universiti teknologi malaysiaeprints.utm.my/id/eprint/47823/5/muhammadzairilmfke2013.pdf · 2017....

BEAM RECONFIGURABLE ARRAY ANTENNA WITH DUAL BAND FORWLAN APPLICATION

MUHAMMAD ZAIRIL BIN MUHAMMAD NOR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

BEAM RECONFIGURABLE ARRAY ANTENNA WITH DUAL BAND FORWLAN APPLICATION

MUHAMMAD ZAIRIL BIN MUHAMMAD NOR

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

FEBRUARY 2013

iii

This thesis is dedicated to:

My beloved wife, SITI NURUL NADIAH ADNAN for your patience, kindness andfull support over entire period of my postgraduate program

My beloved mother, NOR AZIAH MANSOR, my father, MUHAMMAD NOR BINABDUL AMAN SHAH and all my siblings for your love and cares.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, Praise to Allah S.W.T for His blessing and guidance that has

inspired me through this project which was able to be completed within the required

time and gain enormous knowledge that is useful for the future undertaking.

I would like to gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Ir Dr Sharul

Kamal bin Abdul Rahim for his support, guidance, advice and willingness to help me

in completing my master project.

I would also like to thank all the WCC Principal researchers, Professor

Tharek Abd Rahman, and all WCC staffs for their valuable support and discussion

during my master. A special thanks to Mr Mohamed Abu Bakar and Mr Norhafizul

Ismail for their help in to use the facilities to measure the performance of the

antenna.

I also want to dedicate my appreciation to my entire colleague for all the help

and assistance during my project especially to Mursyidul Idzam Sabran, Mr Johari

Ahmad, Mr Arsany Arsad, Mr Ahmad Marwan Mohamad Dahlan, Mr Muhammad

Faizal Bin Ismail, Ms Noorlindawaty Md Jizat and Mr Khairul Rashid.

I also want to give special appreciation my family for their support through

my study here in UTM. I would thanks to my wife, Siti Nurul Nadiah Binti Adnan

for all the love she gives to me, her pray, moral support along my study. Not forget, I

would like to thanks my dad, Muhammad Nor Bin Abdul Aman Shah, my mum,

NorAziah Bte Mansor and all my siblings for their attention to me during this time.

Alhamdulillah, I have managed to complete the project and gained valuable

knowledge and experience during that time. May Allah S.W.T repay all their

kindness and bless all of us. AMIN

iv

ABSTRACT

Wireless communication technology is a fast developing technology which

gives a huge impact on social life nowadays. This non wired technology urges a

sturdy need for antenna development where antenna can be said as the core device

for this technology. Researches on antenna are rapidly developing in the current

research trend resulting in many antenna designs of various capabilities.

Reconfigurable antenna is among popular designs in modern wireless technology

because it allows single antenna to be employed in many systems. Originally,

reconfigurable antenna can be categorised into three parts which is frequency,

polarisation and beam pattern. This thesis is focusing on the beam pattern

reconfigurable concept for antenna that operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz band. This

dual band reconfigurable is capable to steer the beam to three different directions by

using only single design of planar array antenna. Three patch antennas are introduced

in this thesis where these antennas are designed with the main beam facing three

different directions. Partial ground plane and parabolic ground plane are used in

developing the proposed reconfigurable antenna and finally, these patch antennas are

combined with array configuration on single antenna design. This planar array

reconfigurable antenna hence integrated with PIN diode as to make it a

reconfigurable antenna. This proposed antenna can steer beams at -20°, -59°, and 61°

at 2.45 GHz band while at 5.8 GHz band, proposed antenna can give steering angle

of -9°, -20° and 23°. All the simulated and measured results are presented and

compared in this thesis.

v

ABSTRAK

Teknologi komunikasi tanpa wayar adalah satu teknologi yang berkembang

pesat yang memberi impak besar dalam kehidupan sosial masa kini. Keperluan

pembangunan antena dalam teknologi tanpa wayar ini meningkat di mana antena

boleh dikatakan sebagai alat utama dalam teknologi ini. Penyelidikan dalam bidang

antena telah membangun dengan pantas dan menghasilkan pelbagai reka bentuk

antena dengan pelbagai fungsi. Antena-boleh-konfigurasi adalah antara istilah

popular di dalam teknologi moden tanpa wayar kerana ia membenarkan sesuatu

antena itu bekerja dalam banyak sistem. Pada asalnya, antena-boleh-konfigurasi

boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian iaitu yang boleh-konfigurasi frekuensi,

boleh-konfigurasi polarisasi dan corak radiasi antena-boleh-konfigurasi. Dalam tesis

ini, tumpuan adalah tentang konsep antena-boleh-konfigurasi corak radiasi

beroperasi di 2.45 GHz dan 5.8 GHz. Antena-boleh-konfigurasi dua set frekuensi

yang mampu menghalakan corak radiasinya ke tiga arah yang berbeza dengan

menggunakan hanya satu reka bentuk antena. Dua jenis antena dwi jalur telah

diperkenalkan dalam tesis ini di mana antena ini direka dengan rasuk utama antena

diarahkan pada tiga arah yang berlainan. Lapisan belakang antena dengan bentuk

parabola digunakan dalam membangunkan antena boleh konfigurasi yang

dicadangkan dan akhirnya, antena ini akan berada di pelbagai konfigurasi dalam

satah tunggal. Antena boleh konfigurasi ini akan digabungkan dengan diod PIN

untuk membuat mereka antena boleh konfigurasi. Antena yang dicadangkan ini akan

menghalakan corak radiasinya pada -20⁰, -59⁰ and -61⁰ pada 2.45 GHz dan -9⁰, -20⁰and 23⁰ pada 5.8 GHz. Semua keputusan simulasi dan keputusan dibentangkan dandibandingkan dalam tesis ini.

vii

TABLES OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES xvii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Research Background

1.2. Problem Statement

1.3. Objectives of Research

1.4. Scope of Work

1.5. Layout of the Thesis

1

3

5

5

6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH

MOTIVATION

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Microstrip Antenna

8

9

viii

2.3. Antenna Parameter

2.3.1. Return Loss

2.3.2. Bandwidth

2.3.3. Radiation Pattern

2.3.4. Gain and Directivity

2.3.5. Efficiency

2.4. Feeding Methods

2.5. Smart Antenna System

2.5.1. Adaptive Array Systems

2.5.2. Switched-Beam Systems

2.6. PIN Diodes Switches

2.7. Related Research

2.7.1. Dual Band Microstrip Antenna

2.7.2. Reconfigurable Antenna

2.7.2.1. Frequency Reconfigurable

Antenna

2.7.2.2. Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable

Antenna

2.8. Summary

10

11

11

12

13

13

14

16

17

17

18

21

21

26

26

28

29

3 RESEARCH METHODOLY

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Design Methodology

3.3. Design Specification

3.4. Simulation Tool

3.5. Fabrication Process

3.6. Measurement Process

3.7. Summary

30

30

32

33

34

35

37

4 DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM RECONFIGURABLE

LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA

ix

4.1. Introduction

4.2. The Development of Dual Band Antenna

Structure with Half Ground Plane Approach

4.2.1. Proposed Antenna Structure

4.2.2. Simulation and Measurement Result

4.3. The Development of Dual Band Antenna with

Parabolic-Shaped Slot Ground Plane Structure

4.3.1. Proposed Antenna Structure

4.3.2. Simulation and Measurement Result

4.4. The Development of Dual Band Reconfigurable

Planar Array Antenna

4.4.1. Proposed Antenna Design Process

4.4.2. Antenna Performance Result

4.5. Summary

38

39

40

43

50

51

59

63

64

72

79

5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Future Work

80

82

REFERENCES 84

Appendices A-D 90

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

4.1 Dimension of Proposed Antenna 41

4.2 Simulation and Measurement Return Loss Value 46

4.3 Proposed Antenna Parameter 53

4.4 Simulation and Measurement Result for Proposed Antenna 61

4.5 PIN Diode Configurations 69

4.6 Optimized Design Parameter 72

4.7 Measurement and Simulation Data 75

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Flow Diagram of Reconfigurable Antenna 2

1.2 Antenna with Beam Steering Capability 4

2.1 Microstrip Antenna Structure 9

2.2 Bandwidth Determination from Return Loss

Graph for Most Application [8]

12

2.3 Typical Feeding Methods for Microstrip

Antenna

15

2.4 Adaptive Array Scheme 17

2.5 Switched-Beam Scheme 18

2.6 Layout of PIN diode 19

2.7 Equivalent Circuit of PIN Diode (a) Forward

Biased; (b) Reverse Biased [10]

20

2.8 Proposed Antenna; (a) Front View, (b) Back

View

22

2.9 Basic Design of Printed Monopole Antenna 23

2.10 Dual band Printed Monopole Antenna 23

2.11 P-Shape Printed Monopole Antenna 24

2.12 (a) Proposed Antenna [14]

(b) Return Loss of Proposed Antenna

25

2.13 Proposed Antenna Design [20] with Their

Return Loss Result

26

2.14 (a) Proposed Antenna [21]; (b) Return Loss

Value

27

2.15 (a) Proposed Antenna Design, (b) Pattern 29

xii

Reconfigurable Capabilities of Proposed

Antenna [24]

3.1 Flow Chart of Whole Project 31

3.2 CST Simulation Tool 38

3.3 R&S ZVL Network Analyzer 36

3.4 Pictures of Anechoic Chamber for Outside and

Inside View

36

4.1 Parametric Studies on Width of L-Slot 42

4.2 Dimension of Proposed Antenna 42

4.3 Image of Fabricated Antenna 43

4.4 Surface Current for Proposed Antenna 44

4.5 Parametric Study on effect of Ls (Length of Slot

at Antenna Arm)

45

4.6 Simulation and Measurement of Proposed

Antenna

46

4.7 Radiation Pattern at 2.45 GHz (a) Horizontal Cut

(b) Vertical Cut

48

4.8 Radiation Pattern at 5.8 GHz (a) Horizontal Cut

(b) Vertical Cut

48

4.9 3D Simulated Radiation Pattern at 2.45 GHz 49

4.10 3D Simulated Radiation Pattern at 5.8 GHz 50

4.11 Design Evolution of Proposed Antenna; (a)

Antenna Design Different Ground Plane Shapes;

(b) Return loss Graph for Each Antenna

52

4.12 Proposed Antenna with Defected Ground Plane

Structure: (a) Front View Diagram, (b)

Perspective View

53

4.13 Parametric Studies on varying width of L-slots 54

4.14 Parametric Studies on La values 55

4.15 Surface Current at 5.8 GHz 56

4.16 Parametric studies as value of R varied 56

4.17 (a) Normal axis for parabolic curve; (b) 40°

rotated axis for parabolic curve in proposed

57

xiii

antenna.

4.18 The effect of rotation angle of parabolic shaped

slot on the steering angle of proposed antenna

58

4.19 The radiation pattern obtained when attaching

two mirror-image parabolic-shaped slots.

59

4.20 The Image of Fabricated Proposed Antenna 60

4.21 Comparison between Measurement and

Simulation Return Loss Data for Proposed

Antenna

60

4.22 Surface Current at Both Operating Frequencies

at; (a) 2.45 GHz, (b) 5.8 GHz

61

4.23 Radiation Pattern; (a) H Plane for 2.45 GHz, (b)

E Plane for 2.45 GHz, (c) H Plane for 5.8 GHz,

(d) E Plane for 5.8 GHz

63

4.24 Diagram of Proposed Beam Reconfigurable

Antenna from Front View

65

4.25 Diagram of Proposed Beam Reconfigurable

Antenna from Back View

66

4.26 PIN Diode Location within Proposed Antenna

Structure

67

4.27 Schematic Design of Biasing Circuit using Basic

Series Single Pole Single Throw Switches

Circuit

68

4.28 Fabricated Biasing Circuit 68

4.29 Parametric Studies on Location of PIN diode 1,

p; (a) Lower Frequency Response, (b) Higher

Frequency Response

69

4.30 Parametric Studies on L100 Parameter at Both

Operating Frequency; (a) Lower Frequency

Response, (b) Higher Frequency Response

70

4.31 Parametric Studies on L50 Parameter, Lf; (a)

Lower Frequency Response, (b) Higher

Frequency Response

71

xiv

4.32 Fabricated Antenna Design in Different

Perspective; (a) Front View; (b) Back View

72

4.33 Integration of Biasing Circuit with Proposed

Antenna

73

4.34 Return Loss Value When Antenna at First

Condition

73

4.35 Return Loss result as PIN diode 2 and 3 in ON

state

74

4.36 Return Loss result when PIN diode 2 and 4 in

ON state

75

4.37 Measurement Data of Farfield Result at First

Condition (a) H- field for 2.45 GHz; (b) E- field

for 2.45 GHz; (c) H- field for 5.8 GHz; (d) E-

field for 5.8 GHz

76

4.38 Measurement Data of Farfield Result at Second



field for 5.8 GHz

77

4.39 Measurement Data of Farfield Result at Third



field for 5.8 GHz

78

xiv

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

BW - Bandwidth

CST - Computer Simulation Technology

dB - Decibel

EM - Electromagnetic

FR4 - Flame Resistant 4

ISM - Industrial Sciences Medical

ITS - Intelligent Transportation Systems

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

PEC - Perfect Electric Conductor

SMA - Sub Miniature version A

UV - Ultra Violet

VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

EBG - Electromagnetic Band Gap

xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

c - Speed of light

D - Outer Probe feed diameter

d - Inner probe feed diameter

εr - permittivity

εe - Effective permitivity

e0 - Total efficiency

er - Reflection (mismatch)

ec - Conduction efficiency

ed - Dielectric efficiency

λ0 - Free Space wavelength

fc - Center frequency

fH - High frequency

fL - Low frequency

h - Height of substrate

L - Length of patch

Leff - Effective length∆ - Delta LengthQ - Material’s quality factor

S - Area of patch∆ - Delta area of patchΓ - Reflection coefficient

t - Thin Metallic Strip

- Reflected voltage

- Incident voltage

W - width of patch

Weff - Effective width

xvii

ZL - Load impedance

≤ - Less then

ZO - Characteristic impedance

Ω - Ohm

xviii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A List of Author’s Publication 90

B Product Specification FR4 Datasheet 94

C SMA Drawing Datasheet 99

D PIN Diode BAP51-02 Datasheet 101

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background

Printed antenna is one of the terms that have been widely used in the recent

antenna technologies. This type of antenna has been rapidly developed over the past few

decades. In this century, the needs of antenna with high performance and simple

manufacturing process have become more interesting to be reviewed in research area.

On top of that, the uses of printed antenna have become intensively popular among

researchers because of its properties. This antenna can provide compact size, low

profile, light weight, low cost and easiness in the fabrication process [1]. Although this

antenna comes with low efficiency, low power and poor polarization [2], many

researches had been conducted recently to overcome these matters [3-7]. In addition,

printed antenna can be integrated with lump elements (resistor, capacitor and inductor),

adaptive elements (PIN diode, Varactor Diode) and several active devices (amplifier).

By adding these entire elements, several changes in resonance frequency, impedance,

polarization, and pattern can be adopted into this antenna [8, 9]. This mechanism is

called reconfigurable antenna.

Reconfigurable antenna is one of the upgraded technologies in wireless

communication system, where this kind of antenna can operate multiple applications in

2

a single design. This antenna was developed by Brown in 1998 [10]. The beauty of

reconfigurable antenna can be seen at its switches that are being used as the RF switch

to change the antenna properties. The common switches used in research field are PIN

diode, field effect transistor (FET), piezoelectric transducer and electromechanical

system (MEMS) switches. Reconfigurable antennas are commonly grouped into three

categories; frequency, polarization and radiation pattern reconfigurable antennas. There

are some approaches that can be used to implement switches in reconfigurable antennas.

The reconfigure mechanism can be controlled by controlling the on and off-states of the

RF switches. Figure 1.1 illustrates a diagram representing the structure of a

reconfigurable antenna.

Figure 1.1: Flow Diagram of a Reconfigurable Antenna

A reconfigurable antenna enables a single antenna to perform multifunction

activities. This is the reason why reconfigurable antenna can ensure the improvement of

wireless communication systems. With the integration of switching mechanism,

reconfigurable antenna can configure its properties in one dimension. For frequency

reconfigurable antenna, it has the capability to select individual frequency as its

operating frequency. The advantage of this antenna is it can reduce the adverse effect of

co-site interference and jamming [11]. This antenna can also enhance the wireless

system performance in terms of polarization diversity for reception and transmission

activities. On the other hand, the polarization reconfigurable antenna enables square

patch antenna to reconfigure the polarization from linear to circular. The disadvantage

of circular polarization (CP) antenna is that it comes in large size and it cannot recover

3

none line of sight (NLOS) signal. As in terrestrial communication, some multipath

signal is much needed to ensure NLOS reception can be done where in MIMO system,

multipath signal were contributed to the information bit reception. This drawback has

led the researchers to implement the advantages of CP into common linear polarization

antenna and they found out that the solution to this problem is by using polarization

reconfigurable antenna.

Lastly, the beam reconfigurable antenna can control the behavior of the main

beam for one antenna. This includes beam shaping reconfigurable antenna and beam

steering reconfigurable antenna. These radiation patterns of reconfigurable antenna have

big potential in upgrading the performance of wireless communication systems. Beam

shaping reconfigurable antenna enables an antenna to reconfigure its beam pattern by

altering broad beam pattern to a narrow beam pattern antenna. This type of antenna has

been rapidly developed in recent antenna research field where it gives several

advantages compared to the normal array antenna [12]. This reconfigurable antenna can

be applied to prevent environmental noise and electronic jamming, improves gain and

security of a system, energy saving as it only steers signals to desired location, and

increases the number of clients with the present of broad beam pattern in wireless

system. The major advantage of this antenna is it can reduce the interferences and fading

in multipath environments [13, 14]. These facts have motivated the author into creating

a simple design of beam reconfigurable antenna.

1.2 Problem Statement

The reconfigurable antenna is a new development of antenna that is very useful

in the recent wireless communication. Recent development in antenna technology

requires us to create an antenna that gives high performances with simple design. A

conventional array antenna is capable of producing a single directional beam pattern,

therefore it limited to a fixed direction of main beam. This limitation can be overcome

4

by using beam reconfigurable antenna which is upgrading the single antenna into a

multifunctional antenna. Therefore, beam reconfigurable which capable to steer the

main beam at three different places in single antenna design was proposed in present

research. There only one beam can be steered at one time by triggering the PIN diode

configuration within the proposed design.

Figure 1.2: Antenna with Beam Steering Capability

The unique characteristics of printed antenna suit the recent development of the

antenna technology, where nowadays the researchers are trying to implement low cost

material with simple antenna structure in their design without neglecting the

practicability of that antenna. Many researches have been conducted for beam

reconfigurable antenna by using printed antenna technology and this has initiated a brief

idea to the author to create a simple structure of it. Although printed antenna is a low

efficiency antenna, the implementation of several techniques within the proposed design

will be done in order to make it reliable in practical field. The evolvement in printed

antenna technology has transformed reconfigurable antenna to a famous antenna

technology in recent times. Reconfigurable antenna is a normal antenna which is

integrated with number of RF switches and can perform several capabilities in a single

design.

Antenna

5

The integration of switches in conventional antenna design will alter the

characteristics of an antenna. The number of switches used in the design will contribute

to degradation of antenna performances. For every switch used in an antenna, a biasing

network is needed to activate and deactivate it. When the number of switches increased,

the biasing networks become more complicated and the antenna design will require

more space. In addition, this problem will give out a huge coupling between the biasing

networks and the elements in the antenna and it will degrade the performances of the

antenna. To overcome this problem, a new reconfigurable antenna design with reduced

number of switches will be constructed in this project.

1.3 Objectives of Research

This research will give a positive impact to the development of wireless

communication technology. The project will introduce a new design of a simple antenna

structure with an integration of RF switches to control the beam steering at desired

direction. The objectives of this project are:

i. To design, simulate and fabricate a dual band reconfigurable antenna with beam

steering capabilities which capable to steer the beam at three different directions

( right-side, left-side and front-side) using corresponding software.

ii. To integrate the PIN diode with microstrip antenna so that reconfigurability in

terms of radiation pattern can be performed.

1.4 Scope of Work

In order to achieve the objectives, several steps have been considered to

accomplish the proposed reconfigurable antenna. This includes a comprehensive

6

literature review, which is required to obtain a reconfigurable antenna design. It is

important to build a basic knowledge on designing the proposed antenna and to identify

all the expected result in designing an antenna.

Proposed beam reconfigurable antenna was design at ISM and UNII band. For

this reason, this antenna is suitable to be used in WLAN application where proposed

antenna can generate three different radiation patterns with their main beam facing three

different directions at both operating frequencies (2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz). For

simulation process, Computer Simulation Technology in Microwave Studio software

was used as a simulation tools. All the antenna performances such as return loss, current

distribution and radiation pattern were carefully discussed and compared to

measurement result.

1.5 Layout of the Thesis

This thesis consists of 5 chapters which involve every step used to complete the

proposed reconfigurable antenna. The thesis layout is organized as follows:

Chapter 2 presents the basic literature review of printed antenna technology.

This chapter gives out an overview about the development of the printed antenna

technology which is very popular in current research field. This will include the usage of

printed antenna in smart antenna systems which incorporate the reconfigurable antenna.

The reconfigurable antenna is a subchapter in the smart antenna systems as this antenna

will allow the integration of RF switches within the antenna structures. This theoretical

knowledge will help to proceed with next subchapter as this subchapter is mainly about

the motivation of previous researches on the proposed reconfigurable antenna. As in this

chapter, all the previous researches related to dual band antennas, directive antennas,

and beam reconfigurable antennas are discussed. This reading will give basic knowledge

on the development of the proposed antenna structure.

7

Chapter 3 discusses the steps taken to complete the design. This chapter will

focus on the design stage using appropriate software. Then, the fabrication stage had

stretched out on which involves software part, printing and hardware part. The final

stage of this chapter will include the measurement stage. This final stage can be used to

determine either the fabricated antenna is working at proposed frequency band or not.

Chapter 4 analyzes the proposed reconfigurable antenna design. This chapter

will discuss in details the proposed reconfigurable antenna, starting with dual band

antenna with half ground plane and dual band antenna with defected ground plane

technique. This chapter will continue on the integration of both antennas designed in

single plane array antenna configuration. As a final step in completing proposed antenna

design, there will be an introduction of PIN diode within the transmission line to

produce the proposed antenna to become beam reconfigurable antenna. This discussion

will discuss on the return loss data and radiation pattern data for each part. Finally,

conclusion and suggestions for future work will be concluded in Chapter 5.

84

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