EEENNNGGGLLLIIISSSHHH

fffooorrr ttthhheee ssstttuuudddeeennntttsss ooofff MMMAAANNNAAAGGGEEEMMMEEENNNTTT

bbbyyy

Fifth Edition

Javad Mehrabi (Ph.D) Human Resources Management (HRM)

Faculty Member of Qazvin Islamic

Azad University

Mehdi Babai Ahari (Ph.D)

Organizational Behavior (OB)

Instructor of Qazvin Islamic

Azad University

Scietific Publication Center of Qazvin Islamic Azad University

2015

زبان تخصصی مدیریت : عنوان دکتر جواد محرابی، دکتر مهدي بابایی اهري : تألیف

پرویز زارعی : دطرح روي جل

: ناشر سازمان چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی

دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی قزوین انتشارات گسترش علوم پایه : ناشر همکار 1393، پنجم : نوبت چاپ

نسخه 2000 : شمارگان تومان 15.000 : قیمت 978- 964-450- 780- 0 : شابک

*ناشر محفوظ است يه حقوق چاپ و نشر برایکل* قزوین قزوین، بلوار نخبگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی : ساختمان مرکزي

0281-3675787 : انتشاراتتلفن 0281-3688058 : رکز پخش قزوینم 021-66905312، 66978518، 66483251، 66905315 : مراکز فروش تهران

www.qiau.ac.ir : آدرس سایت spc@qiau.ac.ir : پست الکترونیک

محرابی، جواد: سرشناسهMehrabi , Javad

English for the students of management/J.Mehrabi, M. babai Ahari: عنوان و نام پدیدآور 1392دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد قزوین،: مشخصات نشر

ص؛ مصور290: مشخصات ظاهري 978-964-450-780- 0 : شابک

فیپا: وضعیت فهرست نویسی .زبان تخصصی مدیریت: به فارسی. ع. ص: یادداشت

اینگلیش فور دي استیودنتس آو منجمنت: آوا نویسی عنوان .مدیریت -- کتاب هاي قرائت -- زبان انگلیسی : موضوع ).عالی(راهنماي آموزشی -- زبان انگلیسی : موضوع بابائی اهري، مهدي :شناسه افزوده Mehdi , BabaiAhari: شناسه افزوده ).قزوین( دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی : شناسه افزوده 1127PE/م3 1386: رده بندي کنگره 64024658/428: رده بندي دیویی 1178316: شماره کتابشناسی ملی

Preface to the Fourth Edition This is the fourth edition of our book. As it has become the basic text for most of the students of management, there exists strong sentiment against any radical changes being made in it. We hope that the book helps all of individuals who want to internalize their knowledge through studying the units or referring to the attachments. Dr. J. Mehrabi Dr. M. Babai Ahari

II Preface

Preface to the Third Edition The third edition has been completely revised to take into account the view points of users. As the text is aimed for undergraduate and post graduate students of management courses, it is hoped that the reader,whether an instructor or a student finds the text helpful again and enjoy using it.For this reason, We have made no changes in second edition,except that We have revised the book and corrected some misprints. Dr. J. Mehrabi Dr. M. Babai Ahari

English for the Students of Management III

Preface to the Second Edition Within two years following of release of the first edition of this book was prepared, we have received a lot of message from our colleaques in most universities, noticing that they have found the structure of the book very useful and the contents very practical. For this reason, we have made no changes in this edition, except that we have revised the book and corrected misprints or made some ambiguous sentences more clear. We hope that we will be able to include new concepts in the third edition because dramatic changes in all fields, including management are taking place, which will have a major impact on all our lives. Dr. J. Mehrabi Dr. M. Babai Ahari

IV Preface

Preface Having taught "English to the Students of Management and Public Administration" in different universities and using a variety of books compiled by the instructors to cover the requirements, we came to the conclusion that with the rapid rate of technological and other changes in management styles and organizational structures that have affected the business environment, the available books are not so useful as they were neither to the students nor in conformity with the curriculum objectives. We decided to compile a new book which could bring together the current and the traditional topics and organize them around the functional approach to the study of management. This functional approach incorporates many viewpoints in management and permits the book to be used as a source for management courses in addition to its main purpose. Rapid technological change, the liberalisation of the trade, intense competition, the reduction in communication and transport costs, shorter product life cycles and consumers switching between products and providers have shifted the management courses. Keeping these changes in mind, we decided to choose those up-to-date topics from different books on the subject to cover these requirements and enable students, as the future managers to recognize threatening changes as technology and competition

English for the Students of Management V

continuously affect business firms. We believe that tomorrow's winners will not obtain leverage by being operationally efficient and effective, instead they will need to recognize for the coming changes and be proactive in implementing them before competitors. That is why throughout the book, we have tried to emphasize on active attitude to the future and have the students realize how clearly and quickly they can see developments in organization environments, how sensitive the organization is to environmental changes, how quickly it can spot differences both within and outside the organization by studying the different functional approaches in the book. We also included frequently used acronyms to help the students obtain the meanings of the compound terms conveniently.

The Structure of The Book This book is divided into two parts; Part One covers the manager's job and functions, while Part Two takes the different management approaches into consideration. The text structure provides a better flow of material and also presents it more succinctly:

Unit 1 examines the "Nature of Management" in the context of international business.

Unit 2 looks at the "Basic theories of Management and their developments throughout the years".

Unit 3 Provides an analysis of "Management and Its External and Internal Environments".

Unit 4 deals with "Essentials of Planning and planning principles."

Unit 5 Focuses on "Problem Solving and Decision Making", a key management skill.

Unit 6 examines issues on "Organizing", the process of making sure the necessary human and physical resources are available to achieve organizational goals.

Unit 7 focuses on "Staffing the Organization" , to make sure that competent people fill positions.

VI Preface

Unit 8 analyzes the concept of "Leadership", influencing others to achieve organizational objectives.

Unit 9 reviews the issues of "Motivation", the expenditure of effort to accomplish results.

Unit 10 deals in some detail with the impact of "Controlling", comparing actual and desired performances.

Unit 11 analyzes the "work Group and its Dynamics", a collection of people working together toward some common purpose and their characteristics.

Unit 12 deals with "Innovation Prospects", and shows the critical importance of innovation as a driver of competitiveness.

Unit 13 examines the areas of "MIS", a formal system for providing management with information useful or necessary for making decisions.

Unit 14 deals with "Knowledge Management", as the ways and means by which a company leverages its knowledge resources to generate business values.

Unit 15 focuses on "Managing Organizational Change", and presents a systematic means for the manager to develop the knowledge and skill to be able to manage organizational change by becoming a trained change agent.

Unit 16 provides managers with "Production & Operation Management issues", and identifies the products or services that must be produced or provided to match the sales forecast and inventory requirements.

Unit 17 focuses on "Supply Chain Management (SCM)", as managing the flow of information and materials from the suppliers to the customers.

Unit 18 examines "Business Ethics" , separating right from wrong which is an important part of a manager's job.

Unit 19 provides a series of facts to consider in creating balance between manager's productivity and his/her health. These facts are provided in "Time Management".

Unit 20, the last, but not the least, examines "Corporate Social Responsibility", a term that refers to a set of

English for the Students of Management VII

consciously held shared values that motivate and guide individuals to act in a responsible way.

We would like to thank our colleagues Mr. Hosseini and Mr. Moini for their contributions to review and provide valuable feedback. We would specially like to thanks Mrs. Mazaheri, who arranged and typed the materials. We whish to acknowledge those individuals who have been helpful in the process of producing the book. Finally we would be grateful if the instructors let us know about the shortcomings of the book. We promise to take them into consideration in next editions. Answer key is available at the end of the book for students to check their answers. Dr. Javad Mehrabi Dr. Mehdi Babai Ahari

VIII Contents

Contents

Unit 1 ..................................................................................... 1 Nature of Management .................................................................... 1

Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 Who is a manager? ............................................................................. 1 Types of managers .............................................................................. 2 Levels of Management ........................................................................ 2 Top-Level Managers ........................................................................... 2 Middle- level Managers....................................................................... 3 First – level managers ......................................................................... 3 Resources used by managers ................................................................. 3 Management Functions ...................................................................... 4 Management Roles ............................................................................. 5 Management Skills ............................................................................. 5

Exercises ........................................................................................... 7 Unit 2 ................................................................................... 13

The Evolution of Management Thought ....................................... 13 Classical Approach to Management ..................................................... 13 The Human Resources Approach ......................................................... 14 Quantitative Approaches to Management ............................................ 14 The Systems Perspective .................................................................... 15 The Contingency Approach ................................................................ 16 The Information Technology Era ........................................................ 16

Exercises ......................................................................................... 17 Unit 3 ................................................................................... 25

The Environment of Organizations ............................................... 25 Introduction ................................................................................... 25 The External Environment ................................................................ 25 The Internal Environment ................................................................. 26 Ethics in Managing.......................................................................... 27 Globalization .................................................................................. 27

Exercises ......................................................................................... 28

English for the Students of Management IX

Unit 4 ................................................................................... 37 Principles of planning .................................................................... 37

Introduction ................................................................................... 37 Purposes Of Planning ....................................................................... 38 How Do Managers Plan? .................................................................. 39 The Role of Goals and Plans in Planning.............................................. 39 Types of Plans ................................................................................. 39 Effective Planning in Dynamic Environments ...................................... 41

Exercises ......................................................................................... 42 Unit 5 ................................................................................... 49

Problem Solving and Decision Making.......................................... 49 Non-programmed Versus Programmed Decisions .................................... 49 Steps in Problem Solving and Decision Making ..................................... 50

Exercises ......................................................................................... 53 Unit 6 ................................................................................... 61

Organizing ...................................................................................... 61 Formal and Informal Organization ..................................................... 62 Organizational Division.................................................................... 63 The Department............................................................................... 63 Modifications of the Bureaucratic Organization .................................... 65 Organizational Levels and the Span of Management .............................. 65

Exercises ......................................................................................... 66 Unit 7 ................................................................................... 73

Human Resources Management .................................................... 73 Strategic Human Resources Management ............................................. 73 The H.R Planning Process ................................................................ 73 Staffing the Organization ................................................................. 75 Recruitment .................................................................................... 75 Merits of Internal Sources of Recruitment ............................................ 75 Demerits of Internal Sources of Recruitment ......................................... 76 Merits of External Sources of Recruitment ........................................... 76 Demerits of External Sources of Recruitment ........................................ 77 Selection ......................................................................................... 77 Applications and Résumés ................................................................. 77 Interviews ...................................................................................... 77

X Contents

Reference Checks .............................................................................. 78 Personality Tests .............................................................................. 78 Drug Testing ................................................................................... 78 Cognitive Ability Tests ...................................................................... 78 Performance Tests ............................................................................ 79

Exercises ......................................................................................... 79 Unit 8 ................................................................................... 85

Leadership ...................................................................................... 85 Leadership ...................................................................................... 85 Leader versus Manager ..................................................................... 85 The Trait Approach to Leadership ....................................................... 87 The Leadership Use of Power and Authority ........................................ 87 Types of Power ................................................................................ 88 Leadership Styles ............................................................................. 89

Exercises ......................................................................................... 91 Unit 9 ................................................................................... 99

Motivation ...................................................................................... 99 Motivation ..................................................................................... 99 Process Theories Of motivation ......................................................... 100 Content Theories of Motivation: Human Needs ................................... 100 Motivating Organization Members ................................................... 101 Strategies for Motivating Organization Members ................................ 102

Exercises ....................................................................................... 103 Unit 10................................................................................ 109

Controlling.................................................................................... 109 Controlling ................................................................................... 109 Controlling and the Other Management Functions ............................... 109 Types and Strategies of Control ........................................................ 110 The Time Element in Controls .......................................................... 110 External Versus Internal Controls .................................................... 111 Making controlling successful .......................................................... 112

Exercises ....................................................................................... 113 Unit 11................................................................................ 119

Groups and teams in Organizations ............................................ 119 Groups ......................................................................................... 119

English for the Students of Management XI

Kinds of Groups in Organizations ..................................................... 120 Teams .......................................................................................... 123 Groups Versus Teams ...................................................................... 123 Types of Teams in Organizations ...................................................... 123 Exercises.................................................................................... 125

Unit 12 ............................................................................... 131 Perspectives on Innovation .......................................................... 131

The Nature of Innovation in Organizations ........................................ 131 The Necessity of Organizational Innovation ............................................... 132 Creativity and Innovation ............................................................................ 134 Fostering Creativity in Organizations .......................................................... 135

Exercises ....................................................................................... 136 Unit 13................................................................................ 143

Information Technology .............................................................. 143 Computer Assistance in Using Information ........................................ 143 Computer Networks ....................................................................... 144 The Local Area Network ................................................................. 144 The Internet .................................................................................. 145 What is an information system? ....................................................... 146 Factors Influencing the Value of Information ..................................... 147 Information Appropriateness ........................................................... 147 Information Quality ....................................................................... 147 Information Timeliness ................................................................... 148 Information Quantity ..................................................................... 148 Evaluating Information .................................................................. 148 Management Information System (MIS) ............................................ 148

Exercises ....................................................................................... 149 Unit 14................................................................................ 157

Knowledge Management(KM) .................................................... 157 Knowledge Management ................................................................. 157

Exercises ....................................................................................... 161 Unit 15................................................................................ 169

Managing Organizational Change............................................... 169 Factors to Consider When Changing an Organization .......................... 170 The Change Agent .......................................................................... 170

XII Contents

Determining What Should Be Changed .............................................. 171 The Kind Of Change to Make........................................................... 172 Individual Affected by the Change .................................................... 173 Evaluation of the Change ................................................................ 173 Change and Stress .......................................................................... 174

Exercises ....................................................................................... 175 Unit 16................................................................................ 181

Production and Operations Management ................................... 181 Introduction ................................................................................. 181 Role of Production Manager ............................................................ 182 Production and Productivity ............................................................ 182 Engineering Management ................................................................ 183 POM Techniques ........................................................................... 184 Classification of production ............................................................. 186

Exercises ....................................................................................... 189 Unit 17................................................................................ 197

Supply Chain Management (SCM) ............................................. 197 Supply Chain Management .............................................................. 197 The Building Blocks of SCM ............................................................ 197 The Theory of Supply Chain Management .......................................... 198 Supply Chain Management In Practice .............................................. 201

Exercises ....................................................................................... 202 Unit 18................................................................................ 209

Business Ethics ............................................................................. 209 Business Ethics ............................................................................. 209 Philosophical Principles Underlying Business Ethics ............................ 210 Contributing Factors to Ethical Problems .......................................... 213

Exercises ....................................................................................... 214 Unit 19................................................................................ 221

Time Management ....................................................................... 221 Introduction ................................................................................. 221 Definition of Time Management ....................................................... 221 Why Time Management is important? ............................................... 222 Time Management Skills and Techniques ............................................ 223 Scheduling your Time ...................................................................... 225