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430 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
Units and Measurement
1 ft 12 in
1 in 2.54 cm
1 min 60 s
1 hr 3600 s
1 quart 0.946 L
2 pints 1 quart
1 pound 454 g
Common Equivalents
Quantity SI Unit What is used to measure?
Mass—the amount of matter in a sample
Kilograms (kg) Balance (not a “scale”)
Volume—the amount of space an object takes up
Milliliter (mL) Graduated cylinder
Temperature—related to the speed with which molecules move
Celsius (°C) orKelvin (K) Thermometer
Length Meters (m) Ruler, meter stick
Time Seconds (s or sec) Stopwatch, clock
Energy Joule (J) Measured indirectly
Quantities Commonly Measured in Chemistry
Metric PrefixesPrefix Symbol Equivalent (Example)
giga- G 1 giga = 1,000,000,000 base units (1 G = 1,000,000,000 g)
mega- M 1 mega = 1,000,000 base units (1 M = 1,000,000 g)
kilo- k 1 kilo = 1000 base units (1 kg = (1000 g)
hecto- h 1 hecto = 100 base units (1 h = 100 g)
deka- da 1 deka = 10 base units (1 dag = 10 g)
deci- d 1 deci = 0.1 base units (1 dg = 0.1 g)
centi- c 1 cent = 0.01 base units (1 cg = 0.01 g)
milli- m 1 milli = 0.001 base units (1 mg = 0.001 g)
micro- µ 1 micro = 1 • 10–6 base units (1 µg = 1 • 10–6 g)
nano- n 1 nano = 1 • 10–9 base units 1 ng = (1 • 10–9 g)
pico- p 1 pico = 1 • 10–12 base units (1 p = 1 • 10–12g)
°C degree Celsius (temperature)
cal calorie (energy)
J joule (energy)
K kelvin (temperature, thermo-dynamic)
mm Hg millimeters of mercury (pressure)
M molarity (concentration)
Pa pascal (pressure)
psi pounds per square inch (pressure)
V volt (electric potential difference)
Unit Abbreviations
Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know 431
Symbols
Symbol Stands for
α helium nucleus (also 42He) emission from radioactive materials
β electron (also 0-1e) emission from radioactive materials
γ high-energy photo emission from radioactive materials
Δ change in a given quantity (e.g., ΔH for change in enthalpy)
c speed of light in vacuum
Cp specific heat capacity (at constant pressure)
D density
Ea activation energy
E o standard electrode potential
E ocell standard potential of an electrochemical cell
H enthalpy
ΔHO standard enthalpy of reaction
ΔHOf standard molar enthalpy of formation
Keq equilibrium constantionization constant
Ksp solubility-product constant disassociation constant enthalpy
m mass
MM molar mass
NA Avogadro’s number
n number of moles
P pressure
pH measure of acidity (–log[H3O+])
R ideal gas law constant
T temperature
V volume
State symbols
(aq) substance is dissolved in water
(s) substance in the solid state
(l ) substance in the liquid state
(g) substance in the gaseous state
432 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
Common Polyatomic Ions
Writing and Naming Formulas
Acetate, CH3COO –1 or C2H3O2
–1
Ammonium, NH4+1
Bromate, BrO3–1
Bromide, Br–
Bromite, BrO2–1
Carbonate, CO3–2
Chlorate, ClO3–1
Chloride, Cl–
Chlorite, ClO2–1
Chromate, CrO4–2
Cyanide, CN–1
Dichromate, Cr2O7–2
Dihydrogen phosphate, H2PO4–1
Fluoride, F–
Hydride, H–
Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate, HCO–1
Hydrogen phosphate or biphosphate, HPO4–2
Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate, HSO4–1
Hydronium, H3O+
Hydroxide, OH–1
Hypochlorite, ClO–1
Iodate, IO3–1
Iodide, I–
Iodite, IO2–1
Nitrate, NO3–1
Nitrite, NO2–1
Oxalate, C2O4–2
Oxide, O–2
Perchlorate, ClO4–1
Permanganate, MnO4–1
Peroxide, O2–2
Phosphate, PO4–3
Phosphite, PO3–3
Silicate, SiO3–1
Sulfate, SO4–2
Sulfide, S2–
Sulfite, SO3–2
Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know 433
Common Multivalent Metals and Their ChargesType of metal
Chromium Cr2+ Cr+3
Cobalt Co+2 Co+3
Copper Cu+1 Cu+2
Iron Fe+2 Fe+3
Lead Pb+2 Pb+4
Manganese Mn+2 Mn+3
Mercury Hg2+2 Hg+2
Tin Sn+2 Sn+4
Titanium Ti3+ Ti+3
Prefixes Used in Molecular Compounds
1. mono- 2. di- 3. tri- 4. tetra- 5. penta- 6. hexa- 7. hepta- 8. octa- 9. nona- 10. deca-
Organic Nomenclature Prefixes
Number of atoms Prefix for carbon atoms in an organic molecule
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
Diatomic Elements and Formulas**
Hydrogen H2
Oxygen O2
Fluorine F2
Bromine Br2
Iodine I2
Nitrogen N2
Chlorine Cl2
**Their chemical symbols can be placed in a word to remember: HOFBrINCl, pronounced “Hoffbrinkle.”
434 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
Solubility Rules
Solubility
These anions Form soluble compounds with these cations Form insoluble compounds with these cations
NO3– nitrate Most cations No common cations
CH3COO– acetate Most cations Ag+
Cl– chloride Most cations Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Tl+1
Br– bromide Most cations Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Tl+1
I– iodide Most cations Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Tl+1
SO42– sulfate Most cations Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Ca2+
CrO42– chromate Most cations Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Ag+
S2– sulfide NH4+, cations of column 1, cations of column 2 Most other cations
OH– hydroxide NH4+, cations of column 1, and Ba2+ and Sr2+ Most other cations
CO32– carbonate NH4
+, cations of column 1 except Li+ Most other cations
PO43– phosphate NH4
+, cations of column 1 except Li+ Most other cations
Solubility Product Constants (25°C)Salt Ksp
Ag2CO3 8.4 × 10–12
AgCl 1.8 × 10–10
Ag2CrO4 1.1 × 10–12
Ag2S 1.1 × 10–49
AgBr 5.4 × 10–13
AgI 8.5 × 10–17
AlPO4 9.8 × 10–21
BaSO4 1.1 × 10–10
CaCO3 5.0 × 10–9
Ca(OH)2 4.7 × 10–7
Ca3(PO4)2 2.1 × 10–33
CaSO4 7.1 × 10–5
CuS 1.3 × 10–36
FeCO3 3.1 × 10–11
Solubility Product Constants (25°C) (cont’d.)Salt Ksp
Fe(OH)2 4.9 × 10–17
Fe(OH)3 2.6 × 10–39
FeS 1.6 × 10–19
MgCO3 6.8 × 10–6
Mg(OH)2 5.6 × 10–12
Mg3(PO4)2 9.9 × 10–25
MnCO3 2.2 × 10–11
Pb(OH)2 1.4 × 10–20
PbS 9.0 × 10–29
PbSO4 1.8 × 10–8
SrSO4 3.4 × 10–7
ZnCO3 1.2 × 10–10
ZnS 2.9 × 10–25
Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know 435
Compound Solubility
Solubility
In grams of solute that can be dissolved at these temperatures in 100 g of water.
Formula 0°C 20°C 60°C 100°C
Al2(SO4)3 31.2 36.4 59.2 89.0
NH4Cl 29.4 37.2 55.3 77.3
NH4NO3 118.0 192.0 421.0 871.0
(NH4)2SO4 70.6 75.4 88.0 103.0
BaCl2•2H2O 31.2 35.8 46.2 59.4
Ba(OH)2 1.67 3.89 20.94 101.4080°
Ba(NO3)2 4.95 9.02 20.4 34.4
Ca(HCO3)2 16.15 16.60 17.50 18.40
Ca(OH)2 0.189 0.173 0.121 0.076
CuCl2 68.6 73.0 96.5 120.0
CuSO4•5H2O 23.1 32.0 61.8 114.0
PbCl2 0.67 1.00 1.94 3.20
Pb(NO3)2 37.5 54.3 91.6 133.0
LiCl 69.2 83.5 98.4 128.0
Li2SO4 36.1 34.8 32.6 30.990°
MgSO4 22.0 33.7 54.6 68.3
HgCl2 3.63 6.57 16.3 61.3
KBr 53.6 65.3 85.5 104.0
KClO3 3.3 7.3 23.8 56.3
KCl 28.0 34.2 45.8 56.3
K2CrO4 56.3 63.7 70.1 74.590°
KI 128.0 144.0 176.0 206.0
KNO3 13.9 31.6 106.0 245.0
K2SO4 7.4 11.1 18.2 24.1
AgC2H3O2 0.73 1.05 1.93 2.5980°
AgNO3 122.0 216.0 440.0 733.0
NaC2H3O2 36.2 46.4 139.0 170.0
NaClO3 79.6 95.9 137.0 204.0
NaCl 35.7 35.9 37.1 39.2
NaNO3 73.0 87.6 122.0 180.0
C12H22O11 179.2 203.9 287.3 487.2
436 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
Useful Constants
EquilibriumAtomic mass unit (amu) 1.6605402 × 10–27kg
Avogadro’s number (NÂ) 6.022137 × 1023/mol
Electron rest mass (mê) 9.1093897 × 10–31 kg
5.4858 × 10–4amu
Gas law constant, R, with atm pressure unit 0.0821 L × atm mole × K
Gas law constant, R, with kPa pressure units 8.31 L × kPa mole × K
Enthalpy of fusion of water (Hfus) 80.87 cal/g
Enthalpy of vaporization of water (Hvap) 547.2 cal/g
Volume of one mole of a gase at STP 22.41410 L/mol
Mass of a neutron 1.6749286 × 10–27 kg 1.008665 amu
Normal boiling point of water (Tb) 373.15 K = 100.0°C
Normal freezing point of water (Tf) 273.15 K = 0.00°C
Planck’s constant (h) 6.626076 × 10–34
J × s
Mass of a proton 1.6726231 × 10–27kg 1.007276 amu
Specific heat capacity of liquid water (Cp) 1.00 cal/g°C
Specific heat capacity of ice (Cp) 0.51 cal/g°C
Specific heat capacity of steam (Cp) 0.48 cal/g°C
Speed of light in a vacuum (c) 2.997924 58 × 108 m/s
Temperature of triple point of water 273.16 K = 0.01°C
Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know 437
ReductionActivity Series Reduction
Useful Constants Electrochemistry
Li Most reactive
Least reactive
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
Reductionhalf-reaction
Standard reduction
potential (volts)
F2 (g) + 2 e–1 → 2 F–1 2.87
Co+3 + e–1 → Co+2 1.82
Au+3 + 3 e–1 → Au (s) 1.50
Cl2 (g) + 2e– → 2 Cl–1 1.36
O2 (g) + 4 H+ → 2 H2O (l) 1.23
Br2 (l) + 2 e–1 → 2 Br–1 1.07
2 Hg+2 + 2 e–1 → Hg2+2 0.92
Hg+2 + 2 e–1 → Hg (l) 0.85
Ag+1 + e–1 → Ag (s) 0.80
Hg2+2 + 2 e–1 → 2 Hg (l) 0.79
Fe+3 + e–1 → Fe+2 0.77
I2 (s) + 2 e–1 → 2 I–1 0.53
Cu+ + e–1 → Cu (s) 0.52
Cu+2 + 2 e–1 → Cu (s) 0.34
Cu+2 + e–1 → Cu+1 0.15
Sn+4 + 2 e–1 → Sn+2 0.15
S (s) + 2 H+ + 2 e–1 → H2S (g) 0.14
2 H+ + 2 e–1 → H2 (g) 0.00
Pb+2 + 2 e–1 → Pb (s) –0.13
Sn+2 + 2 e–1 → Sn(s) –0.14
Reductionhalf-reaction
Standard reduction
potential (volts)
Ni+2 + 2 e–1 → Ni (s) –0.25
Co+2 + 2 e–1 → Co (s) –0.28
Tl+1 + e–1 → Tl (s) –0.34
Cd+2 + 2 e–1 → Cd (s) –0.40
Cr+3 + e–1 → Cr+2 –0.41
Fe+2 + 2 e–1 → Fe (s) –0.44
Cr+3 + 3 e–1 → Cr (s) –0.74
Zn+2 + 2 e–1 → Zn (s) –0.76
Mn+2 + 2 e–1 → Mn (s) –1.18
Al+3 + 3 e–1 → Al (s) –1.66
Be+2 + 2 e–1 → Be (s) –1.70
Mg+2 + 2 e–1 → Mg (s) –2.37
Na+1 + e–1 → Na (s) –2.71
Ca+2 + 2 e–1 → Ca (s) –2.87
Sr+2 + 2 e–1 → Sr (s) –2.89
Ba+2 + 2 e–1 → Ba (s) –2.90
Rb+1 + e–1 → Rb (s) –2.92
K+1 + e–1 → K (s) –2.92
Cs+1 + e–1 → Cs (s) –2.92
Li+1 + e–1 → Li (s) –3.05
438 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
Enthalpies of Formation (Hf) kJ/mole
Enthalpies of Formation (Hf) kJ/moleAluminum
Al(s) 0
AlCl3(s) –704.2
Al2O3(s) –1675.7
Barium
BaCl2(s) –858.6
BaO(s) –553.5
BaSO4(s) –1473.2
Beryllium
Be(s) 0
Be(OH)2 –902.5
Bromine
Br(g) 111.9
Br2(l) 0
Br2(g) –30.9
BrF3(g) –255.6
Calcium
Ca(s) 0
Ca(g) 178.2
Ca+2(g) 1925.9
CaC2(s) –59.8
CaCO3(s; calcite) –1206.9
CaCl2(s) –795.8
CaF2(s) –1219.6
CaH2(s) –186.2
CaO(s) –635.1
CaS(s) –482.4
Ca(OH)2(s) –986.1
Ca(OH)2(aq) –1002.8
CaSO4(s) –1434.1
Carbon
C(s; graphite) 0
C(s; diamond) 1.9
C(g) 716.7
CCl4(l) –135.4
CCl4(g) –102.9
CHCl3(l) –134.5
CHCl3(g) –103.1
HgCl2(s) –224.3
HgO(s) –90.8
CH4(g; methane) –74.81
C2H2(g; ethyne) 226.7
C2H4(g; ethene) 52.3
C2H6(g; ethane) –84.7
C3H8(g; propane) –103.8
C6H6(l; benzene) 49.0
CH3OH(l; methanol) –238.7
CH3OH(g; methanol) –200.7
C2H5OH(l; ethanol) –277.7
C2H5OH(g; ethanol) –235.1
CO(g) –110.5
CO2(g) –393.5
CS2(g) 117.36
COCl2(g) –218.8
Cesium
Cs(s) 0
Cs+1(g) 458.0
CsCl(s) –443.0
Chlorine
Cl(g) 121.7
Cl–1(g) –233.1
Cl2(g) 0
Chromium
Cr(s) 0
Cr2O3(s) –1139.7
CrCl2(s) –556.5
Copper
Cu(s) 0
CuO(s) –157.3
CuCl2(s) –220.1
Fluorine
F2(g) 0
F(g) 79
F–1(g) –255.4
F–1(aq) –332.6
Hydrogen
H2(g) 0
H(g) 218
H+1(g) 1536.2
H2O(l) –285.8
H2O(g) –241.8
H2O2(l) –187.8
Iodine
I2(s) 0
I2(g) 62.4
I(g) 106.8
I–1(g) –197.0
ICl(g) 17.78
Iron
Fe(s) 0
FeO(s) –272
Fe2O3 (s; hematite) –824.2
Fe3O4(s; magnetite) –1118.4
FeCl2(s) –341.8
FeCl3(s) –399.5
FeS2(s; pyrite) –178.2
Fe(CO)5(l) –774
Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know 439
Enthalpies of Formation (Hf) kJ/moleLead
Pb(s) 0
PbCl2(s) –359.4
PbO(s) –217.3
PbS(s) –100.4
Lithium
Li(s) 0
Li+1(g) 685.8
LiOH(s) –484.9
LiOH(aq) –508.5
LiCl(s) –408.7
Magnesium
Mg(s) 0
MgCl2(s) –641.3
MgO(s) –601.7
Mg(OH)2(s) –924.5
MgS(s) –346
Mercury
Hg(l) 0
HgCl2(s) –224.3
HgO(s) –90.8
HgS(s) –58.2
Nickel
Ni(s) 0
NiO(s) –239.7
NiCl(s) –305.3
Nitrogen
N2(g) 0
N(g) 472.7
NH3(g) –46.11
N2H4(l) 50.6
NH4Cl(s) –314.4
NH4Cl(aq) –299.7
NH4NO3(s) –365.6
NH4NO3(aq) –339.9
NO(g) 90.3
NO2(g) 33.2
N2O(g) 82.1
N2O4(g) 9.16
NOCl(g) 51.7
Oxygen
O2(g) 0
O(g) 249.17
O3(g) 142.7
Phosphorus
P(g) 314.6
PH3(g) 5.4
PCl3(g) –287.0
P4O10(s) –2984.0
Potassium
K(s) 0
KCl(s) –436.7
KClO3(s) –397.7
KI(s) –327.9
KOH(s) –424.8
KOH(aq) –482.4
Silicon
Si(s) 0
SiBr4(l) –457.3
SiC(s) –65.3
SiCl4(g) –657
SiH4(g) 34.3
SiF4(g) –1614.9
SiO2(s; quartz) –910.9
Silver
Ag(s) 0
Ag2O(s) –31.1
AgCl(s) –127.1
AgNO3(s) –124.4
Sodium
Na(s) 0
Na(g) 107.3
Na+1(g) 609.4
NaBr(s) –361.1
NaCl(s) –411.2
NaCl(g) –176.65
NaCl(aq) –407.3
NaOH(s) –425.6
NaOH(aq) –470.1
Na2CO3(s) –1130.7
Na2SO4(aq) –1387.1
Sulfur
S(s; rhombic) 0
S(g) 278.8
S2Cl2(g) –18.4
SF6(g) 1209
SO2(g) –296.8
SO3(g) –395.7
SOCl2(g) –212.5
Tin
Sn(s; white) 0
Sn(s; gray) –2.09
SnCl4(l) –511.3
SnCl4(g) –471.5
SnO2(g) –580.7
Titanium
Ti(s) 0
TiCFl4(l) –804.2
TiCl4(g) –763.2
TiO2 –939.7
Zinc
Zn(s) 0
ZnCl2(s) –415.1
ZnO(s) –348.3
ZnS(s; sphalerite) –205.98
Acids
HBr(g) –36.4
HCl(g) –92.3
HCl(aq) –167.2
HF(g) –271.1
HF(aq) –332.6
HNO3(l) –174.1
HNO3(g) –135.1
HNO3(aq) –207.0
H3PO4(s) –1279.0
H2S(g) –20.6
H2SO4(l) –814.0
H2SO4(aq) –909.3
440 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
The Elements
Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass
Actinium Ac 89 (227)
Aluminum Al 13 26.08
Americium Am 95 (243)
Antimony Sb 51 121.8
Argon Ar 18 39.95
Arsenic As 33 74.92
Astatine At 85 (210)
Barium Ba 56 137.3
Berkelium Bk 97 (247)
Beryllium Be 4 9.01
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0
Boron B 5 10.81
Bromine Br 35 79.90
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4
Calcium Ca 20 40.08
Californium Cf 98 (251)
Carbon C 6 12.01
Cerium Ce 58 140.1
Cesium Cs 55 132.9
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45
Chromium Cr 24 52.00
Cobalt Co 27 58.93
Copper Cu 29 63.55
Curium Cm 96 (247)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5
Einsteinium Es 99 (252)
Erbium Er 68 167.3
Europium Eu 63 152.0
Fermium Fm 100 (257)
Fluorine F 9 19.00
Francium Fr 87 (223)
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3
Gallium Ga 31 69.72
Germanium Ge 32 72.59
The Elements
Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know 441
The Elements (cont’d.)
Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass
Gold Au 79 197.0
Hafnium Hf 72 178.5
Helium He 2 4.00
Holmium Ho 67 164.9
Hydrogen H 1 1.01
Indium In 49 114.8
Iodine I 53 126.9
Iridium Ir 77 192.2
Iron Fe 26 55.85
Krypton Kr 36 83.80
Lanthanum La 57 138.9
Lawrencium Lr 103 (260)
Lead Pb 82 207.2
Lithium Li 3 6.94
Lutetium Lu 71 175.0
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31
Manganese Mn 25 54.94
Mendelevium Md 101 (258)
Mercury Hg 80 200.6
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Neodymium Nd 60 144.2
Neon Ne 10 20.18
Neptunium Np 93 (237)
Nickel Ni 28 58.70
Niobium Nb 41 92.91
Nitrogen N 7 14.01
Nobelium No 102 (259)
Osmium Os 76 190.2
Oxygen O 8 16.00
Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Phosphorus P 15 30.97
Platinum Pt 78 195.1
Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Polonium Po 84 (209)
Potassium K 19 39.10
(continues)
442 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
The Elements (cont’d.)
Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Protactinium Pa 91 (231)
Radium Ra 88 226.0
Radon Rn 86 (222)
Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Rhodium Rh 45 102.9
Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Scandium Sc 21 44.96
Selenium Se 34 78.96
Silicon Si 14 28.09
Silver Ag 47 107.9
Sodium Na 11 22.99
Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Sulfur S 16 32.06
Tantalum Ta 73 180.9
Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Tellurium Te 52 127.6
Terbium Tb 65 158.9
Thallium Tl 81 204.4
Thorium Th 90 232.0
Thulium Tm 69 168.9
Tin Sn 50 118.7
Titanium Ti 22 47.90
Tungsten W 74 183.9
Uranium U 92 238.0
Vanadium V 23 50.94
Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
Yttrium Y 39 88.91
Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know 443
Element Properties
Name
Form/colorCommon oxidation
statesDensity (g/cm3)
BoilingPoint (°C)
Melting point (°C)
Aluminum Silver metal 3+ 2.702 2467 660.37
Arsenic Gray metalloid 3–, 3+, 5+ 5.72714 613 (sublimes) 817 (28 atm)
Barium Bluish white metal 2+ 3.51 1640 725
Bromine Red-brown liquid 1–, 1+, 3+, 5+, 7+ 3.119 58.78 27.2
Calcium Silver metal 2+ 1.54 1484 839 ± 2
Carbon Diamond 2+, 4+ 3.51 3930 3500 (63.5 atm)
Graphite — 2.25 — 3652 (sublimes)
Chlorine Green-yellow gas 1– 1+, 3+, 5+, 7+ 3.214* 234.6 2100.98
Chromium Gray metal 2+, 3+, 6+ 7.2028 2672 1857 ± 20
Cobalt Gray metal 2+, 3+ 8.9 2870 1495
Copper Red metal 1+, 2+ 8.92 2567 1083.4 ± 0.2
Fluorine Yellow gas 1– 1.69‡ 2188.14 2219.62
Germanium Gray metalloid 4+ 5.32325 2830 937.4
Gold Yellow metal 1+, 3+ 19.31 2808±2 1064.43
Helium Colorless gas 0 0.1785* 2268.9 2272.2 (26 atm)
Hydrogen Colorless gas 1–, 1+ 0.0899* 2252.8 2259.34
Iodine Blue-black solid 1–, 1+, 3+, 5+ 7+ 4.93 184.35 113.5
Iron Silver metal 2+, 3+ 7.86 2750 1535
Lead Bluish white metal 2+, 4+ 11.343716 1740 327.502
Lithium Silver metal 1+ 0.534 1342 180.54
Magnesium Silver metal 2+ 1.745 1107 648.8
Manganese Gray-white metal 2+, 3+, 4+, 6+, 7+ 7.20 1962 1244 ± 3
Mercury Silver liquid metal 1+, 2+ 13.5462 356.58 238.87
Neon Colorless gas 0 0.9002* 2245.9 2248.67
Nickel Silver metal 2+, 3+ 8.90 2730 1455
Nitrogen Colorless gas 3–, 3+, 5+ 1.2506* 2195.8 2209.86
Oxygen Colorless gas 2– 1.429* 2182.962 2218.4
Phosphorus Yellow solid 3–, 3+, 5+ 1.82 280 44.1
Platinum Silver metal 2+, 4+ 21.45 3827 ± 100 1772
Potassium Silver metal 1+ 0.86 760 63.25
Silicon Gray metalloid 2+, 4+ 2.33 ± 0.01 2355 1410
Silver White metal 1+ 10.5 2212 961.93
Sodium Silver metal 1+ 0.97 882.9 97.8
Strontium Silver metal 2+ 2.6 1384 769
Sulfur Yellow solid 2–, 4+, 6+ 1.96 444.674 119.0
Tin White metal 2+, 4+ 7.28 2260 231.88
Titanium White metal 2+, 3+, 4+ 4.5 3287 1660 ± 10
Uranium Silver metal 3+, 4+, 6+ 19.05 ± 0.0225 3818 1132.3 ± 0.8
Zinc Blue-white metal 2+ 7.14 907 419.58
*Densities of gases given in g/L at STP †Densities obtained at 20°C unless otherwise noted (superscript)‡ Density of fluorine given in g/L at 1 atm and 15°C
444 Discovering Chemistry You Need to Know
Figure 4-7
Transition metalsAlk
alin
eea
rth
met
als
Alk
ali m
etal
s
Cha
lco
gen
s
Hal
og
ens
No
ble
gas
es
Lanthanide seriesActinide series
Group names on the periodic table
Figure 4-8
H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
La
Ac
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Hf
Rf
Ta
Db
W
Sg
Re
Bh
Os
Hs
Ir
Mt
Pt
Uun
Au
Uuu
Hg
Uub
Tl
Uut
Sc
Y
Ti
Zr
V
Nb
Cr
Mo
Mn
Tc
Fe
Ru
Co
Rh
Ni
Pd
Cu
Ag
Zn
Cd
Ga
In
Pb
Ge
Sn
Bi
As
Sb
Po
Se
Te
At
Br
I
Rn
Kr
Al Si P S Cl Ar
B C N O F Ne
He
Xe
The periodic table
The Periodic Table