universal access in the information society: achievements, challenges and promises constantine...

Universal Access Universal Access in the Information Society: in the Information Society:

Achievements, Challenges and PromisesAchievements, Challenges and Promises

Constantine StephanidisConstantine Stephanidis

Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology-HellasResearch and Technology-Hellas

Heraklion, Crete, GreeceHeraklion, Crete, Greecee-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]

Department of Computer ScienceDepartment of Computer Science

University of CreteUniversity of Crete

Constantine Stephanidis Institute for Software ResearchUniversity of California, 23 March 2001

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OverviewOverview

Universal Access in the Information SocietyUniversal Access in the Information Society

User Interfaces for AllUser Interfaces for All

Policy initiatives, standardisation, legislationPolicy initiatives, standardisation, legislation

A roadmap towards an Information Society for AllA roadmap towards an Information Society for All

ConclusionsConclusions


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The Information SocietyThe Information Society

InformationSociety

Information/Entertainmentindustries• Information• servers/services• Audio-visual products• Films• Music, & Photos

Information/Entertainmentindustries• Information• servers/services• Audio-visual products• Films• Music, & Photos

Telecoms industry• PSTN• Cable networks• Satellite networks• Broadcasting• Mobile networks

Telecoms industry• PSTN• Cable networks• Satellite networks• Broadcasting• Mobile networks

IT Industry• Computers• Software• Interfaces

IT Industry• Computers• Software• Interfaces

FUSIONFUSION


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Towards an Information SocietyTowards an Information Society

Programming techniquesProgramming techniques AI TechniquesAI Techniques i 3i 3

CommandsCommands

Fast ComputationFast Computation

Scientist’s toolScientist’s tool

SpecialistsSpecialists

Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation

Metaphor (GUI)Metaphor (GUI)

Software ArchitectureSoftware Architecture

Productivity EnhancementProductivity Enhancement

Tool for Business workTool for Business work

Business UsersBusiness Users

Multimodal InterfaceMultimodal Interface

HypermediaHypermedia

Intuitive Information ProcessingIntuitive Information Processing

Support for Social activitiesSupport for Social activities

Tool for access in the ISTool for access in the IS

Personal usersPersonal users

Hardware ArchitectureHardware Architecture

KeyboardKeyboard

60s-70s60s-70s 80s - 90s80s - 90s 90s - 21 century90s - 21 century


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Technological paradigm shiftTechnological paradigm shift

Characteristics of a changing paradigmCharacteristics of a changing paradigm interaction-intensiveinteraction-intensive collaboration intensivecollaboration intensive group-centredgroup-centred distributed (across the Global Internet)distributed (across the Global Internet)

Calculation-basedin scientificapplications

Calculation-basedin scientificapplications

Data-based /forms processing

for businessapplications

Data-based /forms processing

for businessapplications

Personal productivitytools in business

applications

Personal productivitytools in business

applications

Group-centredand communication-centred computing /interaction intensive

Group-centredand communication-centred computing /interaction intensive

50s-60s50s-60s 70s-80s70s-80s 80s-90s80s-90s 2121stst century century


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Computers Computers penetrate all life penetrate all life situations (work,situations (work,entertainment,entertainment,education…)education…)

People become People become more and more more and more dependent on dependent on

computer computer technologytechnology

There is a need There is a need for systems for for systems for

all, access for all all, access for all and high and high

interactioninteractionqualityquality

Computer Computer applications applications and services and services

provide an ever provide an ever increasing increasing

functionality functionality and complexity for and complexity for

everyday taskseveryday tasks

Computer users Computer users have diverse have diverse

abilities, skills, abilities, skills, requirements and requirements and

preferencespreferences

Users are not Users are not necessarily necessarily

computer experts computer experts (as opposed to (as opposed to

users of previoususers of previous generations ofgenerations of

computers)computers)

Critical trendsCritical trends


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Challenges in the Information SocietyChallenges in the Information Society

The Information Society has the potential to improve The Information Society has the potential to improve the quality of life of citizens, the efficiency of our the quality of life of citizens, the efficiency of our social and economic organisation and to reinforce social and economic organisation and to reinforce cohesion.cohesion.

But also,But also, May lead to the creation of a two-tier society of “have” and “have-May lead to the creation of a two-tier society of “have” and “have-

nots”, in which only a part of the population has access to the new nots”, in which only a part of the population has access to the new technology, is comfortable using it and can fully enjoy the benefits.technology, is comfortable using it and can fully enjoy the benefits.

There is a danger that ordinary citizens may reject the new There is a danger that ordinary citizens may reject the new information culture and its instruments.information culture and its instruments.


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Acceptability of Acceptability of Information Society TechnologiesInformation Society Technologies

Acceptability of the emerging Information Society by all citizens ultimately depends on the accessibility and usability of the associated technologies.

Therefore, it is important :to develop high quality user interfaces, accessible

and usable by a diverse user population with different abilities, skills, requirements and preferences,

in a variety of contexts of use, and through a variety of interaction technologies.


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Users and context Users and context of useof use


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Interaction platforms: beyond the desktopInteraction platforms: beyond the desktop

shift towards non-desktop support systemsshift towards non-desktop support systems mobile and wearable devicesmobile and wearable devices

information and communication supportinformation and communication support

essential system characteristicsessential system characteristics intuitive, multi-modal interactionintuitive, multi-modal interaction tailorability / self-adaptationtailorability / self-adaptation intelligenceintelligence reliability and robustnessreliability and robustness


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Universal AccessUniversal Access

Universal AccessUniversal Access concerns the right of all citizens concerns the right of all citizens to obtain and maintain access to a society-wide pool to obtain and maintain access to a society-wide pool of information resources and interpersonal of information resources and interpersonal communication facilities, given the varieties of communication facilities, given the varieties of context of use.context of use.

To this end, To this end, Human-Computer InteractionHuman-Computer Interaction (HCI) (HCI) has a critical and catalytic role to play.has a critical and catalytic role to play.


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Universal Design (or Design for All )Universal Design (or Design for All )

Universal DesignUniversal Design in the Information Society is: in the Information Society is:

the conscious and systematic effort to proactively the conscious and systematic effort to proactively apply principles and methods, and employ apply principles and methods, and employ appropriate tools,appropriate tools,

in order to develop IT&T products and services in order to develop IT&T products and services which are accessible and usable by all citizens, which are accessible and usable by all citizens, thus avoiding the need for a posteriori adaptations, or thus avoiding the need for a posteriori adaptations, or

specialised design.specialised design.


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Universal Universal Design : levels of concernDesign : levels of concern

Design for AllDesign for All

Accommodating DiversityAccommodating Diversity

PCPC TVTVKiosksKiosks MobileMobile

phonesphones

CommunicationCommunicationprotocolsprotocols

WebWebSatelliteSatellite

linkslinks

BandwidthBandwidth

WorkWorkEntertainmentEntertainment

EducationEducation SocialSocial Application Domain &Services Level

TelecommunicationsInfrastructure

User InterfaceLevel

HealthcareHealthcare


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Universal Design in HCIUniversal Design in HCI

Recognises, respects, values and attempts to Recognises, respects, values and attempts to accommodate the broadest possible range of human accommodate the broadest possible range of human abilities, requirements and preferencesabilities, requirements and preferences

Eliminates the need for ‘special features’ and fosters Eliminates the need for ‘special features’ and fosters individualisation and end-user acceptabilityindividualisation and end-user acceptability

Fosters a pro-active strategy, postulating that Fosters a pro-active strategy, postulating that accessibility and quality of interaction need to be accessibility and quality of interaction need to be embedded into a product at design timeembedded into a product at design time


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Introducing the concept of UI4AllIntroducing the concept of UI4All

UniversalUniversalAccessAccess

Design Design for Allfor All

Meet IndividualMeet IndividualRequirements, AbilitiesRequirements, Abilities

& Preferences& Preferences

User InterfaceUser InterfaceAccessibilityAccessibility

Quality of InteractionQuality of Interaction

UI4ALL UI4ALL

User InterfacesUser Interfacesfor Allfor All

HCIHCI UU22II

Citizens in theCitizens in theInformationInformation

SocietySociety

anyb

od

yan

ybo

dy

anyw

her

ean

ywh

ere

anyt

ime

anyt

ime


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User Interfaces for All (1/2)User Interfaces for All (1/2)

The concept of The concept of User Interfaces forUser Interfaces for AllAll was was introduced in 1995 asintroduced in 1995 as a new perspective into HCI a new perspective into HCI

ItIt providesprovides a principled and systematic approach a principled and systematic approach towards towards proactivelyproactively coping with coping with diversitydiversity in in the the user populationuser population, , the nature of workthe nature of work, , the contexts of the contexts of useuse and the and the user access media user access media by providingby providing appropriate (multiple) solutions tailored to the appropriate (multiple) solutions tailored to the individual user needs and context of useindividual user needs and context of use

It is It is not a single solution for everybodynot a single solution for everybody!!


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User Interfaces for All (2/2)User Interfaces for All (2/2)

Diversity concerns:Diversity concerns:

usersusers with different cultural, educational, training and with different cultural, educational, training and

employment backgroundemployment background novice and experienced novice and experienced very young and elderlyvery young and elderly with different types of disabilitieswith different types of disabilities

using different using different interaction interaction platformsplatforms

in different in different contexts and scenarios of usecontexts and scenarios of use


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Shortcomings in the current generation of Shortcomings in the current generation of UIST (1/2)UIST (1/2)

Assumptions about the end-user of an interactive Assumptions about the end-user of an interactive applicationapplication Able-bodiedAble-bodied Possessing immediate access to the computerPossessing immediate access to the computer Narrow context of useNarrow context of use Predetermined usage patternsPredetermined usage patterns

Assumptions about target platformsAssumptions about target platforms Visual embodiment of the desktopVisual embodiment of the desktop Limited interaction stylesLimited interaction styles


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Shortcomings in the current generation of Shortcomings in the current generation of UIST (2/2)UIST (2/2)

User interface development remains a programming-User interface development remains a programming-intensive as opposed to design-intensive task intensive as opposed to design-intensive task

Single-artefact orientation as opposed to Single-artefact orientation as opposed to polymorphic designpolymorphic design


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The case of people with disabilitiesThe case of people with disabilities

Traditionally under-served by technological Traditionally under-served by technological developmentsdevelopments

Early accessibility efforts were largely based on a Early accessibility efforts were largely based on a reactive approach:reactive approach: Post-development modificationsPost-development modifications Ad-hoc adaptationsAd-hoc adaptations No possibility for generalisation, No possibility for generalisation,

or reusabilityor reusability High costs in terms of developmentHigh costs in terms of development


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Accessibility approachesAccessibility approaches

Reactive approachReactive approach aims to adapt products so as to build the required accessibility aims to adapt products so as to build the required accessibility

featuresfeaturesAssistive Technology solutions address problems introduced

by a previous generation of technology

Proactive approach Proactive approach aims to proactively account for accessibility by taking appropriate aims to proactively account for accessibility by taking appropriate

actions during the early phases of a product's life cycleactions during the early phases of a product's life cycle Active Accessibility® initiative (by Microsoft) JavaTM Accessibility (by Sun) Unified User Interface development platform (EC ACCESS

consortium)


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Attaining User Interfaces for AllAttaining User Interfaces for All

The concept of The concept of Unified User InterfacesUnified User Interfaces was was introduced in 1995introduced in 1995

Unified User Interface Development MethodUnified User Interface Development Method a new user interface development processa new user interface development process

Unified User Interface ArchitectureUnified User Interface Architecture a new architectural framework for engineering self-a new architectural framework for engineering self-

adapting user interfacesadapting user interfaces Unified User Interface Development EnvironmentUnified User Interface Development Environment

a new set of tools supporting the user interface a new set of tools supporting the user interface development life-cycle (requirements capture, design, development life-cycle (requirements capture, design, implementation, evaluation)implementation, evaluation)


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The concept of a Unified User InterfaceThe concept of a Unified User Interface

A unified interface comprises a A unified interface comprises a singlesingle (i.e. unified) interface (i.e. unified) interface implementation, encompassing alternative implementation, encompassing alternative interactiveinteractive behaviours behaviours and and sub-sub-dialoguesdialogues suitable for different user groups. suitable for different user groups.

Accessibility & High Quality of InteractionAccessibility & High Quality of Interaction

UU22II

adaptationadaptationprocessprocess UserUser

User & User & contextcontext

InformationInformation


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Unified User Interface development Unified User Interface development platformplatform

Requirements AnalysisRequirements Analysis

DesignDesign

Prototyping & Prototyping & ImplementationImplementation

EvaluationEvaluation

USE-ITUSE-IT (interactive design(interactive design assistance)assistance)

Sherlock (guideline management system)Sherlock (guideline management system)

Unified design methodUnified design method

Polymorphic task decompositionPolymorphic task decomposition

I-GETI-GET (user interface(user interface generation)generation)

NNon-visual interactionon-visual interaction toolkitstoolkits

Augmented Augmented windows toolkitswindows toolkits


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Unified Unified User Interfaces in practice: User Interfaces in practice: the AVANTI Web browserthe AVANTI Web browser


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Typical Browser InstanceTypical Browser Instance


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AdaptabilityAdaptability

AdaptabilityAdaptability refers to self- refers to self-adaptation which is based adaptation which is based on knowledge (concerning on knowledge (concerning the user, the environment, the user, the environment, the context of use, etc.) the context of use, etc.) available to (or, acquired by) available to (or, acquired by) the system prior to the the system prior to the initiation of interaction, and initiation of interaction, and which leads to adaptations which leads to adaptations that also precede the that also precede the commencement of commencement of interaction. interaction.

Decision MakingDecision MakingModuleModule

Interactive Front-endInteractive Front-end

Adaptation Adaptation Application Application ComponentComponent

KnowledgeKnowledgeBaseBase

Profiles Profiles and Existing and Existing KnowledgeKnowledge


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Instances of Adaptability (1/4)Instances of Adaptability (1/4)

Feedback on operationFeedback on operationcompletion (completion (here, here,

bookmark additionbookmark addition) )

Links presented Links presented as buttonsas buttonsLink replicationLink replication

and structureand structureoverview paneoverview pane


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Interaction for motor-Interaction for motor-impaired: automatically impaired: automatically

scanned window scanned window manipulation toolbarmanipulation toolbar

Interaction for motor-Interaction for motor-impaired: automatically impaired: automatically scanned HTML elementsscanned HTML elements(including image-maps)(including image-maps)Interaction for motor-Interaction for motor-

impaired: all GUI objectsimpaired: all GUI objectsaccessible through accessible through automatic scanningautomatic scanning


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Interaction for motor-Interaction for motor-impaired: keyboardimpaired: keyboardlayouts that speedlayouts that speedup interaction (e.g.up interaction (e.g.by following letter-by following letter-frequency criteria)frequency criteria)

Interaction for motor-Interaction for motor-impaired: on-screenimpaired: on-screen

keyboard for text inputkeyboard for text input


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Adapting to the Adapting to the context of use: kiosk context of use: kiosk

mode operationmode operation


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AdaptivityAdaptivity

AdaptivityAdaptivity refers to self- refers to self-adaptation which is based on adaptation which is based on knowledge (concerning the knowledge (concerning the user, the environment, the user, the environment, the context of use, etc.) that is context of use, etc.) that is acquired and / or maintained by acquired and / or maintained by the system during interactive the system during interactive sessions (e.g., through sessions (e.g., through monitoring techniques), and monitoring techniques), and which leads to adaptations that which leads to adaptations that take place while the user is take place while the user is interacting with the system. interacting with the system.

AssessmentAssessmentModuleModule

Decision MakingDecision MakingModuleModule

Interactive Front-endInteractive Front-end

Adaptation Adaptation Application Application ComponentComponent

Monitoring Monitoring ComponentComponent

KnowledgeKnowledgeBaseBase

Profiles Profiles and Existing and Existing KnowledgeKnowledge


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Instances of Adaptivity (1/3)Instances of Adaptivity (1/3)

The interface’s responseThe interface’s responseto the detection of the factto the detection of the fact

that the user seems incapablethat the user seems incapableto complete the task of selectingto complete the task of selecting

a link from the “Link Bar” a link from the “Link Bar”


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A simple dialog from whichA simple dialog from whichthe user selects and loadsthe user selects and loads

previously visited documents...previously visited documents...


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... gets converted to the... gets converted to thesame dialogue with integratedsame dialogue with integratedguidance, if the user seems toguidance, if the user seems to

be unable to comprehend be unable to comprehend its use.its use.


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Comparing traditional and unified interface Comparing traditional and unified interface designdesign

DesignDesign aspect aspect Traditional development Traditional development paradigm paradigm

Unified User Interface Unified User Interface developmentdevelopment

FocusFocus Single artifact that fits allSingle artifact that fits all Analytical insights to Analytical insights to populate design spacespopulate design spaces

OutcomeOutcome Single object hierarchySingle object hierarchy Polymorphic task hierarchyPolymorphic task hierarchy

ProcessProcess Top down or bottom upTop down or bottom up Middle outMiddle out

Scope of design Scope of design representationrepresentation

Implicitly bound to the Implicitly bound to the object hierarchy object hierarchy

Bound to rationalized Bound to rationalized design spaces; explicit in design spaces; explicit in the run-time behaviorthe run-time behavior


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Comparing traditional and unified interface Comparing traditional and unified interface developmentdevelopment

DevelopmentDevelopment aspect aspect Traditional development Traditional development paradigm paradigm

Unified User Interface Unified User Interface developmentdevelopment

Implementation modelImplementation model Programming as the basis Programming as the basis for generating the user for generating the user interface implementationinterface implementation

Generation from Generation from specificationsspecifications

Premise of run-time codePremise of run-time code Making direct calls to a Making direct calls to a platformplatform

Linking to the platform Linking to the platform

Platform utilisation Platform utilisation Multi-platform Multi-platform environmentsenvironments

Multiple toolkit environmentMultiple toolkit environment

Platform independencePlatform independence Generalisation across Generalisation across platform properties platform properties

Platform abstraction Platform abstraction mechanismmechanism


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User Interfaces for All -User Interfaces for All -Concepts, Methods, and ToolsConcepts, Methods, and Tools

Published by LEA Published by LEA (2001)(2001) hardbound, hardbound, 76760 pages, 30 chapters0 pages, 30 chapters

a comprehensive overview of the state of a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field, including: the art in the field, including: contributions from a variety of theoretical and contributions from a variety of theoretical and

applied disciplines applied disciplines research, development and policy efforts research, development and policy efforts

worldwideworldwide a detailed account of, and rationale for, the a detailed account of, and rationale for, the

Unified User Interface Development methodology Unified User Interface Development methodology and tool platformand tool platform

open and future research issuesopen and future research issues

http://www.erlbaum.com/Books/searchintro/BookDetailscvr.cfm?ISBN=0-8058-2967-9http://www.erlbaum.com/Books/searchintro/BookDetailscvr.cfm?ISBN=0-8058-2967-9


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Impediments to Universal DesignImpediments to Universal Design

Current status of the mainstream industryCurrent status of the mainstream industry

Assistive Technology prevalent practiceAssistive Technology prevalent practice

Attitude of consumersAttitude of consumers


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What is still needed?What is still needed?

Additional R&D to facilitate a sound research base for Additional R&D to facilitate a sound research base for Design for All Design for All in the Information Societyin the Information Society

Support measures which ensure diffusion and Support measures which ensure diffusion and adoption adoption

International collaboration to facilitateInternational collaboration to facilitateknowledge exchangeknowledge exchangeexperience sharingexperience sharing


slide 41

Policy optionsPolicy options

Three main policy optionsThree main policy options

StandardisationStandardisation

LegislationLegislation

Collaborative R&DCollaborative R&D

It is likely that none of the above by itself is sufficient It is likely that none of the above by itself is sufficient to ensure the desirable results to ensure the desirable results


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Analytical criteriaAnalytical criteria

Each option will need to be analysed in terms of:Each option will need to be analysed in terms of:

target objectivetarget objective

pre-requisitespre-requisites

potential shortcomingspotential shortcomings

the role of non-market institutionsthe role of non-market institutions


slide 43

Standardisation (1/2)Standardisation (1/2)

TargetTarget

consolidation of knowledgeconsolidation of knowledge

guidanceguidance

Pre-requisitesPre-requisites

solid R&D basesolid R&D base

timely interventiontimely intervention


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Standardisation (2/2)Standardisation (2/2)

ShortcomingsShortcomings lock on effectlock on effect appropriate recommendationsappropriate recommendations user involvementuser involvement industrial participationindustrial participation not possible in highly competitive industriesnot possible in highly competitive industries

Role of non-market institutionsRole of non-market institutions funding standardisation activitiesfunding standardisation activities dissemination of knowledgedissemination of knowledge


slide 45

International standardsInternational standards

ISO SC4 WG5ISO SC4 WG5 ISO TS 16071 (Draft) in pressISO TS 16071 (Draft) in press

W3C-WAI guidelines (W3C-WAI guidelines (de factode facto standard) standard)


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HCI StandardisationHCI Standardisation

IIntroduction of a new work item within ISO 9241 TC ntroduction of a new work item within ISO 9241 TC 159 / WG 5 / SC 4 (Software Ergonomics) pertaining 159 / WG 5 / SC 4 (Software Ergonomics) pertaining to the issue of accessibility of interactive applications to the issue of accessibility of interactive applications and telematic services by user groups with different and telematic services by user groups with different abilities and requirements (e.g., people with abilities and requirements (e.g., people with disabilities)disabilities)


slide 47

US National StandardsUS National Standards

Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards, Final Rule, under Section 508 of Standards, Final Rule, under Section 508 of Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998

ANSI/HFES 200 (Accessibility)ANSI/HFES 200 (Accessibility)


slide 48

EU member states standardisation EU member states standardisation initiativesinitiatives

Nordic Initiative on Standards for Disabled and Nordic Initiative on Standards for Disabled and Elderly people (NORDICT)Elderly people (NORDICT)

Health Informatics; Computer Applications for Health Informatics; Computer Applications for People with disabilities; Accessibility requirements People with disabilities; Accessibility requirements for Computer platforms, (AENOR, Spain)for Computer platforms, (AENOR, Spain)


slide 49

European Union StandardsEuropean Union Standards

ICTSB Project ICTSB Project No standards on Design for all No standards on Design for all Identification of future standardisation needs for ICTIdentification of future standardisation needs for ICT

CEN/TC 293 Technical aids for disabled personsCEN/TC 293 Technical aids for disabled persons


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W3C-WAIW3C-WAI

Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), in coordination Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), in coordination with organizations around the world, pursues with organizations around the world, pursues accessibility of the Web through five primary areas accessibility of the Web through five primary areas of work: of work: technology, technology, guidelines, guidelines, tools, tools, education and outreach,and education and outreach,and research and development.research and development.

http://www.w3.org/WAI/http://www.w3.org/WAI/


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Legislation (1/2)Legislation (1/2)

TargetTarget

reinforcementreinforcement


demand already articulateddemand already articulated

commitmentcommitment


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Legislation (2/2)Legislation (2/2)

Potential shortcomingsPotential shortcomings difficult due to industry opposition and tendency to by-pass difficult due to industry opposition and tendency to by-pass lack of user demandlack of user demand lack of awarenesslack of awareness

Role of non-market institutionsRole of non-market institutions initiate initiate sustain sustain monitormonitor


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Legislation – North AmericaLegislation – North America

USAUSA Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (section 504)Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (section 504) Americans with Disability Act (1990)Americans with Disability Act (1990) Telecommunications Act of 1996 (section 255)Telecommunications Act of 1996 (section 255) Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 (section 508)Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 (section 508)

CanadaCanada Canadian Human Rights Act of 1977Canadian Human Rights Act of 1977 Universal Access ProjectUniversal Access Project

(http://www.fis.utoronto.ca/research/iprp/ua/)(http://www.fis.utoronto.ca/research/iprp/ua/)


slide 54

Legislation - Legislation - AustraliaAustralia

Disability Discrimination Act 1992Disability Discrimination Act 1992http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/dda1992264/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/dda1992264/

New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act 1997New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act 1997http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/aa1977204/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/aa1977204/


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Legislation - EuropeLegislation - Europe

United KingdomUnited Kingdom Disability Discrimination Act of 1995Disability Discrimination Act of 1995

PortugalPortugal Report and Resolution by the Parliament of Portugal Report and Resolution by the Parliament of Portugal

regarding Web Accessibilityregarding Web Accessibilityhttp://www.acessibilidade.net/petition/parliament_report.htmlhttp://www.acessibilidade.net/petition/parliament_report.html

ScandinaviaScandinavia Legislation of the Nordic countriesLegislation of the Nordic countries


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Collaborative R&D (1/3)Collaborative R&D (1/3)

TargetTarget

establish common R&D agendaestablish common R&D agenda

provide a solid basis of R&D resultsprovide a solid basis of R&D results

promote cohesionpromote cohesion


cross-industry focuscross-industry focus

reciprocal investmentsreciprocal investments

willingness and commitmentwillingness and commitment

favourable conditions for transferfavourable conditions for transfer


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Potential shortcomingsPotential shortcomings

it does not guarantee exploitationit does not guarantee exploitation

technology must be emergingtechnology must be emerging

special conditions of sources and recipientsspecial conditions of sources and recipients


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Role of non-market institutionsRole of non-market institutions

funding of R&D workfunding of R&D work

facilitating collaborationfacilitating collaboration

offering guidanceoffering guidance

undertaking technological forecastingundertaking technological forecasting

provision of incentivesprovision of incentives

establishing favourable conditionsestablishing favourable conditions


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Information Society Technologies Information Society Technologies ProgrammeProgramme (IST) (IST)

““Creating a User Friendly Information SocietyCreating a User Friendly Information Society”” European Union's Fifth RTD Framework Programme European Union's Fifth RTD Framework Programme

(1998-2002)(1998-2002) Integrated research programme that builds on the Integrated research programme that builds on the

convergence of information processing, convergence of information processing, communications and media technologies communications and media technologies

IST has an indicative budget of 3.6 billion Euro, and IST has an indicative budget of 3.6 billion Euro, and is managed by the Information Society DG of the is managed by the Information Society DG of the European CommissionEuropean Commission


slide 60

NSF-funded projects on NSF-funded projects on Universal AccessUniversal Access

http://www.interact.nsf.gov/cise/html.nsf/html/http://www.interact.nsf.gov/cise/html.nsf/html/access?OpenDocumentaccess?OpenDocument

a number of projects have been funded by NSF a number of projects have been funded by NSF under the call multi-year research focus on under the call multi-year research focus on Universal Universal AccessAccess beginning in 1999, conducted jointly by the beginning in 1999, conducted jointly by the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and the Knowledge and Cognitive Systems (KCS) Programs Knowledge and Cognitive Systems (KCS) Programs within the Information and Intelligent Systems within the Information and Intelligent Systems DivisionDivision


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ISF Information Society for AlL 1997 - ISF Information Society for AlL 1997 - 2000 (1/2)2000 (1/2)

First step towards the establishment of a favourable First step towards the establishment of a favourable environment for the creation of an Information environment for the creation of an Information Society accessible and acceptable by all citizensSociety accessible and acceptable by all citizens

network for collaboration and exchangenetwork for collaboration and exchange 1st meeting and workshop, San Francisco, USA, 1st meeting and workshop, San Francisco, USA,

August 29, 1997August 29, 1997 2nd meeting and workshop, Crete, Greece, 2nd meeting and workshop, Crete, Greece,

June 15-16, 1998June 15-16, 1998 3rd meeting and workshop, Munich, Germany, 3rd meeting and workshop, Munich, Germany,

August 22-23, 1999August 22-23, 1999


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ISF Information Society for All 1997 - ISF Information Society for All 1997 - 2000 (2/2)2000 (2/2)

White PapersWhite Papers Toward an Information Society for All: An International R&D AgendaToward an Information Society for All: An International R&D Agenda byby

Stephanidis C. (Ed.), Salvendy, G., Akoumianakis, D., Bevan, N., Brewer, J., Emiliani, Stephanidis C. (Ed.), Salvendy, G., Akoumianakis, D., Bevan, N., Brewer, J., Emiliani, P.L., Galetsas, A., Haataja, S., Iakovidis, I., Jacko, J., Jenkins, P., Karshmer, A., P.L., Galetsas, A., Haataja, S., Iakovidis, I., Jacko, J., Jenkins, P., Karshmer, A., Korn, P., Marcus, A., Murphy, H., Stary, C., Vanderheiden, G., Weber, G., & Ziegler, Korn, P., Marcus, A., Murphy, H., Stary, C., Vanderheiden, G., Weber, G., & Ziegler, J. (1998).J. (1998). In: I In: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10 (2), 107-134. nternational Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10 (2), 107-134.

http://www.ics.forth.gr/proj/at-hci/files/white_paper_1998.pdfhttp://www.ics.forth.gr/proj/at-hci/files/white_paper_1998.pdf

Toward an Information Society for All: HCI challenges and R&D Toward an Information Society for All: HCI challenges and R&D recommendationsrecommendations byby Stephanidis, C. (Ed.), Salvendy, G., Akoumianakis, D., Arnold, Stephanidis, C. (Ed.), Salvendy, G., Akoumianakis, D., Arnold, A., Bevan, N., Dardailler, D., Emiliani, P.L., Iakovidis, I., Jenkins, P., Karshmer, A., A., Bevan, N., Dardailler, D., Emiliani, P.L., Iakovidis, I., Jenkins, P., Karshmer, A., Korn, P., Marcus, A., Murphy, H., Oppermann, C., Stary, C., Tamura, H., Tscheligi, Korn, P., Marcus, A., Murphy, H., Oppermann, C., Stary, C., Tamura, H., Tscheligi, M., Ueda, H., Weber, G., & Ziegler, J. (1999).M., Ueda, H., Weber, G., & Ziegler, J. (1999). In: In: International Journal of Human-International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 11 (1), 1-28.Computer Interaction, 11 (1), 1-28.

http://www.ics.forth.gr/proj/at-hci/files/white_paper_1999.pdfhttp://www.ics.forth.gr/proj/at-hci/files/white_paper_1999.pdf


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R&D agendaR&D agenda

11stst White Paper White Paper Design Process, Methods & ToolsDesign Process, Methods & Tools User-oriented challengesUser-oriented challenges Input / Output TechnologyInput / Output Technology User interface architecturesUser interface architectures

22ndnd White Paper White Paper Promote the development of environments of usePromote the development of environments of use Support communities of usersSupport communities of users Extend user centred design to support new virtualitiesExtend user centred design to support new virtualities Accompanying measuresAccompanying measures


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Accompanying measuresAccompanying measures

Articulating demand for Design for All and Universal Articulating demand for Design for All and Universal AccessAccess

Supporting the industrySupporting the industry Awareness & knowledge disseminationAwareness & knowledge dissemination Technology transferTechnology transfer


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eeEurope “An Information Society for All”Europe “An Information Society for All”

EC President Prodi launches EC President Prodi launches ““eeEurope” Initiative to Europe” Initiative to accelerateaccelerate Europe’s transformation into an Europe’s transformation into an Information SocietyInformation Society (press release (press release IP/99/953IP/99/953))

expected expected positive impact on employment, positive impact on employment, growth, growth, productivity and social cohesionproductivity and social cohesion

Key objectivesKey objectives Bringing every citizen, home, school, business and Bringing every citizen, home, school, business and

administration on-lineadministration on-line Creating a digitally literate and entrepreneurial Europe Creating a digitally literate and entrepreneurial Europe Ensuring a socially inclusive Information SocietyEnsuring a socially inclusive Information Society


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From From eeEurope to Europe to eeEurope 2002Europe 2002

““eeParticipation” for the disabledParticipation” for the disabledeEurope Initiative 1999

““eeParticipation” for the people with disabilitiesParticipation” for the people with disabilities including the elderly and other sectors of the population with including the elderly and other sectors of the population with

specific needsspecific needsProgress report for the Special European Council Lisbon, 23 and 24 March 2000

Participation for all in the knowledge-based economyParticipation for all in the knowledge-based economy extended to include access for all disadvantaged groupsextended to include access for all disadvantaged groups

eEurope 2002 Draft Action Plan for the European Council in Feira 19 and 20 June 2000


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eeEurope 2002 - 11 Priority areasEurope 2002 - 11 Priority areas

A cheaper, faster and secure Internet cheaper and faster Internet access faster Internet for researchers and students secure networks and smart cards

Investing in people and skills European youth into the digital age working in the knowledge-based economy participation for all in the knowledge-based economy

Stimulate the use of the Internet accelerating e-commerce government online: electronic access to public services health online digital content for global networks intelligent transport systems


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ERCIM Working Group “User Interfaces for ERCIM Working Group “User Interfaces for All”All”,, 1995-present 1995-present

AAims at planning a path that will bring together ims at planning a path that will bring together researchers and teams working in the different researchers and teams working in the different ERCIM organisations (but also organisations ERCIM organisations (but also organisations beyond ERCIM or the European boundaries), beyond ERCIM or the European boundaries), who who share common interests and aspirationsshare common interests and aspirations

would like to contribute to the endeavours towards would like to contribute to the endeavours towards making the emerging Information Society equally making the emerging Information Society equally accessible to allaccessible to all


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IS4ALLIS4ALL Thematic Network (1/3) Thematic Network (1/3)

IST-1999-14101 Programme - IS4ALLIST-1999-14101 Programme - IS4ALL, , ““Information Society for AllInformation Society for All” ” (2000 - 2003). (2000 - 2003). A three-year IST-funded project which seeks to establish A three-year IST-funded project which seeks to establish

on a formal basis a wide, interdisciplinary and closely on a formal basis a wide, interdisciplinary and closely collaborating “network of experts” (Working Group) to collaborating “network of experts” (Working Group) to provide the European Healthprovide the European Health Telematics Telematics industry with a industry with a comprehensive information package detailing how to comprehensive information package detailing how to appropriate the benefits of universal designappropriate the benefits of universal design

Started 1st of October 2000Started 1st of October 2000


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Project’s focusProject’s focus Universal access as a quality attribute with functional and Universal access as a quality attribute with functional and

non-functional implicationsnon-functional implications

content organisation and management (in so far as it content organisation and management (in so far as it impacts on interaction design)impacts on interaction design)

user interface development user interface development

the processes involvedthe processes involved


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Health Telematics specific resultsHealth Telematics specific results A process model detailing how universal access can be A process model detailing how universal access can be

accounted for in Health Telematicsaccounted for in Health Telematics ProProtototypical implementations of Healthcare-specific typical implementations of Healthcare-specific

artefacts (electronic healthcare records) & artefacts (electronic healthcare records) & recommendationsrecommendations

Universal access filters in Health TelematicsUniversal access filters in Health Telematics Design rationale and examplesDesign rationale and examples


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Dissemination channelsDissemination channels (1/2) (1/2)

The 1st International Conference on "The 1st International Conference on "Universal Universal

Access In Human-Computer InteractionAccess In Human-Computer Interaction" (UAHCI) " (UAHCI)

in co-operation with HCI International 2001in co-operation with HCI International 2001

August 5 - 10, 2001August 5 - 10, 2001

New Orleans, Louisiana, USANew Orleans, Louisiana, USA

http://hcii2001.engr.wisc.eduhttp://hcii2001.engr.wisc.edu


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Dissemination channelsDissemination channels (2/2) (2/2)

Springer International Journal Springer International Journal ““Universal Access in the Universal Access in the Information SocietyInformation Society””

Editor-in-chief: C. StephanidisEditor-in-chief: C. Stephanidis

1st issue spring 20011st issue spring 2001

http://link.springer.de/journals/UAIShttp://link.springer.de/journals/UAIS


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Summary & conclusions (1/2)Summary & conclusions (1/2)

A continuum of activities, including RTD and A continuum of activities, including RTD and horizontal actionshorizontal actions

Increasing awareness and appreciation of the Increasing awareness and appreciation of the technical challengestechnical challenges International forInternational forumsums and scientific committees and scientific committees Conferences and scientific journalsConferences and scientific journals

Need for additional technical workNeed for additional technical work Application in new fields of inquiryApplication in new fields of inquiry

e.g., Health Telematics (IS4ALL),e.g., Health Telematics (IS4ALL),Education (SEN-IST-NET)Education (SEN-IST-NET)


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Summary & conclusions (2/2)Summary & conclusions (2/2)

We need ...We need ...

Common vocabularyCommon vocabulary

International collaborationInternational collaboration

Critical role of non-market institutionsCritical role of non-market institutions

universal access in the information society: achievements, challenges and promises constantine...

Documents

emerging information

new information culture

twotier society

computer technologythere

computer experts

ordinary citizens

diverse abilities

diverse user population