accelerometers•• 54 Piezometers54 Piezometers•• 40 Potentiometers 40 Potentiometers •• 4 MEMS Shape Cables & Accelerometers4 MEMS Shape Cables & Accelerometers•• Krypton Imager Krypton Imager –– Field of ViewField of View•• Digital VideoDigital Video

Pile SensorsPile Sensors•• Many Strain gaugesMany Strain gauges•• 2 MEMS Shape Cables2 MEMS Shape Cables•• Krypton Imager Krypton Imager -- Field of View: Pile CapField of View: Pile Cap


•• Laminar Box Shaking System Development & Laminar Box Shaking System Development & Shaking ControlsShaking Controls

•• Hydraulic Fill Sand Construction & Density Hydraulic Fill Sand Construction & Density ControlsControls

•• Instrumentation Procurement & CalibrationsInstrumentation Procurement & Calibrations•• Project Test Plans & Instrumentation PlansProject Test Plans & Instrumentation Plans•• Laminar Box Laminar Box -- Free Field Liquefaction Testing Free Field Liquefaction Testing

–– (in progress) (in progress) •• Data Archival PlansData Archival Plans

YearYear--1 Progress 1 Progress SummarySummary


Ground MotionGround Motion

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time(s)

Dis

plac

emen

t (in

)

-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.30.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Time (s)

Acc

eler

atio

n (g

)

umax= ±0.74’’

umin= ±0.01’’

f = 2 Hz

-0.006-0.004-0.0020.0000.0020.0040.006

0 1 2 3 4 5Time (s)

Acce

lera

tion

(g)


Thank You !Thank You !

Questions ?Questions ?

university at buffalo's nees equipment site geotechnical laminar

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